עַתּוּד29 H6260
He-goat; mature male goat used in sacrifice and as livestock; figuratively, a leader or chief among people.
A term for the mature male goat, prominent throughout the sacrificial system and pastoral economy of ancient Israel. The word appears in census lists of offerings (Numbers 7), descriptions of livestock wealth (Genesis 31:10; Proverbs 27:26), and as sacrificial victims (Isaiah 1:11; Psalm 66:15). Because the dominant billy goat leads the flock, the prophets extended the image figuratively to human rulers and chiefs, as when Isaiah pictures the shades of fallen kings rising to greet Babylon's monarch (Isaiah 14:9). Spanish and French translations consistently render the literal sense as machos cabrios and boucs, while the figurative use at Isaiah 14:9 is signaled by English 'leaders of.'
1. male goat, he-goat — The literal sense denotes a mature male goat, prominent in sacrificial contexts (Numbers 7:17, 23, 29; Psalm 66:15), livestock inventories (Genesis 31:10, 12; Ezekiel 27:21), and dietary references (Deuteronomy 32:14). Multilingual glosses uniformly point to the biological animal: Spanish machos cabrios, French boucs, German maennlich Ziegen. The 28 occurrences span ritual, economic, and pastoral settings across the Pentateuch, Prophets, and Writings. 28×
AR["تُيوس","تُيوسًا","تُيوسٍ","تُيُوسٌ","تُيُوسٍ","وَ-التُّيُوسِ","وَ-تُيُوسٍ","وَالتُّيُوسِ"]·ben["এবং-ছাগলদের","ও-ছাগলদের","ছাগল","ছাগলদের","পাঁঠাদের"]·DE["[ועתודים]","[עתודים]","maennlich-Ziegen","male-goats","und-er-Ziegen"]·EN["and-goats","and-he-goats","male-goats"]·FR["bouc","boucs","et-boucs","et-il-boucs","mâle-boucs"]·heb["ו-עתודים","עתדים","עתודים"]·HI["और-बकरों","और-बकरों-के","बकरे","बकरों-का","बकरों-के"]·ID["dan-kambing-jantan","dan-kambing-kambing-jantan","kambing-jantan","kambing-kambing-jantan"]·IT["capro","e-capro","e-egli-capri","maschio-capri"]·jav["lan-wedhus-wedhus-jaler","lan-wédus","panjenengan","rah","utawi","wedhus-jaler","wedhus-jaler-enom","wedhus-tunggak"]·KO["그리고-숙염소들과","그리고-숙염소들의","수염소-들-의","수염소들과","숙염소들-을","숙염소들-의","숫염소들","염소들의"]·PT["bodes","e-bodes"]·RU["и-козлов","козлами","козлов"]·ES["machos-cabríos","y-machos-cabríos"]·SW["mbuzi","mbuzi-dume","na-mbuzi","na-mbuzi-dume"]·TR["teke","tekeler","ve-ergeçler","ve-kanını","ve-tekelerden","ve-teklerin"]·urd["اور-بکروں-کا","اور-بکروں-کے","اور-بکرے","بکروں","بکروں-کا","بکروں-کے","بکرے"]
Gen 31:10, Gen 31:12, Num 7:17, Num 7:23, Num 7:29, Num 7:35, Num 7:41, Num 7:47, Num 7:53, Num 7:59, Num 7:65, Num 7:71 (+16 more)
▼ 1 more sense below
Senses
2. leader, chief (metaphorical) — A figurative extension in which the dominant he-goat image represents human leaders or chiefs. At Isaiah 14:9, the shades of the earth's 'leaders' (attude) rise from Sheol to meet the king of Babylon. Zechariah 10:3 and Ezekiel 34:17 similarly deploy the flock-leader metaphor for rulers whom God holds accountable. The Spanish gloss machos cabrios de and English 'leaders of' preserve the genitive construction that marks this metaphorical transfer from animal to human authority. 1×
AR["رُؤَسَاءِ"]·ben["পাঁঠাদের"]·DE["[עתודי]"]·EN["leaders-of"]·FR["bouc"]·heb["עתודי"]·HI["बकरे-"]·ID["pemimpin-pemimpin"]·IT["capro"]·jav["para-pemimpin"]·KO["염소들을"]·PT["os-líderes-de"]·RU["вождей"]·ES["machos-cabríos-de"]·SW["wote-wa"]·TR["liderlerini"]·urd["سرداروں"]
Related Senses
H5921a 1. upon, on, over (spatial) (5443×)H0413 1. directional: to, toward (5366×)H1121a 1. son, male offspring, descendant (4914×)H3808 1. simple negation (not) (4839×)H4428 1. king, human ruler (2518×)G1722 1. locative: in, within (2442×)H1004b 1. house, dwelling, building (2015×)H6440 1. before, in front of (spatial) (1870×)G3756 1. not (negation particle) (1635×)H3027 1. physical hand (body part) (1596×)H1697 1. word, speech, utterance (1235×)H4480a 1. source or separation (1198×)H5892b 1. city, town (1093×)G1519 1. direction: into, to, toward (1061×)H3427 1. Qal: to dwell, inhabit (937×)G1537 1. from, out of (source/origin) (886×)H8034 1. Name (designation / identifier) (856×)G3361 1. subjective negation (not) (834×)G1909 1. on, upon (spatial surface) (757×)H0369 1. existential negation: there is not (738×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
[עַתּוּד29] n.m. Gn 31:10 he-goat (NH = BH; Assyrian atudû; Arabic عَتُودٌ young he-goat; relation to above √ not clear; Thes well-developed, cp. Arabic عَتَدٌ horse fit for running (cf. √ meaning great, i.e. perhaps full-grown); according to HomNS 247 f. animal ready to fight);—only pl. עַתּוּדִים Is 1:11 + 13 times; עַתֻּדִים Gn 31:10 + 13 times; cstr. עַתּוּדֵי Is 34:6;—as property Gn 31:10,…