Spice Aromatic Perfume

† בֹּ֫שֶׂם n.m. 1 K 10:10 spice, balsam, balsamtree (Arabic بَشَامٌ, Aramaic בּוּסְמָא, ܒܶܣܡܳܐ, Gk. βάλσαμον; cf. Löw53)—ב׳ Is 3:24 +, בֶּ֫שֶׂם Ex 30:23 v. infr., בְּשָׂמִי Ct 5:1 (as if from בָּשָׂם); pl. בְּשָׂמִים Ex 25:6 + 18 times, בְּשָׂמָיו Ct 4:16;— 1. spice, perfume, sweet odour Is 3:24; קִנְּמָן־בֶּשֶׂם Ex 30:23 (ב׳ perhaps so pointed to distinguish it from) קְנֵה־בֹשֶׂם v 23;—with this cf. Aramaic ܩܢܝܐ ܕܒܣܡܐ, קני בוסמא;—spices as costly, token of wealth 2 K 20:13 = Is 39:2 cf. 2 Ch 32:27; royal gifts 1 K 10:2, 10, 25 = 2 Ch 9:1, 19, 24; cf. sg. 1 K 10:10 = 2 Ch 9:9; as article of commerce Ez 27:22; burnt at burial 2 Ch 16:14; appointed for ingredient of the anointing oil Ex 25:6; 35:8 cf. v 28 (all P), cf. 1 Ch 9:30 (Palm. v. supr.); stored in temple 1 Ch 9:29; used for purifying the women of Ahasuerus Est 2:12; 2. elsewhere only Ct 4:10, 14 spices, v 16 balsam-juice, gathered Ct 5:1; balsam-tree הָרֵי ב׳ Ct 8:14; beds of balsam עֲרֻגוֹת בּ׳ Ct 6:2; cf. עֲרוּגֵת בּ׳ Ct 5:13 sim. of lover’s cheeks.

[סַם16] n.m. spice, used in incense;—only pl. abs. סַמִּים, and only P Ch; Ex 30:34(×2) elsewhere קְטֹרֶת (הַ)סַּמִּים incense of spices 25:6 + 8 times Ex, Lv 4:7; 16:12; Nu 4:16; 2 Ch 2:3; 13:11.

† [רִיחַ] vb. denom. Hiph. (?), smell, perceive odour;—Impf. 3 ms. יָרִיחַ Jb 39:25, יָרַח 1 S 26:19 + 2 times; וַיָּ֫רַח Gn 8:21; 3 mpl. יְרִיח֑וּן ψ 115:6, יְרִיחֻ֑ן Dt 4:28, etc.; Inf. cstr. הָרִיחַ Ex 30:38, etc.;—smell, c. acc. Gn 8:21; 27:27 (JE), 1 S 26:19; abs. Dt 4:28 ψ 115:6; metaph. בַּהֲרִיחוֹ אֵשׁ Ju 16:9, יָרִיחַ מִלְחָמָה Jb 39:25 the horse scenteth battle; c. ב Ex 30:38; Lv 26:31 (both P); metaph. = delight in Am 5:21; Is 11:3 (prob. dittogr. BrMP 202).

ἄμωμος, ον, blameless, Refs 7th c.BC+; without blemish, εἶδος ἄ.Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 unblemished, of victims, etc., LXX+NT+1st c.AD+ __3 unimpaired, perfect, ὑγίειαRefs 4th c.BC+

† צֳרִי (Gn 37:25) (וּ)צְרִי, צֹ֑רִי Ez 27:17 n.[m.] a kind of balsam, as merchandise Gn 37:25 (J), gift Gn 43:11 (J), medicament Je 8:22; 46:11; 51:8 (for national disaster, in fig.);—ThDyer-M’Lean in Ency. Bib.Balm think a resin, like (not necess. =) gum of mastic-tree, pistacia lentiscus (otherwise PostHastings DB).

