H7227a H7227a
Mucho, muchos, grande — adjetivo que expresa cantidad (numeroso), cualidad (poderoso, intenso) o suficiencia (bastante).
Con más de 400 apariciones, este flexible adjetivo denota primordialmente grandes cantidades ('mucha gente,' 'mucha riqueza'), pero se extiende con naturalidad a la grandeza cualitativa ('gran maldad,' 'poder poderoso'). En formas de estado constructo expresa abundancia ('abundante en misericordia,' 'rico en bondad'), y en contextos exclamativos simplemente significa '¡basta!' La evidencia multilingüe — árabe كَثِير, coreano 많은, suajili -engi, hindi बहुत — confirma que la raíz abarca desde la pluralidad numérica hasta la magnitud evaluativa. Ocasionalmente funciona como adverbio ('grandemente,' 'largo tiempo') o como sustantivo ('abundancia,' 'jefe').
Sentidos
1. muchos, mucho (cuantitativo) — El sentido más frecuente (305 veces): pluralidad cuantitativa directa: 'muchas' personas, animales o cosas; 'mucho' plata, grano o años. Los datos interlingüísticos convergen fuertemente aquí — árabe كَثِير, coreano 많은, suajili -engi, hindi बहुत — demostrando que este es el núcleo semántico. 305×
AR["أَكْثَرَ", "كَثيرَةً", "كَثيرَةٌ", "كَثِيرٌ", "كَثِيرَاتٌ", "كَثِيرَةً", "كَثِيرَةٌ", "كَثِيرَةٍ"]·ben["অনেক", "অনেক।", "বহু", "বেশি।"]·DE["viel", "viele"]·EN["many"]·FR["beaucoup"]·heb["רב", "רבות", "רבים"]·HI["बड़ी", "बहुत", "बहुत-से", "बहुती"]·ID["banyak", "yang-banyak"]·IT["molti"]·jav["kathah"]·KO["많다", "많으면", "많은", "많은지", "많이가"]·PT["maiores", "muitas", "muito", "muitos", "multidão", "numerosas", "numerosos"]·RU["-многие", "многие", "многий", "многих", "много", "многочислен", "многочисленная", "многочисленнее", "многочисленный", "многочисленных"]·ES["mucha", "muchas", "mucho", "muchos", "muchos?", "más-grandes", "más-numerosas", "más-numerosos", "numerosos"]·SW["mengi", "mingi", "nyingi", "wengi"]·TR["çok"]·urd["بہت", "بہتیرے", "زیادہ"]
2. grande, poderoso (cualitativo) — El salto cualitativo a 'grande, poderoso' (65 veces) describe intensidad o importancia: 'gran maldad' (Gn 6:5), 'gran abismo' (Gn 7:11), 'lluvia copiosa' (1 Sam 12:17). Los paralelos multilingües — árabe عَظِيم, coreano 큰, hindi बड़ा — muestran la grandeza cualitativa como extensión semántica natural. 65×
