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H3665 H3665
V-Nifal-Perf-3cp  |  36× in 3 senses
To be humbled or subdued; to humble oneself before God; to bring low by force or divine action
A verb with a strong directional pull -- always downward. In its Niphal reflexive form, it describes the voluntary self-humbling that God requires: 'if my people humble themselves' (2 Chr 7:14) is its theological center of gravity. The Hiphil causative turns the action outward: God or a human agent subdues an enemy, as when God 'subdues' nations before Israel (Deut 9:3; 1 Chr 17:10). A third shade captures the result from the enemy's perspective -- being subdued or defeated, as Moab was 'subdued' under Israel's hand (Judg 3:30). Spanish distinguishes 'humillarse' (reflexive) from 'someter' (subdue), mapping the voice distinctions well. The Arabic cognate (fold wings) hints at the root image: making oneself small.

Senses
1. humble oneself before God Niphal reflexive: to humble oneself voluntarily, especially in penitence before God. The paradigmatic text is 2 Chronicles 7:14 -- 'if my people humble themselves and pray.' Ahab's surprising repentance (1 Kgs 21:29), Josiah's tender heart (2 Kgs 22:19), and the Levitical call for uncircumcised hearts to 'be humbled' (Lev 26:41) all express willing self-abasement. Spanish 'se humillo' and German 'demuetigen' capture the reflexive-penitential character. 19×
AUTHORITY_RULE Status Humility and Lowering
AR["أَنْ-يَتَوَاضَعَ", "اتَّضَعَ", "اتَّضَعُوا", "تَواضَعوا", "كَمَا-تَوَاضَعَ", "وَ-تَوَاضَعَ", "وَ-تَوَاضَعْتَ", "وَ-يَتَوَاضَعُ", "وَتَواضَعَ", "وَتَوَاضَعْتَ", "وَكَتَواضُعِهِ", "يَتَذَلَّلُ", "يَتَوَاضَعْ"]·ben["আর-নত-হলো", "এবং-নম্র-হলে", "ও-তাঁর-নত-হওয়ার-সময়", "ও-তুমি-বিনীত-হয়েছ", "ও-নত-হবে", "ও-নত-হলেন", "তাঁর-নত-হওয়ার", "নত-হবে", "নত-হয়েছে", "নত-হল", "নত-হলেন", "বিনীত-হলেন", "যেমন-নত-হয়েছিলেন"]·DE["demuetigen", "er-humbled-sich-selbst", "humbled-sich-selbst", "und-demuetigen", "und-du-humbled-dich-selbst", "wird-sein-demuetigte"]·EN["and-he-humbled-himself", "and-humble-themselves", "and-humbled", "and-humbled-themselves", "and-when-humbled-himself", "and-you-humbled-yourself", "as-humbled-himself", "he-humbled-himself", "his-humbling-himself", "humbled-himself", "humbled-themselves", "will-be-humbled"]·FR["et-humilier", "et-tu-humbled-toi-même", "fera-être-humilia", "humbled-lui-même", "humilier", "il-humbled-lui-même"]·heb["הכנעו-ו", "ו-ב-הכנעו-ו", "ו-יכנע", "ו-יכנעו", "ו-תיכנע", "ו-תכנע", "ו-תכנע ׀", "יכנע", "כ-הכנע", "נכנע", "נכנעו"]·HI["उसकी-दीनता", "उसने-दीनता-की", "और-उसने-दीनता-की", "और-तूने-दीनता-की", "और-दीन-हुआ", "और-दीन-हों", "और-नीचे", "और-नीचे-किए-गए", "और-मरा", "करने-लिए", "जैसे-दीनता-की-थी", "दीन-हुए", "नम्र