ἄρωμα [ᾰρ], ατος, τό, (ἀρόω) __B arable land, corn-land, Refs 5th c.BC+

† III. [אהל] n.[m.] odorif. tree, aloe (?) (? loan-word from Skr. aguru, agaru, dial. aghil, cf. WilsonSkr. Dict.; M. Müller in Pusey Dn 2d ed. p. 647 f.; aloëxylon agallochum (cf. SigismundAromata, Leipz. 1884, p. 38 f, MV cite KondrackiBeitr.z.Kenntn.d.Aloe, Dorpat 1874 & BaerReden III, 293 f); others aloë succotrina (SchenkelBL, cf. Di ad Nu 24:6); Wetzst in DeCt 2d ed. 167 brings under I. אהל; he proposes cardamum, Ar. هَيْل from أُهَيْل = little tents, from three-cornered shape of capsules) 1. pl. אֲהָלִים trees planted by י׳ Nu 24:6 (‖ ארזים) perhaps error for אֵילִים cf. Di. 2. aloes, as sweet-smelling; perfume for bed, אֲהָלִים Pr 7:17 (‖ מֹר, קִנָּמוֹן); for garments אֲהָלוֹת ψ 45:9 (‖ מֹר, קְצִיעוֹת); of bride, under fig. of odorif. tree Ct 4:14 (‖ מֹר, כָּל־רָאשֵׁי בְשָׂמִים).

† חָנַט vb. spice, make spicy, embalm (NH id., bud, blossom; Arabic حَنَطَ become mature, ii. prepare for burial, حَنُوطٌ spices for a corpse; حَنَّاطٌ embalmer, Dozyi, 322 after PS1320; Aramaic ܚܢܰܛ, חֲנַט embalm; so Ethiopic ሐነጠ (loan-word Di110));— Qal Pf. 3 fs. הָֽנְטָה Ct 2:13; Impf. 3 mpl. וַיַּחַנְטוּ Gn 50:2, 26; Inf. cstr. לַחֲנֹט Gn 50:2;— 1. spice, make spicy הַתְּאֵנָה ח׳ פַגֶּיהָ Ct 2:13 the fig-tree spiceth its figs, so VB De in transl. (Ew De in notes Öt al. prefer reddeneth, on account of spring season, cf. the less common and perhaps secondary sense in Arabic become red (of leather) Lane657 a). 2. embalm, sq. acc. pers. Gn 50:2(×2) (performed by הָרֹפְאִים), v 26.

† תַּמְרוּק n.[m.] id.;—abs. sg. only Pr 20:30 Qr, v. מרק Hiph.; elsewhere pl. cstr. ��ַּמְרוּקֵי הַנָּשִׁים Est 2:12; sf. תַּמְרוּקֶיהָ v 9, תַּמְרוּקֵיהֶן v 3.

† כַּמֹּן n.m. cumin, plant grown as condiment (𝔊 κύμινον, cuminum cyminum; PlinNH xix. 8; Germ. ‘römischer Kümmel;’ LöwNo. 152; √ dub.; NH id. Aramaic כַּמּוֹנָא, ܟܰܡܘܽܢܳܐ; Arabic كَمُّونٌ, Ethiopic ከሚን on format. cf. LagBN 89; loan-word according to Di832);—Is 28:25, 27, 27.

† נֵרְדְּ n.m. nard, an odorif. plant from India (via Presia) (Skr. naladâ; Pers. nârdîn; Sab. Arabic transp. رَنْد according to DHMBurgen u. Schlosser 975 (SB xcvii) v. also Sab.Denkm. 82; Gk. νάρδος [so 𝔊] (through Semites) LewyFremdwörter 40; cf. LöwNo. 316 LagM. ii. 25);—abs. נ׳ Ct 4:14; sf. נִרְדִּי נָתַן רֵיחוֹ 1:12; pl. נְרָדִים 4:13.

† קִנָּמוֹן n.m. cinnamon (prob. foreign wd., coming with the thing from remote E., cf. MʾLean-ThDyerEncy. Bib. s.v.; cp. with Malay kainamanis by RödThesAdd. 111, kāyü mānĭs LewyFremdw. 37, but only Kāyu, wood, given by ScottMal. Words in Eng. JAOS xvii, xviii (1896, 1897); Gk. κιννάμων from Heb. (against LagBN 199));—fragrant bark used as spice: abs. ק׳ Pr 7:17; Ct 4:14; cstr. קִנְּמָן־בֶּשֶׂם Ex 30:23 (P) cinnamon of sweet odour.—Vid. also Houghton-TrSmith DB s.v. PostHastings DB s.v..