AR["الكَثيرَةِ", "الْ-عَظِيمِ", "عَظيمٌ", "عَظيمَةً", "عَظِيمٌ", "عَظِيمَةً", "عَظِيمَةٌ", "عَظِيمَةٍ", "كَثيرٌ", "كَثُرَ", "كَثِيرٌ"]·ben["অনেক", "বড়", "বহু", "বিপুল", "বিশাল", "বৃহৎ"]·DE["der-großen", "es-ist-groß", "gross", "grosse", "groß-war", "vermehrte", "viel", "viele"]·EN["great"]·FR["grand", "nombreux"]·heb["רב", "רבה"]·HI["बड़ा", "बड़ा-है", "बड़ी", "बड़े", "बदे", "बहुत"]·ID["besar", "sangat-besar"]·IT["grande", "molto", "numeroso"]·jav["ageng", "agung"]·KO["많다", "많은", "크다", "크도다", "큰"]·PT["congregação", "grande", "recompensa", "transgressão"]·RU["большая", "велик", "велика", "великая", "великим", "велико", "великого", "великое", "великой", "великом"]·ES["grande", "mucha"]·SW["kikubwa", "kubwa", "mkubwa", "ni-kikubwa"]·TR["büyük", "çok"]·urd["اجر", "بڑا", "بڑی", "بڑی-ہے", "بہت", "بہت-بڑی", "زیادہ"]
Gen 6:5, Gen 7:11, Gen 18:20, Num 11:33, 1 Sam 12:17, 1 Sam 26:13, 1 Kgs 5:7, 2 Chr 13:8, 2 Chr 13:17, 2 Chr 20:2, 2 Chr 20:12, 2 Chr 20:15 (+38 más)
3. abundante en, rico en — En estado constructo (19 veces) el adjetivo significa 'abundante en, rico en' al modificar otro sustantivo: 'abundante en misericordia' (Éx 34:6; Nm 14:18), 'grande en obras' (2 Sam 23:20). Este uso atributivo-constructo resalta la cualidad de poseer algo en abundancia. 19×
AR["كَثيرُ-", "كَثِير-", "كَثِيرَةَ", "كَثِيرُ-", "كَثِيرِ", "كَثْرَةِ-", "وَ-كَثيرُ-", "وَ-كَثِيرُ", "وَ-كَثِيرُ-", "وَكَثِيرُ", "وَكَثِيرُ-"]·ben["অনেক-", "আর-প্রচুর-", "আর-বড়-", "আর-শক্তিশালী", "এবং-প্রচুর", "এবং-প্রচুর-", "এবং-বৃহৎ-", "ও-প্রচুর-", "প্রচুর", "প্রচুর-", "বড়-"]·DE["gross-von", "und-gross-von", "und-gross-von-", "und-viel", "und-viele", "viel", "viele"]·EN["abounding-in", "abundance-of", "abundant", "and-abounding-in", "and-abundant-in", "and-abundant-of-", "and-great-in-", "and-great-of", "and-great-of-", "and-mighty-of", "great-of", "great-of-", "has-great"]·FR["et-grand", "et-grand-de", "et-grand-de-", "et-nombreux", "grand-de", "nombreux"]·heb["ו-רַב-", "ו-רב", "ו-רב-", "רב", "רב-", "רב־", "רבת"]·HI["और-बड़ा-", "और-बहुत", "और-बहुत-", "और-महान", "बहुत", "बहुत-", "बहुत-से"]·ID["banyak", "banyak-", "banyaknya-", "berlimpah", "besar", "besar-", "dan-banyak", "dan-berkuasa", "dan-berlimpah", "dan-berlimpah-", "dan-melimpah-"]·IT["e-grande", "e-grande-di", "e-grande-di-", "e-molti", "e-molto", "e-numeroso", "grande", "grande-di", "molti", "molto", "numeroso"]·jav["akeh", "kathah", "kathah-", "lan-ageng", "lan-ageng-", "lan-kathah", "lan-kathah-"]·KO["그리고-많다-", "그리고-많은", "그리고-크시며", "그리고-풀성한", "그리고-풍성하시다-", "그리고-풍성하신", "그리고-풍성한", "많다", "많은", "많은-", "풍부한-자여", "풍성한", "풍성한-"]·PT["abundante-", "abundante-de", "de-tua-grande", "e-abundante-de", "e-abundante-em", "e-grande", "e-grande-de", "e-grande-de-", "e-grande-em", "e-muita-", "grande-de", "grande-de-"]·RU["велик-", "великий-", "и-великий", "и-великий-", "и-многая-", "и-могучий", "и-обилен", "