Cattle and Oxen

בָּקָר182 n.m. 1 K 5:3 + (f. Gn 33:13; Jb 1:14 cf. Dt 32:14 2 S 17:29) cattle, herd, ox (Arabic بَقَرٌ, Aramaic בַּקְרָא, בַּקְרְתָא, ܒܰܩܪܳܐ (cf. also HomNS 222 ff.); name from ploughing, so Thes LagBN 51 al.)—abs. בּ׳ Gn 12:16 +; cstr. בְּקַר Nu 7:88; sf. בְּקָֽרְךָ Gn 45:10 +; בְּקָרֶ֑ךָ Ex 20:24 Je 5:17; בְּקָרוֹ 1 S 11:7 2 S 12:4; בְּקַרְכֶם Dt 12:6; בְּקָרָם Je 3:24 +; pl. בְּקָרִים Am 6:12 (al. read בקר ים) 2 Ch 4:3 (but read פְּקָעִים v. ‖ 1 K 7:24 infr.); sf. בְּקָרֵינוּ Ne 10:37; read בקריכם for בחוריכם 1 S 8:16 𝔊 We Dr;— 1. mostly coll. a. cattle, generic (never pl. in form) Gn 12:16; 13:5; 20:14; 21:27; 24:35 Lv 1:2 Dt 8:13 1 S 11:5 Ho 5:6 Jo 1:18 1 Ch 27:29(×2) + often (frequently ‖ צֹאן); as grazing, 1 Ch 27:29 +; in sim. כַּבּ׳ Jb 40:15 Is 11:7; 65:25; as lowing (קוֹל הַבּ׳) 1 S 15:14; מִקְנֵה בָקָר possession of (i.e. property in) cattle Gn 6:14; 47:17 (both J); עֶדְרֵי ב׳ Jo 1:18 herds of cattle; especially בֶּן־בָּקָר son of cattle (i.e. belonging to the בקר), to denote a single ox, calf, etc.; as used for food Gn 18:7 cf. v 8 (J)—in these prob. = calf (v also 1 S 14:32 בָּקָר וּבְנֵי בָקָר); usually for sacrifice (Hex only P) Nu 15:8, 9; בֶּן־הַבּ׳ Lv 1:5; appos. עֵגֶל †Lv 9:2;—cf. עֶגְלַת בָּקָר †Dt 21:3 1 S 16:2 Is 7:21;—mostly appos. פַּר Ex 29:1 + 27 times; also pl. †פָּרִים בני בקר Nu 28:11, 19, 27; 29:13, 17 (on all these cf. בֵּן); also indef. cattle, oxen, of a number not specified Nu 7:87, 88 (in both enumerated as פָּרִים); 22:40 1 S 14:32; 15:21 1 K 1:9; 7:29(×2) (here of graven work) 8:5 1 Ch 12:40 2 Ch 5:6; 18:2 Is 22:13 ψ 66:15; also as beasts of burden †1 Ch 12:40 b. a particular herd of cattle Gn 18:7 (J); cf. pl. בְּקָרֵינוּ, our herds, only Ne 10:37. 2. more individually, head of cattle,—yet always of more than one (Hex mostly P; pl. only Am 6:12 + 2 Ch 4:3 v. supr.); of two Nu 7:17 + 11 times Nu 7; †cf. also צֶמֶד ב׳ yoke (pair) of oxen 1 S 11:7 cf. v 7, 1 K 19:21 cf. v 21 (ploughing, cf. v 19); also 2 S 6:6 = 1 Ch 13:9 (drawing a cart, cf. Nu 7:3 f. 1 S 6:7 f.), 2 S 24:22 = 1 Ch 21:23, 2 S 24:22, 24 1 K 19:20 Am 6:12 (pl.); 500 yoke of oxen Jb 1:3 cf. v 14; 1000 yoke 42:12; further, of four Nu 7:7; five Ex 21:37 (תַּחַת הַשּׁוֹר); seven 2 Ch 29:22 (‖ פָּרִים v 21); eight Nu 7:8; ten 1 K 5:3; twelve Nu 7:3 (singly called שׁוֹר) cf. v 6; of the twelve brazen bulls beneath the sea in Sol.’s temple 1 K 7:25, 44 = 2 Ch 4:4, 15 cf. 2 K 16:17 2 Ch 4:3 (דְּמוּת בְּקָרִים) v 3 (but read in both פְּקָעִים, as ‖ 1 K 7:24 cf. Be Öt) v 4 Je 52:20; of twenty 1 K 5:3; seventy 2 Ch 29:32; hundreds or thousands 1 K 8:63 = 2 Ch 7:5, 2 Ch 15:11; 29:33; 35:7, 8, 9 (cf. v 12), & Nu 31:33, 38, 44†. Note חֶמְאַת בָּקָר Dt 32:14 (poem), שְׁפוֹת ב׳ 2 S 17:29, כְּלִי הַבּ׳ 2 S 24:22 1 K 19:21, מַלְמַד הַבּ׳ Ju 3:31, צְפִו֯עֵי הַבּ׳ Ez. 4:15 (opp. גֶּלֲלֵי הָאָדָם).