† קֶ֫צַח n.m. Is 28:27 black cumin (Nigella sativa Linn.; 𝔊 μελάνθιον, 𝔙 gith, id.; cf. TrNHB> 444; Smith DB 2nd ed. Fitches Post Hastings DB Id.);—plant with small black acrid seeds, used as condiment: abs. ק׳ Is 28:25, 27(×2).

Included with: ἀψίνθ-ιον, τό, wormwood, Artemisia Absinthium, Refs 5th c.BC+:—also ἄψινθος, ἡ, NT+2nd c.AD+; and ἀψινθία, ἡ, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II ἀψίνθιον, ={ἀβρότονον}, Ps.-Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2 = Artemisia monosperma, LXX+2nd c.AD+ __II.3 ἀ. θαλάσσιον, ={σέριφον}, Refs 1st c.AD+

ἡδύ-οσμος, ον, sweet-smelling, fragrant, στρώματα Refs 5th c.BC+ __II ἡδύοσμον, τό,= μίνθη, green mint, Mentha viridis, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἡ. ἄγριον wild mint, M. longifolia, Refs 1st c.AD+

νάρδος, ἡ, spikenard, Nardostachys Jatamansi, NT+4th c.BC+; compare {ναρδόσταχυς} __2 ν. Κελτική Celtic nard, Valeriana celtica, Refs 1st c.AD+ __3 ν. ὀρεινή or ὀρεία mountain nard, Valeriana Dioscoridis, Refs 4th c.BC+ __4 ν. Συριακή Syrian nard, Cymbopogon Iwarancusa, Refs 1st c.AD+ __5 νάρδου ῥίζα ginger grass, Cymbopogon Schoenanthus, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __6 ν. ἀγρία, ={ἄσαρον}, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II oil of spikenard, Refs 3rd c.BC+. (Semitic word, cf. Bab. lardu.)

† בְּדֹ֫לַח n.[m.] prob. bdellium (𝔖 ܒܶܪܽܘܠܚܳܐ; 𝔗 בְּדוּלְחָא; etym. dub.; LagGes. Abh. 20 prop. Skr. udûkhala) c. art. הַבְּ׳, apparently therefore well known; one of the products of the land Havilah Gn 2:12; used in simile of colour of manna וְעֵינוֹ כְּעֵין הַבְּדֹלַח Nu 11:7.—Meaning somewhat uncertain; 𝔊 Gn 2:12 ἄνθραξ, Nu 11:7 κρύσταλλος; Saad. A W Ki Bo al. pearls, cf. LagOr ii. 44; Jos Ant. iii. 1, 6 Aq Theod Symm 𝔙 most bdellium, an odoriferous transparent gum, of yellowish colour. (Cf. SmithDict. Bible Sigismund Aromata, 18.)

† III. כֹּ֫פֶר n.m. name of a plant, El Ḥenna (√ dub.; NH כּוֹפֶר; Aramaic כּוּפְרָא, ܟܽܘܦܪܳܐ; Arabic El Ḥenna, see LöwNo. 159)—a shrub or low tree, with fragrant whitish flowers growing in clusters like grapes, אֶשְׁכֹּל הַכֹּפֶר cluster of Ḥenna Ct 1:14 (fragrant, fig. of a beloved one); pl. כְּפָרִים Ct 4:13.

† נְכֹאת n.f. a spice, (usually understood of tragacanth gum, exuding from astralagus bush, Di Gn 27:25 and reff.; NowArch. i. 64 (and 249); cf. also Löw§ 24; but = Arabic نَكَأَة = نَكَعَة summitas rubicunda sive flores plantae (i.e. a certain plant, Frey), according to HomAufsätze 4);—abs. נ׳ Gn 37:25 (+ צְרִי, לֹט, as merchandise), 43:11 (+ id., also דְּבַשׁ, בָּטְנִים, שְׁקֵדִים, as gift).