и-обильный-", "изобилует-", "много-", "множестве-", "обильная"]·ES["abundante-de-", "abundante-en", "grande-de", "mucha-", "mucho-de-", "y-abundante", "y-abundante-de", "y-abundante-en-", "y-grande-de", "y-grande-de-", "y-grande-en-", "y-mucho-de-"]·SW["ana-ufahamu", "mwingi-wa", "na-manyoya", "na-mwingi-wa", "na-mwingi-wa-", "na-wenye-nguvu", "wa-upendo", "wingi-wa", "ya-wingi-wa"]·TR["bol", "ve-bol", "ve-bol-", "ve-çok", "ve-çok-", "çok-", "çokluğunun-"]·urd["اور-بہت", "اور-بہت-", "اور-عظیم", "اور-کثیر", "بڑی", "بڑے", "بڑے-", "بہت", "بہتایت-"]
Exod 34:6, Num 14:18, 2 Sam 23:20, 1 Chr 11:22, Neh 9:17, Ps 86:5, Ps 86:15, Ps 103:8, Ps 145:7, Ps 147:5, Prov 14:29, Prov 28:20 (+7 más)
4. basta, suficiente — Como exclamación o predicado (14 veces), expresa suficiencia: '¡Basta! Ya he visto bastante' (Gn 45:28), '¡Basta ya! ¡Dejad de contender!' (Nm 16:3, 7). La extensión pragmática va del cuantitativo 'mucho' al evaluativo 'suficiente.' Frecuente en contextos imperativos u hortativos (Dt 1:6; Éx 9:28). 14×
AR["فَكَفَى", "كَافِيَتَاهُ", "كَثِيرٌ-", "كَفاكُمْ", "كَفى", "كَفَاكَ-", "كَفَاكُمْ-", "كَفَى"]·ben["এবং-যথেষ্ট", "যথেষ্ট", "যথেষ্ট-"]·DE["contending", "genug", "genug-", "und-genug", "viel"]·EN["and-enough", "contending", "enough", "enough-"]·FR["assez", "assez-", "contending", "et-assez", "grand", "nombreux"]·heb["ו-רב", "רַב", "רב"]·HI["और-बहुत-हो-गया-है", "बहुत", "बहुत-", "बहुत-है"]·ID["Cukup-", "cukup", "cukup-", "cukuplah", "dan-cukup"]·IT["abbastanza", "abbastanza-", "contending", "e-abbastanza", "molto", "numeroso"]·jav["cekap", "cekap-", "kathah", "kathah-", "lan-cekap", "sampun-cekap", "sampun-cekap-"]·KO["그리고-충분하다", "많다", "많다-", "많은", "족하다", "충분하다", "충분하다-"]·PT["Basta-", "Suficiente-", "basta", "demais", "e-basta", "lutem", "muito", "muito-", "¶ Suficiente-"]·RU["Достаточно-", "довольно", "довольно-", "и-достаточно", "сильны"]·ES["Basta", "Basta-", "basta", "bastante-", "suficiente", "suficientes", "y-basta", "¡basta!"]·SW["Mmeishi-kwa-muda-mrefu", "Mmezunguka-kwa-muda-mrefu", "imetosha", "imetosha-", "inatosha", "kambi", "na-yatosha", "ni-mengi-sana", "yatosha"]·TR["güçlü", "ve-yeter", "yeter", "yeter-", "yeterli", "yeterli-"]·urd["اور-کافی-ہے", "بس", "بس-", "بہت", "بہت-ہے", "بہت-ہے-", "کافی", "کافی-", "کافی-ہے"]
Gen 45:28, Exod 9:28, Num 16:3, Num 16:7, Deut 1:6, Deut 2:3, Deut 3:26, Deut 33:7, 2 Sam 24:16, 1 Kgs 12:28, 1 Kgs 19:4, 1 Chr 21:15 (+2 más)