होगा", "नम्र-हुआ", "लौटा", "वा-नम्र-हुआ"]·ID["Maka-ditundukkan", "akan-tunduk", "dan-engkau-merendahkan-diri", "dan-ketika-merendahkan-dirinya", "dan-merendahkan-diri", "dia-merendahkan-diri", "ia-merendahkan-diri", "merendahkan-diri", "seperti-merendahkan-diri"]·IT["e-tu-si-umiliò-te-stesso", "e-umiliare", "egli-si-umiliò-sé-stesso", "fara-essere-umilio", "si-umiliò-sé-stesso", "umiliare"]·jav["Lan-andhap-asor", "Lan-nalika-andhap-asoripun", "Lan-sami-andhap-asor", "andhap-asor", "andhap-asoripun", "dipun-asoraken", "kados-andhap-asoripun", "lan-andhap-asor", "lan-panjenengan-sampun-andhap-asor", "sami-andhap-asor", "sampun-ngandhap-asor"]·KO["같이-겸손함", "겸손해졌다", "겸손해지면", "그가-겸손하게-하였다", "그가-겸손했다", "그리고-겸손해졌다", "그리고-겸손해지면", "그리고-그-가-겸손할-때", "그리고-그가-낮추었다", "그리고-낮추었다", "그리고-네가-겸손하였다", "그리고-네가-낮추었다", "그의-겸손함"]·PT["E-foram-humilhados", "E-humilharam-se", "E-humilhou-se", "E-quando-humilhou-se", "como-se-humilhou", "e-humilhaste-te", "e-humilhou-se", "e-se-humilharem", "e-te-humilhaste", "humilharam-se", "humilhou-se", "se-humilharam", "se-humilhará", "se-humilhou", "sua-humilhação"]·RU["и-в-смирении-его", "и-смирились", "и-смирился", "и-смирился-ты", "и-смирятся", "как-смирился", "смирения-своего", "смирились", "смирился", "смирится"]·ES["Y-cuando-se-humilló", "Y-se-humillaron", "como-se-humilló", "se-humillaron", "se-humillará", "se-humilló", "su-humillación", "y-fueron-humillados", "y-se-humillará", "y-se-humilló", "y-te-humillaste"]·SW["amejinyenyekeza", "hikaּnwo", "itanyenyekea", "kּhikaּna", "na-alipojinyenyekeza", "na-ukajinyenyekeza", "na-wakajinyenyekeza", "na-wakijinyenyekeza", "nikna", "niknwּ", "walijinyenyekeza", "wamejinyenyekeza", "watiּkaּna", "wayiּkaּna"]·TR["Alçaldılar", "Ve-alçaldı", "Ve-alçaldılar", "Ve-alçaldığında", "Ve-alçaltıldılar", "Ve-alçalırlarsa", "alçaldı", "alçaldılar", "alçaldığı-gibi", "alçalmadı", "alçaltılacak", "alçalışından", "ve-alçaklandın", "ve-alçaldı", "ve-alçaldın"]·urd["اور-جب-عاجزی-اختیار-کی-اُس-نے", "اور-عاجز-ہوا", "اور-عاجز-ہوں", "اور-عاجزی-اختیار-کی", "اور-عاجزی-کی", "اور-عاجزی-کی-تُو-نے", "اُس-کے-عاجزی-کرنے-سے", "جیسے-عاجزی-کی-تھی", "عاجز-ہو", "عاجز-ہوئے", "عاجزی-اختیار-کی-اُنہوں-نے", "عاجزی-کی", "عاجزی-کی-ہے"]
2. subdue or bring low Hiphil causative: to subdue, humble, or bring low another by force or divine decree. God promises to 'subdue' the Canaanites before Israel (Deut 9:3), David subdues the Philistines (2 Sam 8:1; 1 Chr 18:1), and God humbles Israel's enemies throughout Chronicles. The shift from self-humbling to imposed humiliation is sharp -- Spanish 'someter/humillar' and the causative force of the Hiphil mark the agent as an external power acting upon another. 11×
DISCOURSE_NAMES Discourse Referentials Pronouns and Mixed
AR["أَخْضِعْهُ", "أَذَلَّ", "أُخْضِعُ", "تُخْضِعُ", "فَ-أَخْضَعْتَ", "وَ-أَخضَعَ", "وَ-أَخْضَعَ", "وَ-أَخْضَعَهُمْ", "وَ-أَخْضَعْتُ", "وَأَخضَعَهُم", "يُذِلُّهُمْ"]·ben["আমি-নম্র-করতাম", "আর-বশীভূত-করলেন", "ইস্রায়েল-এর", "এবং-তাদের-বশীভূত-করলেন-তাদের", "এবং-তিনি-নম্র-করলেন", "এবং-বশীভূত-করল", "ও-পরাজিত-করলেন-তাদের", "তাকে-দমন-করো", "তাদের-নত-করবেন", "নত-করলেন", "নম্র-করবেন"]·DE["[הכניעהו]", "[ותכנע]", "[תכניע]", "demuetigen", "ich-würde-unterwerfen", "und-demuetigen", "und