פַּר132 n.m. Gn 32:16 young bull, steer;—abs. פ׳ Nu 7:15 +, פָּ֑ר ψ 50:9, always הַפָּר 1 S 1:25 +; cstr. פַּר (הַ)חַטָּאת Ex 29:36 +; pl. פָּרִים Gn 32:16 +; sf. פָּרֶיהָ Je 50:27;—steer [v. especially פַּר בֶּן־בָּקָר Lv 4:3 + 6 times; פ׳ אֶחָד ב׳־ב׳ Ex 29:1 + 12 times Nu 7, cf. 8:8; פ׳ ב׳־ב׳ אֶחָד Nu 15:24 + 3 times, cf. Ez 43:23; 45:18; 46:6; pl. פָּרִים בְּנֵי־ב׳ Nu 28:11 + 4 times; v. בֵּן" dir="rtl" >בֵּן, בָּקָר" dir="rtl" >בָּקָר]: 1. as gift Gn 32:16 (E); fig. of fierce enemies ψ 22:18. 2. elsewhere as sacrifical victims: a. in peace-offering Ex 24:5 (E; Covenant Code), 1 S 1:24 (read פַּר for פָּרִים 𝔊 𝔖 Th We Dr al.), v 25 Nu 7:88 (P), 2 Ch 30:24(×2). b. burnt-offering Ju 6:25(×2) (on text cf. GFM), v 26, 28 1 K 18:23(×3), 25, 26, 33; Ez 43:23 + 5 times Ez, Nu 7:15, 21 + 46 times Nu (P), 1 Ch 15:26; 29:21 Ezr 8:35 Jb 42:8 ψ 50:9; 51:21; Lv 23:18 (gloss, Dr-Wh). c. sin-offering Ez 43:19 + 5 times Ez, Ex 29:1, 3, 10(×2), 11, 12, 14, 36 cf. 2 Ch 13:9; 29:21, Lv 4:3, 4(×3) + 25 times Lv (P), Nu 8:8;—both b. and c. Nu 8:12. d. more gen. Is 1:11 ψ 69:32. e. fig. פָּרִים שְׂפָתֵינוּ Ho 14:3 we will pay (as with) bullocks, our lips, but read פְּרִי 𝔊 We Now, cf. Che. f. of princes and warriors slain by י׳, under fig. of sacrifice Is 34:7; Je 50:27; Ez39:18.