5. más, mayor (comparativo) — Sentido comparativo 'más, mayor' (10 veces), que aparece al contrastar con otra entidad: 'el mayor servirá al menor' (Gn 25:23), 'un pueblo más numeroso y poderoso' (Dt 20:1). Se emplea en contextos donde se comparan explícitamente dos cantidades o magnitudes. 10×
AR["أَكْثَرَ", "أَكْثَرَ-مِنَ-كَثيرينَ", "أَكْثَرُ", "كَبيرٌ", "كَثيرونَ", "كَثِيرٍ", "وَالْكَبِيرُ"]·ben["অনেক", "অনেকের-চেয়ে", "এবং-বড়", "বহু", "বৃহৎ", "বেশি"]·DE["greater", "mehr", "und-der-Ältere", "viel", "viele", "von-viele"]·EN["and-the-greater", "greater", "more", "more-than-many", "numerous"]·FR["et-le-plus-grand", "grand", "nombreux", "plus", "plus-grand", "von-nombreux"]·heb["ו-רב", "מ-רב", "רב", "רבים"]·HI["और-बड़ा", "बड़ा", "बड़ी", "बहुत", "बहुतों-से-अधिक", "रब्बीम"]·ID["besar", "dan-yang-lebih-tua", "dari-banyak-orang", "lebih-banyak", "lebih-besar"]·IT["da-numerosi", "e-il-greater", "greater", "molto", "numerosi", "numeroso", "più"]·jav["kathah", "lan-ingkang-ageng", "langkung-kathah", "langkung-saking-kathah", "wates"]·KO["그리고-큰-자가", "많다", "많았다", "많은", "많은-자들-보다", "많은-자들이", "크냐", "큰-것이"]·PT["e-maior", "grande", "maior", "mais-que-muitos", "muitos", "numeroso"]·RU["больше", "больше-многих", "больший", "и-старший", "многие", "многими", "многочисленным"]·ES["mayor", "muchos", "más", "más-que-muchos", "numeroso", "y-mayor"]·SW["kuliko-wengi", "mkubwa", "na-mkubwa", "wengi"]·TR["büyük", "cok", "hizmet-edecek", "çok", "çoklarından"]·urd["اور-بڑا", "بڑی", "بہت", "بہتوں-سے-زیادہ", "زیادہ"]
6. grandemente, largo (adverbial) — Uso adverbial (8 veces) que indica grado ('grandemente') o extensión ('largo, lejos'): 'grandemente multiplicado' (Sal 65:9), 'largo tiempo he morado' (Sal 120:6). Propio de la poesía o la prosa elevada (1 Re 19:7; Sal 62:2; 123:3). 8×
AR["طَويلٌ", "كَثيراً", "كَثيرًا", "كَثِيرًا"]·ben["অত্যন্ত", "অনেক", "দীর্ঘ", "বেশি।"]·DE["gross", "viele"]·EN["great", "greatly", "long"]·FR["grand", "nombreux"]·heb["רב", "רבה", "רבת"]·HI["अधिक", "बहुत"]·ID["Banyak", "Lama", "Sangat", "sangat", "terlalu-jauh"]·IT["grande"]·jav["Kathah-sanget", "Suwe", "kathah-sanget", "sanget", "tebih-sanget"]·KO["많이", "멀다", "오래도다", "크게"]·PT["Muito", "longo", "muito"]·RU["Весьма", "Долго", "Много", "весьма", "далёк", "сильно"]·ES["Mucho", "grandemente", "largo", "mucho"]·SW["Sana", "muda-mrefu", "ndefu", "sana"]·TR["çok", "çokça"]·urd["بہت", "بہُت", "لمبا"]
7. abundancia, multitud (nominal) — Sentido nominal o sustantivado (5 veces) que significa 'abundancia, multitud, grandeza' al usarse con preposiciones o en estado constructo: 'por la grandeza de su poder' (Job 36:18), 'con mucho dolor' (Ecl 1:18). Concentrado en la literatura sapiencial. 5×