-er-gedemütigt", "und-er-subdued-ihnen", "und-unterwarf", "wird-subdue-ihnen"]·EN["I-would-subdue", "You-subdue", "and-He-humbled", "and-I-subdued", "and-he-subdued-them", "and-subdued", "and-subdued-them", "and-you-subdued", "humble-him", "humbled", "will-subdue-them"]·FR["[תכניע]", "et-humilier", "et-il-subdued-eux", "et-subdued", "fera-subdue-eux", "humilier", "הכניעהו-lui"]·heb["אכניע", "הכניע", "הכניעהו", "ו-הכניע", "ו-הכנעתי", "ו-יכניעם", "ו-יכניעם-ם", "ו-יכנע", "ו-תכנע", "יכניעם", "תכניע"]·HI["और-उसने-दबाया", "और-उसे-वश-में-कर", "और-दबाऊँगा", "और-दबाया", "और-दबाया-उन्हें", "दबाएगा-उन्हें", "दबाएगा-तू", "नीचा-किया", "मैं-दबाता"]·ID["Aku-akan-menundukkan", "Dan-merendahkanlah", "Engkau-tundukkan", "akan-menundukkan-mereka", "dan-Aku-merendahkan", "dan-Engkau-menundukkan", "dan-Ia-merendahkan", "dan-ia-merendahkan-mereka", "dan-menundukkan-mereka", "merendahkan", "tundukkanlah"]·IT["[תכניע]", "e-egli-sottomise-loro", "e-sottomise", "e-umiliare", "e-umilio'", "fara-subdue-loro", "humble-lui-suo", "umiliare", "umilio'"]·jav["Kula-badhé-nelukaken", "Lan-dipundhahunaken", "Lan-ngawonaken", "Panjenengan-ngandhapaken", "badhé-ngandhapaken-piyambakipun", "lajeng-Paduka-nelukaken", "lan-ngawonaken-piyambakipun", "lan-nundukaken-Ingsun", "lan-nundukaken-piyambakipun", "ngasoraken", "taklukaken-piyambakipun"]·KO["굴복시켜라-그를", "그-와-굴복시켰다-나-는", "그들을-굴복시키리니", "그리고-굴복시켰다-그들을", "그리고-굴복시키셨다", "그리고-굴복시키셨으니", "그리하여-굴복시켰다", "낮추셨다", "낮추시리니", "내가-굴복시키리라"]·PT["E-Ele-humilhou", "E-subjugou", "abate-o", "e-humilhaste", "e-subjugou-os", "e-subjuguei", "eu-subjugaria", "humilhou", "subjugarás", "submeterá-os"]·RU["И-покорил", "И-смирил", "и-покорил-их", "и-смирил", "и-смирил-их", "и-смирю-Я", "смири-его", "смирил", "смирил-бы-Я", "смирит-их", "усмиряешь-Ты"]·ES["Y-humilló", "abatíelo", "humillarás", "humilló", "los-someterá", "sometería", "y-humillaré", "y-los-sometió", "y-sometiste"]·SW["akawatiisha", "aliishusha", "atawatiisha", "mtie-aibu", "na-akamshinda", "na-akanyenyekeza", "na-akawashinda", "na-nimewashinda", "na-ukawatiisha", "ningeshinda", "utashushia"]·TR["alcaltacaksin", "alçalttı", "boyun-eğdir-onu", "boyun-eğdirecek-onları", "boyun-eğdirirdim", "ve-alçalttı", "ve-alçalttım", "ve-boyun-eğdirdi", "ve-boyun-eğdirdi-onları", "ve-boyun-eğdirdin", "ve-boyunduruk-altına-aldı-onları"]·urd["اور-اُسے-دبا", "اور-اُن-کو-دبایا", "اور-اُنہیں-محکوم-کیا", "اور-جھکایا", "اور-دبایا", "اور-مغلوب-کیا", "اور-میں-نے-دبایا", "مغلوب-کرے-گا-اُنہیں", "پست-کروں-گا", "پست-کیا", "ڈبائے-گا-تو"]
3. be subdued or defeated Niphal passive: to be subdued, defeated, or brought low, typically in military defeat. Judges 3:30 records Moab 'subdued' under Israel, and Judges 8:28 reports the same for Midian. The pattern continues through Judges 11:33 and 1 Samuel 7:13. Spanish 'fue sometido/fueron sometidos' and the passive framing distinguish this from the reflexive self-humbling of sense 1 -- here the subject does not choose lowliness but has it imposed.
