κοινός G2839
common — shared by all, or ritually unclean/profane; the two senses hinge on communal inclusion vs. sacred exclusion
Koinos carries two semantically distinct profiles in the New Testament that are nearly opposite in emotional valence. In one direction it means 'shared, communal' — the common faith of Titus 1:4, the common salvation of Jude 1:3, and the shared possessions of the Jerusalem church (Acts 2:44; 4:32). In the other direction, shaped by Jewish purity law, it means 'ritually defiled, profane' — hands unwashed according to tradition (Mark 7:2, 5), foods declared unclean (Acts 10:14, 28; 11:8; Rom 14:14). Spanish distinguishes these neatly: 'comun' for shared versus 'impuro' for defiled, confirming the semantic split that Greek leaves to context.
Senses
1. common (shared or ritually unclean/profane) — Shared, communal, belonging to all alike. Used of the common faith that unites believers (Tit 1:4; Jude 1:3) and the radical sharing of property in the early Jerusalem community, where 'all things were common' (Acts 2:44; 4:32). French 'commun' and German 'gemeinsam' render this participatory sense, reflecting the Greek root idea of what is collectively held rather than privately owned. 14×
amh["የጋራ"]·AR["المُشْتَرَكِ", "بِ-أَيْدٍ-نَجِسَةٍ", "دَنِسًا", "دَنِسٌ", "دَنِسٍ", "مشترك", "مُشْتَرَكًا", "نَجِسًا", "نَجِسٌ", "نَجِسٍ"]·ben["অশুচি", "অশুচি।", "অশুদ্ধ", "সাধারণ"]·ces["společné"]·dan["fælles"]·DE["gemein", "gemeinsame", "κοινά", "κοινὸν"]·ell["κοινής"]·EN["common", "with-common"]·FR["commun"]·guj["સામાન્ય"]·hat["komen"]·hau["haɗin-kai"]·heb["בְּ-טְמֵאוֹת", "חֻלִּין", "טָמֵא", "מְשֻׁתָּף", "מְשֻתֶּפֶת", "משותפת"]·HI["अशुद्ध", "अशुद्ध-है", "तेरे", "सअनझि", "साझे", "साधारण", "सामान्य"]·hun["közös"]·ID["bersama", "bersama.", "bersama;", "dengan-najis", "najis", "najis."]·IT["comune", "koinais", "koinon", "koinēn"]·jav["lumrah", "najis", "reged", "reged.", "sesarengan", "sesarengan.", "sesarengan;"]·JA["共通-の"]·KO["공동-의", "공동의", "더러운-것과", "부정한", "속된-것-과", "속된-것-이라고", "속된-것으로", "속된-것이", "속된-것이나", "속된-것이라"]·mar["सामाईक"]·mya["ဘုံ"]·nld["gemeenschappelijke"]·nor["felles"]·pnb["ساجھی"]·pol["wspólnym"]·PT["a-comum", "comum", "comuns", "em-comum", "impura", "impuro", "impuro.", "profano"]·ron["comuna"]·RU["нечистое", "нечистой", "нечистым", "нечистыми", "общее.", "общей", "общем", "общим;", "тому"]·ES["comunes", "común", "impuro", "impuro,"]·SW["kichafu", "kichafu,", "kwa-pamoja", "mchafu", "mikono-najisi", "najisi", "najisi.", "ya-pamoja"]·swe["gemensamma"]·tam["பொதுவான"]·tel["సామాన్యమైన"]·tgl["pangkaraniwang"]·TH["ร่วม"]·TR["idi", "kirli", "murdar", "ortak", "sıradan"]·ukr["спільне"]·urd["حرام", "مشترک", "ناپاک", "ناپاک-ہے"]·VI["chung"]·yor["àjọṣe"]·yue["共同-嘅"]·ZH["共同的"]
Related Senses
H3548 1. priest, cultic officiant (750×)G5547 1. Christ, Messiah, Anointed One (540×)H5030 1. Prophet, divine spokesperson (317×)H5930a 1. burnt offering (sacrifice) (286×)H3881 1. Levites (priestly class) (283×)G4396 1. prophet, spokesperson of God (146×)H6944 1. sanctuary, holy place (129×)G0749 1. high priest, chief priest (123×)H6944 2. holiness, sacredness (abstract quality) (123×)G5330 1. Pharisee (99×)G4336 1. pray to God (86×)H6944 3. holy things, sacred offerings (plural) (86×)H3722a 1. make ritual atonement (Piel) (85×)H6912 1. bury (Qal active) (82×)H6419 1. pray (Hitpael) (80×)H6944 4. holiness (with possessive pronoun) (77×)H6942 1. sanctify, consecrate (Piel factitive) (76×)H2930a 1. Qal: be/become unclean (75×)H7819a 1. slaughter an animal (Qal active) (72×)H1486 1. lot (object cast for decisions) (71×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
κοινός, ή, όν, also ός, όν Refs 5th c.BC+:— common (opposed to ἴδιος), not in Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐκ κοινοῦ shared in common, Refs 8th c.BC+; of a common altar, Refs 4th c.BC+; κ. ἔρχεται κῦμ᾽ Ἀΐδα Refs 5th c.BC+; τρεῖς.. κ. ὄμμ᾽ ἐκτημέναι, of the Gorgons, Refs 4th c.BC+; κ. ὠφέλημα θνητοῖσιν φανείς, of Prometheus,Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. Ἑρμῆς 'share the luck', Refs; κ. ἀρωγά common aid (i.e. for all),…