AR["بِ-كَثرَةِ", "كَثْرَةُ", "هَلْ-بِ-عِظَمِ-", "وَ-كَثرَةُ", "وَ-كَثْرَةَ-"]·ben["-এবং-প্রচুর-", "-প্রচুর-", "অধিক-", "আর-বহু", "বড়-"]·DE["in-viel", "und-viel", "viel"]·EN["and-great-", "and-the-great", "by-great-", "much-", "with-greatness-of"]·FR["dans-nombreux", "et-nombreux", "nombreux"]·heb["ב-רוב", "ה-ב-רוב", "ו-רב", "ו-רוב", "רב-"]·HI["और-बड़ी", "और-बहुत", "क्या-बहुत", "बड़ी", "बहुत-"]·ID["Dengan-besar-", "apakah-dengan-banyaknya", "banyak", "dan-banyaknya", "dan-besarnya-"]·IT["e-molti", "e-molto", "in-molto", "molto", "nel-molto"]·jav["Kanthi-ageng", "kathah-", "lan-ageng-ipun", "lan-kathah-", "menapa-ing-ageng-"]·KO["(질문)큰-", "그리고-큰", "많음-", "큰"]·PT["Com-grande", "Porventura-com-grande", "e-grande-", "muito"]·RU["и-много-", "и-множество-", "много-", "с-великой-ли-", "с-великою-"]·ES["Acaso-con-grandeza-de-", "Con-mucha-", "mucha", "y-la-gran-", "y-mucho-"]·SW["Je-kwa-wingi-wa", "kwa-nguvu-kubwa", "na-ukubwa-wa", "na-wema", "wingi-wa"]·TR["Büyük-", "cok", "ve-büyük-", "ve-cok-", "çokluğuyla-mı-"]·urd["اور-بہت", "اور-کثرت", "زیادہ", "کثرت سے", "کیا-بڑے-"]
8. aumentar, multiplicarse (verbal) — Formas verbales del Qal (4 veces) que significan 'llegar a ser muchos, aumentar, multiplicarse' — raras pero atestiguadas. Se encuentran en Éx 23:29 ('para que no se multipliquen las fieras'), 1 Sam 14:19 ('el tumulto iba creciendo'), 2 Sam 15:12 ('la conspiración se fortalecía') e Is 6:12 ('la desolación sea grande'). 4×
AR["وَ-ازْدَادَ", "وَ-تَكثُرَ", "وَ-تَكثُرُ", "وَيَكثُرُ"]·ben["আর-বৃদ্ধি-পাচ্ছিল", "এবং-বৃদ্ধি-পাবে", "এবং-বৃদ্ধি-পেতে-থাকল", "ও-অনেক-হবে"]·DE["und-becoming-viele", "und-increasing", "und-mehrte", "und-multiplies"]·EN["and-becoming-many", "and-great", "and-increasing", "and-multiplies"]·FR["et-augmentant", "et-becoming-beaucoup", "et-multiplies", "et-nombreux"]·heb["ו-רב", "ו-רבה"]·HI["और-बढ़-रहे-थे", "और-बढ़ते", "और-बढ़े", "और-बढ़ेगी"]·ID["dan-bertambah", "dan-bertambah-banyak", "dan-besar"]·IT["e-becoming-molti", "e-increasing", "e-molti", "e-multiplies"]·jav["lan-ageng", "lan-mundhak", "lan-tansah-saya-kathah", "sarta-kathah"]·KO["그리고-많아지는", "그리고-많아지다", "그리고-커졌다", "많아지리라"]·PT["e-aumentando", "e-grande", "e-se-multiplique"]·RU["и-множество", "и-увеличивался", "и-умножающийся", "и-умножится"]·ES["y-aumentando", "y-creciendo", "y-se-multiplique", "y-sea-multiplicado"]·SW["na-kuongezeka", "na-kuwa-kubwa", "na-wakaongezeka"]·TR["ve-büyüyerek", "ve-cok-olacak", "ve-çoğalan", "ve-çoğalır"]·urd["اور-بڑھ-جائیں", "اور-بڑھتا", "اور-بڑھتے-تھے", "اور-بہت-ہو-گی"]