† קִדָּה n.f. a spice, usually cassia (𝔖 𝔙 𝔗 cf. Di Ex; √ dub.; perhaps foreign word);—merchandise Ez 27:19; ingredient of sacred oil Ex 30:24 (P):—cf. DioscorDe Mater. Med. i. 12 (κασσία=ἡ κιττώ), TheophrHist. Plant. ix. 5 PlinNH xii. 19 (42 ff.); v. also SchrödPh. Spr. 126 LewyFremdw. 36.

ἀλόη, ἡ, bitter aloes, Aloe vera, Refs 1st c.AD+ __2 ={ἀγάλλοχον}, LXX (in Heb. form ἀλώθ), NT __3 ἀ. γαλλική, ={γεντιανή}, Ps.-Refs 1st c.AD+ __4 ἀ. ἡπατῖτις, hepatic aloes, Aloe Perryi, Refs

κιννᾰμωμ-ον, τό, = Hebrew [kudot]innamon, a superior kind of cassia, Cinnamomum Cassia, Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.: κῐνάμωμον, Refs 2nd c.AD+, also in codices of Refs 1st c.BC+, variant in Hdt.[same place]; compare κίνναμον. __II name of a fabulous Indian bird, said to make its nest of twigs of κιννάμωμον (compare κινναμολόγος), Refs 4th c.BC+

κύμῑνον [ῠ], τό, cummin, LXX+5th c.BC+, etc.; κύμινον ἔπρισεν, proverbial of a skinflint, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. ἥμερον, Cuminum Cyminum, Refs 4th c.BC+, wild cummin, Lagoecia cuminoeides, Refs 1st c.AD+; κ. ἄγριον ἕτερον, Nigella arvensis, Refs; κ. αἰθιοπικόν Refs

ὄζω, Doric dialect ὄσδω Refs 3rd c.BC+: imperfect ὦζε Refs 5th c.BC+: future ὀζήσω Refs 5th c.BC+; Ionic dialect ὀζέσω Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ὤζησα Refs 5th c.BC+; Ionic dialect ὤζεσα LXX+5th c.BC+: perfect ὤζηκα Refs 9th c.AD+; but perfect with present sense ὄδωδα Refs 3rd c.BC+: pluperfect as imperfect ὠδώδειν Refs 1st c.AD+; Epic dialect ὀδώδειν (see. below):—smell, whether smell sweet or stink, Refs 8th c.BC+ only in 3rd.pers. singular pluperfect with sense of imperfect, ὀδμὴ κέδρου.. ἀνὰ νῆσον ὀδώδει Refs 8th c.BC+: later with genitive of things, frequently with neuter adjective or adverb added, smell of a thing, τόδ᾽ ὄζει θυμάτων Refs 5th c.BC+: metaphorically, smell or savour of a thing, Κρονίων ὄζων smelling of musty antiquity, Refs 5th c.BC+; that from which the smell comes is also in genitive, ὄζων κακὸν τῶν μασχαλῶν Refs 5th c.BC+ __II frequently impersonal, ὄζει ἀπ᾽ αὐτῆς ὡσεὶ ἴων there is a smell from it as of violets, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὄζει ἡδὺ τῆς χρόας there is a sweet smell from the skin, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὄζειν ἐδόκει τοῦ ἄρτου καὶ τῆς μάζης κάκιστον there seemed to be a most foul smell from.., Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐκ ὄζει αὐτῶν (i.e. τῶν λαγῶν) no scent of the hares remains, Refs 5th c.BC+ there will be an odour of cleverness from your clothes, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III middle, κακὸν ὀζόμενος, for ὄζων, Refs 6th c.BC+. (Cf. Latin odor, Lithuanian uodžiu 'I smell'.)