AUTHORITY_RULE Status Humility and Lowering
AR["فَـ-ذَلَّتْ", "وَ-انخَضَعَ", "وَ-انْخَضَعُوا", "وَ-انْكَسَرَتْ", "وَ-خَضَعوا", "وَ-ذَلَّ"]·ben["এবং-তারা-নম্র-হল", "এবং-নত-হল", "এবং-পরাজিত-হল", "এবং-বশীভূত-হল", "ও-পরাজিত-হলেন"]·DE["und-demuetigen", "und-sie-waren-subdued", "und-war-unterwarf", "und-waren-unterwarf"]·EN["and-they-were-subdued", "and-was-subdued", "and-were-subdued"]·FR["et-humilier", "et-ils-furent-subdued", "et-étaient-subdued", "et-était-subdued"]·heb["ו-ייכנעו", "ו-יכנעו", "ו-נכנע", "ו-נכנעה", "ו-נכנעו"]·HI["और-दबाए-गए", "और-दबाया-गया", "और-वे-दबाए-गए"]·ID["Dan-tertaklukkan-lah", "dan-ditundukkan", "dan-ditundukkanlah", "dan-mereka-ditundukkan"]·IT["e-essi-erano-sottomise", "e-fu-sottomise", "e-furono-sottomise", "e-umiliare", "e-umilio'"]·jav["Lan-kalindhih", "Lan-karemuk", "Lan-kawon", "lan-karemuk", "lan-katundukaken", "lan-sami-ndhingkluk"]·KO["그리고-굴복당하였나이다", "그리고-굴복당했다", "그리고-굴복되었다", "그리고-굴복했다"]·PT["E-foi-humilhado", "E-foi-subjugado", "E-foram-humilhados", "e-foram-humilhados", "e-foram-subjugados"]·RU["И-был-смирён", "И-покорился", "и-были-смирены", "и-смирились"]·ES["Y-fue-humillado", "Y-fue-sometido", "Y-fueron-sometidos", "y-fueron-humillados", "y-fueron-sometidos"]·SW["na-ikashindwa", "na-wakanyenyekeshwa", "na-wakashindwa", "na-wakatiiishwa"]·TR["Ve-alçaltıldılar", "ve-boyun-eğdi", "ve-boyun-eğdiler", "ve-boyunduruk-altına-alındılar"]·urd["اور-دب-گئے", "اور-دبائے-گئے", "اور-مغلوب-ہوا", "اور-کچلے-گئے"]

Related Senses
G3588 1. definite article (18298×)H0853 1. definite direct object marker (10915×)G2532 1. (8312×)H3068 1. YHWH (the divine name) (6522×)H0834a 1. relative pronoun (who/which/that) (4839×)H3588a 1. causal: because, for (3498×)G1161 1. and (2806×)H3478 1. Israel (proper name and nation) (2507×)G4771 1. you (plural address) (1853×)H1931 1. personal pronoun he/she/it (1431×)G3739 1. relative pronoun who/which/that (1149×)H1732 1. David (proper name) (1075×)H2088 1. this, this one (demonstrative) (1059×)G1063 1. (1047×)G3778 1. this thing, these things (1003×)H???? 2. (1002×)G2424 1. (924×)G3754 1. that (content clause) (881×)H2009 1. presentative particle: behold, look (881×)H0589 1. I (first person singular pronoun) (874×)

BDB / Lexicon Reference
† [כָּנַע] vb. be humble, only in der. conj. (Aramaic כְּנַע id.; Arabic كَنَعَ is be contracted, wrinkled; also fold wings (of eagle))— Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נִכְנַע 1 K 21:29 + 3 times; 3 pl. נִכְנְעוּ 2 Ch 12:7; 30:11; נִכְנָ֑עוּ 2 Ch 12:7; Impf. יִכָּנַע Lv 26:41 + 3 times; 3 fs. וַתִּכָּנַע Ju 3:30; 2 ms. וַתִּכָּנַע 2 K 22:19 + 2 times; 3 mpl. וְיִכָּֽנְעוּ 2 Ch 7:14 + 5 times; יִכָּנֵ֑עוּ 1 Ch