שׁוֹר78 n.m. Ne 5:18 a head of cattle, bullock, ox, etc. (often + חֲמוֹר, שֶׂה, etc.);—שׁ׳ abs. Is 1:3 +, cstr. Ex 21:35 +, sf. שׁוֹרוֹ 20:17 +, etc.; pl. שְׁוָרִים Ho 12:12;—usually a single head of cattle, without emphasis on sex (opp. בָּקָר coll. Ex 21:37; Nu 7:3): as property, spoil of war, etc. Ex 20:17 (E; Gi v 14) = Dt 5:18, cf. Dt 5:14; Ex 21:33 (E) ‖ Dt 22:4; Ex 21:37(×2) (‖ בָּקָר of five head), 22:3, 8, 9, 29; 23:12 (all E), Dt 22:1; Gn 49:6 (poem in J), Dt 28:31; Ju 6:4; 1 S 12:3; Jb 24:3; as licking up (לָחַךְ) grass Nu 22:4 (J), feeding ψ 106:20 (in ref. to golden calf), cf. Is 7:25; 32:20; lowing Jb 6:5; as intelligent Is 1:3, vicious (goring נָגַח) Ex 21:28(×3) + 11 times Ex 21 (E); used in ploughing Dt 22:10, threshing 25:4, cf. Pr 14:4; drawing wagon Nu 7:3 (P; opp. בָּקָר coll.); פְּנֵי שׁ׳ Ez 1:10; specif. of male †Jb 21:10 (opp. פָּרָה), of female †Lv 22:28 (H), perhaps also Nu 18:17 (P), appar. generic Dt 15:19; 33:17 (poem, fig.); rarely coll. Gn 32:6 (+ צֹאן), Ex 34:19—cf. Lv 27:26 (P)—Jos 6:21; 7:24 (all J), 1 S 15:3; 22:19; †as slaughtered Pr 7:22, for food 1 S 14:34(×2) (but v b read (אֶת־)אֲשֶׁר with 𝔊 Th We Dr al.), 1 K 1:19, 25; Dt 14:4; Lv 17:3 (H), cf. Ne 5:18 (שׁ׳ אֶחָר), Pr 15:17; for †sacrifice Ju 6:25 (פַּר־הַשּׁ׳, text strange, cf. GFM), ψ 69:32 (שׁוֹר פָּר, but join פָּר to v b Bae), 2 S 6:13; Ho 12:12; Lv 9:4, 18 (P), 22:23, 27 (H), Nu 15:11 (P), Dt 17:1; 18:3, cf. Lv 7:23; 9:19; מִשּׁוֹר זֶבַח Lv 4:10 (P); illicit sacrifice Is 66:3.

I. פָּרָה26 n.f. heifer, cow;—abs. פ׳ Is 11:7 +; sf. פָּרָתוֹ Jb 21:10; pl. פָּרוֹת Gn 32:16 +, פָּרֹת 41:26; cstr. פָּרוֹת Am 4:1;—as gift Gn 32:16; in Pharaoh’s dream 41:2, 3(×2) + 8 times 41; drawing cart 1 S 6:7, 12, 14 + פ׳ עָלוֹת v 7, 10 cows giving suck, milch cows; פ׳ calving Jb 21:10, grazing Is 11:7; פ׳ אֲדֻמָּה red heifer Nu 19:2, cf. v 5, 6, 9, 10; sim. of stubbornness Ho 4:16; פָּרוֹת הַבָּשָׁן Am 4:1, fig. of luxurious women.

† I. גֵּרָה n.f. cud (Arabic جِرَّةٌ, so called from sound of rumination?)—גֵּרָה Lv 11:3 + 10 times—cud, only in legislation of clean and unclean animals, and almost always c. (ֵי, ַת, ָה) מַעֲלֵה Lv 11:3, 4(×2), 5, 6, 26 (P) Dt 14:6, 7(×2); ג׳ יִגָּ֑ר (cf. גרר Niph.) Lv 11:7; Dt 14:8 has גֵּרָה without vb., but read there as Lv 11:7 (so Sam. 𝔊 Di).