† בֹּ֫שֶׂם n.m. 1 K 10:10 spice, balsam, balsamtree (Arabic بَشَامٌ, Aramaic בּוּסְמָא, ܒܶܣܡܳܐ, Gk. βάλσαμον; cf. Löw53)—ב׳ Is 3:24 +, בֶּ֫שֶׂם Ex 30:23 v. infr., בְּשָׂמִי Ct 5:1 (as if from בָּשָׂם); pl. בְּשָׂמִים Ex 25:6 + 18 times, בְּשָׂמָיו Ct 4:16;— 1. spice, perfume, sweet odour Is 3:24; קִנְּמָן־בֶּשֶׂם Ex 30:23 (ב׳ perhaps so pointed to distinguish it from) קְנֵה־בֹשֶׂם v 23;—with this cf. Aramaic ܩܢܝܐ ܕܒܣܡܐ, קני בוסמא;—spices as costly, token of wealth 2 K 20:13 = Is 39:2 cf. 2 Ch 32:27; royal gifts 1 K 10:2, 10, 25 = 2 Ch 9:1, 19, 24; cf. sg. 1 K 10:10 = 2 Ch 9:9; as article of commerce Ez 27:22; burnt at burial 2 Ch 16:14; appointed for ingredient of the anointing oil Ex 25:6; 35:8 cf. v 28 (all P), cf. 1 Ch 9:30 (Palm. v. supr.); stored in temple 1 Ch 9:29; used for purifying the women of Ahasuerus Est 2:12; 2. elsewhere only Ct 4:10, 14 spices, v 16 balsam-juice, gathered Ct 5:1; balsam-tree הָרֵי ב׳ Ct 8:14; beds of balsam עֲרֻגוֹת בּ׳ Ct 6:2; cf. עֲרוּגֵת בּ׳ Ct 5:13 sim. of lover’s cheeks.

† חֶלְבְּנָה n.f. (Aramaic ܚܶܠܒܳܢܻܝܬܳܐ, חֶלְבְּנִיתָא 𝔊 χαλβάνη, 𝔙 galbanum)—a kind of gum Ex 30:34, ingredient of the holy incense, v. Di Löw115.

† כַּרְכֹּם n.[m.] saffron (crocus sativus) (NH id.; and vb. denom. כִּרְכֵּם; Hithp. grow yellow, pale; Aramaic כּוּרְכְּמָא, ܟܽܘܪܟܡܳܐ; Arabic كُرْكُمٌ = κρόκος, crocus; Lag Ges Abh. 58, No. 147; so also JHMordt Sab.Denkm 83 f.; otherwise DHM ib., who comp. Sab. כמכם, Arabic كَمْكَامٌ = Gk. κάγκαμον);—Ct 4:14; on meaning v. especially LöwNo. 162.

† [מֶרְקָח] n.[m.] spice, perfume (of cheeks); pl. מֶרְקָחִים Ct 5:13 (v. also מִגְדָּל 3).

† II. נָטָף n.[m.] an odorif. gum (gathered in drops), used in sacred incense Ex 30:34 (P). Identif. dub.; 𝔊 στακτή, 𝔙 stacte, i.e. (Hesych.) a kind of myrrh, so Kn, cf. RiHWB; Rosenm Thes Ke al. storax; Rabb. opobalsamum (cf. Di ad loc. NowArch. ii. 64, 248).

† I. [קְצִיעָה] n.f. cassia, a powdered bark, like cinnamon (hence Gk. κασία, Lat. casia, LewyFremdw. 37);—pl. קְצִיעוֹת (מֹר וַאֲהָלוֹת) ψ 45:9 (Che now תּוּצַק are shed, v. in Ency. Bib. Cassia, n.).

† רֶ֫קַח n.[m.] spice;—יַיִן הָר׳ Ct 8:2 wine, (that is) spice (i.e. spiced wine).

† שְׁחֵ֫לֶת n.f. an ingredient of the holy incense, + נָטָף, חֶלְבְּנָה, Ex 30:34; 𝔊 𝔙 ὄνυξ, onyx (whence AV onycha), i.e. unguis odoratus, the operculum, or closing-flap, of certain molluscs, with pungent odour when burnt, v. Thes 1388 f. Di Shipley-Cook Ency. Bib. Onycha; so most; KG Jacob ZMG xliii (1889), 354 proposes amber.