Hebrew baqar designates bovine cattle as a collective, encompassing herds of oxen and cows whether grazing, sacrificed, or ploughing. The word's root connects to ploughing, reflecting the animal's primary economic role in the ancient Near East. It appears alongside tso'n (flock) in the classic pairing of livestock (Gen 12:16; 1 Sam 11:7). Translations across languages consistently render it with herd-animal terms: Spanish ganado vacuno, French bétail, German Rind/Herde — all pointing to a single, stable semantic core of domesticated bovines as a unit of pastoral wealth.