† רְאֵם n.m. Jb 39:10 wild ox (Assyrian rêmu DlHWB 603 (ראם), HoughtonTSBA v (1877), 336 ff., and illustr. bef. p. 33 SchrKGF 135 ff., 530 HomNS 257 ff., 410, 436 f. Dr Dt 33:17; on strength and ferocity, PlinNH viii. 21; Aramaic רְאֵמָא, רֵימָא, רֵימָנָא, ܪܰܝܡܳܐ (LagBN 58); Arabic رِىْٔمٌ is white antelope, antilope leucoryx; 𝔊 (erron.) μονόκερως (Is 34:7 ἁδροί), 𝔙 unicornis, and (oftener) rhinoceros);—abs. ר׳ Nu 23:22 +, רְאֵים ψ 92:11, רֵים Jb 39:9, 10; pl. רְאֵמִים Is 34:7 ψ 29:6, רֵמִים 22:22 (v. Baer);—wild ox, as fierce and strong Jb 39:9, 10; sim. of strength of Isr., כְּתוֹעֲפוֹה ר׳ לוֹ Nu 23:22 = 24:8 (JE), רַתָּרֶם כִּרְאֵם קַרְנִי ψ 92:11; so fig. of Joseph, קֵּרְנֵי ר׳ קַרְנָיו Dt 33:17; fig. of princes of Edom Is 34:7 (+ פָּרִים עִם אַבִּירִים); of powerful foes, מִקַּרְנֵי רֵמִים ψ 22:22; in sim. of skipping, leaping, בֶּן־רְאֵמִים ψ 29:6 (‖ עֵגֶל).

βοῦς, Doric dialect βῶς Refs 3rd c.BC+, poetry also βοῦ Refs 8th c.BC+ and Doric dialect, Refs 3rd c.BC+, Ionic dialect and poetry also βόα Refs 8th c.BC+, rarely contraction βοῦς Refs 5th c.BC+, contraction βῶν Refs 8th c.BC+, Epic dialect βόεσσι, βοσί Refs 1st c.AD+; Boeotian dialect βούεσσι Refs 8th c.BC+, and Attic dialect, NT+4th c.BC+:—bullock, bull, ox, or cow, in plural cattle, commonly feminine: to mark the male Refs 8th c.BC+ adds a word, β. ἄρσην Refs 8th c.BC+; as a measure of value, βοὸς ἄξιον Refs __b βοῦς ἄγριος buffalo, Refs 4th c.BC+ __c βοῦς ἐν Συρίᾳ zebu, Refs; β. ἐν Παιονίᾳ, perhaps urus, Refs __d βοὸς ὄμμα, ={βούφθαλμος}, Refs 1st c.BC+ __2 metaphorically of any dam or mother, μία β. Κρηθεῖ τε μάτηρ καὶ Σαλμωνεῖ Refs 5th c.BC+ __II ={βοείη} or βοέη (always feminine), ox-hide shield, νωμῆσαι βῶν Refs 8th c.BC+; βόας αὔαςRefs 5th c.BC+ __III a fish, perhaps Notidanus griseus, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III.2 a fish of the Nile, Refs 1st c.BC+ __IV ἔβδομος β. crescent loaf, Refs __V seam, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __VI the constellation Taurus, Refs 1st c.BC+ __VII ={μάστιξ}, Refs 5th c.AD+ __VIII proverbial, β. ἐπὶ γλώσσης ἐπιβαίνων Refs 6th c.BC+; of people who keep silence from some weighty reason, τὸν βοῦν ἐπιτίθημι τῇ γλώττῃ Refs 4th c.AD+ (wrongly explained by Refs 2nd c.AD+; β. ἐν αὐλίῳ, of a useless person, Refs 5th c.BC+; β. λύρας 'pearls before swine', Refs 3rd c.BC+, Sanskrit gaús) accusative βῶν (Sanskrit gā´m) are old forms: stem βωϝ-βοϝ-, cf. Latin (Umbr.) bos, etc.)

† I. [אֶ֫לֶף] n.m. ψ 8:8; only pl. cattle (Ph. אלף, Assyrian alpu, COTGloss.)—אֲלָפִים Pr 14:4 Is 30:24 used in tillage; subject to man ψ 8:8 (‖ צֹנֶה); their increase שְׁגַר אֲלָפֶיךָ a blessing Dt 7:13; 28:4, 18, 51 (‖ all עַשְׁתְּרֹת צֹאנֶ֑ךָ).

† [תּוֹר] n.m. bullock (𝔗 Syriac; BH שׁוֹר, √ III. שׁור);—pl. abs. תּוֹרִין, for sacrifice Ezr 6:9, 17; 7:17; as eating grass Dn 4:22, 29, 30; 5:21.