9. jefe, capitán (título) — Título sustantivado רַב que significa 'jefe, capitán, señor' (2 veces), en Pr 26:10 (posiblemente 'un grande' o 'un arquero' — texto incierto) y Jer 52:24 ('capitán de la guardia'). Compárese con el acadio rabû y el posterior arameo rab. 2×
AR["رَئِيسُ-", "رَبٌّ"]·ben["প্রধান-", "মহান"]·DE["viel"]·EN["an-archer", "the-chief-of-"]·FR["nombreux"]·heb["רב"]·HI["प्रधान-", "महान"]·ID["Pemanah", "kepala-"]·IT["molti", "molto"]·jav["bendara", "pangageng-"]·KO["장관이-", "큰"]·PT["Grande", "chefe-de-"]·RU["великий", "начальник-"]·ES["Grande", "jefe-de"]·SW["mkubwa", "mkuu-wa"]·TR["komutani-", "okçu"]·urd["بڑا", "سردار-نے"]
10. grande (incierto) — Una aparición incierta en Is 19:20 donde el contexto es difícil y las traducciones divergen — posiblemente 'defensor' o 'uno grande.' Los datos multilingües muestran variación, lo que sugiere oscuridad textual o contextual. Podría pertenecer al sentido 2 (grande cualitativo) o al 9 (título), pero resulta ambiguo. 1×
AR["وَمُحَامِيًا"]·ben["ও-মহান"]·DE["und-viel"]·EN["and-defender"]·FR["et-nombreux"]·heb["ו-רב"]·HI["और-शक्तिशाली"]·ID["dan-pembela"]·IT["e-molti"]·jav["lan-panguwasa"]·KO["그리고-싸우는-자를"]·PT["e-grande"]·RU["и-заступника"]·ES["y-grande"]·SW["na-mtetezi"]·TR["ve-savunucu"]·urd["اور-محافظ"]
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H3605 1. all, every, whole (5352×)H3808 1. simple negation (not) (4839×)G1722 1. locative: in, within (2442×)H1004b 1. house, dwelling, building (2015×)G3756 1. not (negation particle) (1635×)H4480a 1. source or separation (1198×)H5892b 1. city, town (1093×)G1519 1. direction: into, to, toward (1061×)H0259 1. one (cardinal numeral) (940×)H3427 1. Qal: to dwell, inhabit (937×)G1537 1. from, out of (source/origin) (886×)H8034 1. Name (designation / identifier) (856×)G3361 1. subjective negation (not) (834×)G1909 1. on, upon (spatial surface) (757×)H0369 1. existential negation: there is not (738×)H5869a 1. in the eyes/sight of (evaluative) (734×)H5650 1. Servant, attendant, subject (723×)H0408 1. prohibitive negation do-not (712×)H8147 1. cardinal number two (666×)G2443 1. so that, in order that (purpose/result) (665×)
Referencia BDB / Léxico
I. רַב429 adj. much, many, great;—ms. abs. ר׳ Gn 24:25 +, רָ֑ב Gn 33:9 +, also רָב֥ 2 Ch 20:2, רָב֖ 28:8, רָב֨ Ezr 10:13, etc.; cstr. רַב Ex 34:6 +; fs. רַבָּה Nu 11:33 +; cstr. רַבַּת Ez 22:5 +, רַבָּ֫תִי (Ges§ 90 k l) La 1:1(×2); mpl. abs. רַבִּים Ex 23:2(×2) +, cstr. v. ii. רַב⁴" dir="rtl" >רב; fpl. abs. רַבּוֹת Gn 30:43 +;—[often both as pred. and as attrib.; as attrib. preceding n. (infl. of…