An expensive perfume extracted from the roots and stems of the nard plant (Nardostachys jatamansi), native to the Himalayas. Both Gospel occurrences describe the anointing of Jesus—by an unnamed woman in Mark 14:3 and by Mary of Bethany in John 12:3. The extravagant gesture (worth a year's wages) provoked criticism but Jesus defended it as prophetic preparation for His burial. The exotic origin and high cost of the oil underscore the worshiper's lavish devotion.