ταῦρος, ὁ, bull, Refs 8th c.BC+; as a sacrifice to Poseidon, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἄπεχε τῆς βοὸς τὸν τ., oracularly of Agamemnon and his wife, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 priest of Poseidon Taureios, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __3 a kind of Lycian boat with bull as figurehead, postulated to explain Europa's bull, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II the bull as a sign of the Zodiac, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III ={κοχώνη}, Refs 2nd c.AD+: also the pudenda muliebria, Refs 9th c.AD+: the male αἰδοῖον, Refs (Cf. Latin taurus, Lithuanian tauras, Slavonic tur[ucaron], etc.)

φάτν-η, ἡ, manger, crib, [ἵππους] ἀτίταλλ᾽ ἐπὶ φάτνῃ NT+8th c.BC+; φάτναι Ζηνὸς, of the manger of Pegasus, Refs 5th c.BC+: also of oxen, ὥς τίς τε κατέκτανε βοῦν ἐπὶ φ. Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 βοῦς ἐπὶ φ., proverbial of ease and comfort, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ ἐν τῇ φ. κύων 'the dog in the manger', Refs 2nd c.AD+; θεραπεύειν τὴν φ. τινός to court one who feeds you, Refs 2nd c.AD+ to return to their old haunts, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II ={φάτνωμα}Refs 3rd c.BC+ __III socket of tooth, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __IV the Manger, name of the nebula (star-cluster) between the ὄνοι in Cancer, Refs 4th c.BC+ in Attic and Delian Inscrr., Refs: bhndh, cf. Sanskrit badhnāti 'tie', Celt. benn 'wicker chariot'.)

† אֵבוּס n.m. Pr 14:4 crib (= feeding-trough, on form v. Ges§ 84 a 12. R.) of ass Is 1:3 (cstr.); oxen Pr 14:4 (abs.); אִם־יָלִין עַל־אֲבוֶּס֑ךָ Jb 39:9 (of wild-ox).

† גָּעָה vb. low (of cattle) (NH id., Aramaic גְּעָא, ܓܥܳܐ )—יִגְעֶה־שׁוֹר Jb 6:5; הָלֹךְ וְגָעוֹ 1 S 6:12.

Related to: ζεύγλ-η, ἡ, loop attached to the yoke (ζυγόν), through which the beasts' heads were put, χαίτη ζεύγλης ἐξεριποῦσα παρὰ ζυγόν Refs 8th c.BC+; ὑποδύντες ὑπὸ τὴν ζ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ὑπάγειν τοὺς ἵππους τῇ ζ. Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 ={ζεῦγος}Refs 3rd c.BC+ —Not found in good _Attic dialect_ Prose. __II cross-bar of the double rudder, Refs 5th c.BC+

† [אֻרְיָה] n.f. manger, crib (Aramaic אוּרְיָא, ܐܘܽܪܝܳܐ, Arabic آرِىٌّ stall, etc., Assyrian urû Dl BAS i. 211)—Pl. אֻרָוֹת 2 Ch 32:28 (Aramaic form for אֳרָוֹת; cf. LagBN 172); cstr. אֻרְוֹת 1 K 5:6, אֻֽרְיוֹת 2 Ch 9:25;—crib of horses 1 K 5:6 (app. in enumeration of horses themselves, Eng. head, or span, cf. also 2 Ch 9:25 with 1 K 10:26; so Th MV, but text here dub. cf. Klo), hence 2 Ch 9:25; of any animals (כל־בהמה) 2 Ch 32:28 (on לַאֲ׳ v. Add.). Vulg.Ar. آرِيٌّ = manger Moḥiṭ19, 15 (GFM, privately), cf. Lane51 c.. Also pl. אֲוֵרוֹת 2 Ch 32:28 b (read prob. וְאֻרָות לָעֲדָרִים 𝔊 𝔙 Kit Benz al.).

† [רֶ֫פֶת] n.[m.] appar. stable, stall (NH id.; √ dub.; Thes from רפף, cf. Arabic رَفٌّ enclosure for sheep and goats, but no satisfactory meaning of רפף known);—pl. רְפָתִים Hb 3:17 (for cattle).