Unclean and Profane

† I. טָמֵא vb. be or become unclean (NH Pi. pollute (ceremonially); Aramaic טְמָא and especially deriv., ܛܰܡܰܐ Pa. pollute; v. RSK 307 ff.)— Qal Pf. 3 ms. ט׳ Lv 11:25 + 22 times; 3 fs. טָֽמְאָה 12:2 + 2 times; 2 fs. טָמֵאת Ez 22:4; pl. טָֽמְאוּ Lv 15:18; Impf. יִטְמָא Lv 5:3 + 34 times; 3 fs. תִּטְמָא 12:2 + 4 times; pl. יִטְמְאוּ ψ 106:39; Inf. טָמְאָה Lv 15:32 + 6 times;—be or become unclean: 1. sexually, c. בְּ Lv 18:20, 23 (H), Ez 23:17; the land Lv 18:25, 27 (H). 2. religiously, with idols Ez 22:3; c. בְ v 4; with necromancers Lv 19:31 (H); by sacrificing children to idols ψ 106:39. 3. ceremonially, by contact with carcasses of unclean animals Lv 11:24, 27, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34(×2), 35, 36, 40 (P); any carcass 17:15 (H); eating of a carcass 22:8 (H); by issues 15:4, 9, 20(×2), 24, 27, 32 (P); by contact with an unclean man 5:3; 15:4 (P), 22:5 (H), or thing 22:6 (H); by leprosy 13:14, 46; 14:36, 46 (P); by contact with the dead Nu 6:12; 19:20 (P), Ez 44:25, or with one unclean by such contact Nu 19:22 (P), Hg 2:13(×2); by contact with creeping things Lv 22:5 (H); certain animals were always unclean 11:26, 27 (P). In ordinary cases of uncleanness טמא עד הערב unclean till even Lv 11:24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 32, 39, 40(×2); 14:46; 15:5, 6, 7, 8, 10(×2), 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 27 Nu 19:7, 8, 10, 21, 22 (all P), Lv 17:15; 22:6 (H); but uncleanness lasted 7 days for woman bearing a son Lv 12:2(×2) (P), for man lying with woman having an issue 15:24 (P), or one coming in contact with the dead Nu 19:11, 14, 16 (P); it lasted 14 days for a woman bearing a daughter Lv 12:5 (P). Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נִטְמָא Ho 5:3; 6:10; 3 fs. נִטְמְאָה Nu 5:27, 28; נִטְמָ֑אָה 5:13 + 5 times; 1 s. נִטְמֵאתִי Je 2:23; 2 m.pl. נִטְמֵתֶם Lv 11:43 (א omitted by scribal error; but Ges al. derive from טמה), etc. + 4 times pf.; Pt. pl. נִטְמְאִים Ez 20:30, 31;—defile oneself, be defiled: 1. sexually, Lv 18:24 (H), Nu 5:13, 14(×2), 20, 27, 28, 29 (P). 2. by idolatry conceived as whoredom Ho 5:3; 6:10 Je 2:23 Ez 20:30, 31, 43; 23:7, 13, 30. 3. ceremonially, by eating creeping things Lv 11:43. 4. be regarded as unclean (cf. Pi. 4), prob. נִטְמִינוּ Jb 18:3 we are accounted as unclean; metapl. form; on another view v. טָמָה" dir="rtl" >טמה. Pi. Pf. טִמֵּא Gn 34:5 + 15 times; sf. טִמְּאוֹ Lv 13:8 + 3 times; 2 fs. טִמֵּאת Ez 5:11, etc. + 7 times Pf.; Impf. יְטַמֵּא 2 K 23:8, etc. + 12 times Impf.; Imv. pl. טַמְּאוּ Ez 9:7; Inf. טַמֵּא Lv 13:44 + 2 times; sf. טַמְּאָם 15:31, etc. + 4 times Inf.;—defile: 1. sexually Gn 34:5, 13, 27 (R), Ez 18:6, 11, 15; 22:11; 33:26; the land by sexual impurities of the people Lv 18:28 (H); Isr. by spiritual whoredom Ez 23:17. 2. religiously: the land, by bloodshed Nu 35:34 (P); by allowing the dead body of the murderer to hang on the tree over night Dt 21:23; by idolatry Je 2:7 Ez 36:17, 18; Isr. defiled the sacred places by the sacrifice of children Lv 20:3 (H), Ez 23:38, and God defiled him thereby 20:26; he defileth the sacred places by idolatry 2 Ch 36:14 Je 7:30 = 32:34, Ez 5:11; the holy name of י׳ 43:7, 8; Josiah defiled the idolatrous places of worship by destroying them and making them unfit for use 2 K 23:8, 10, 13, 16; of Isr. defiling idolatrous images Is 30:22, and the nations the temple of God ψ 79:1. 3. ceremonially: by ceremonial uncleanness, the sacred places Lv 15:31 Nu 19:13, 20 (P); the camp Nu 5:3 (P); the temple by dead bodies Ez 9:7; the Nazirite’s head of separation by a death occurring in his presence Nu 6:9 (P); the people defile themselves (נפשׁתיכם) by creeping things Lv 11:44 (P). 4. pronounce or declare ceremonially unclean: the leper Lv 13:3, 8, 11, 15, 20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 44(×2), 59 (P); unclean animals 20:25 (H). Pu. Pt. נַפְשִׁי לֹא מְטֻמָּאָה Ez 4:14 myself is not polluted. Hithp. Impf. יִטַּמָּא Lv 21:1 + 4 times; pl. יִטַּמְּאוּ Ez 14:11; 37:23; יִטַּמָּ֑אוּ Ho 9:4 Ez 44:25, etc. + 6 times Impf.;—reflexive, defile oneself: by eating of an unaccepted peace-offering Ho 9:4; c. בְּ Lv 18:24, 30 (H), 11:43 (P), Ez 14:11; 20:7, 18; 37:23; c. לְ for a dead person Lv 21:1, 3, 11 (H), Nu 6:7 (P); by Lv 11:24 (P); without prep. 21:4 (H), Ez 44:25. Hothp. Pf. אַהֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר הֻטַּמָּ֑אָה Dt 24:4 after that she has been defiled (sexually); on form v. Ges§ 54. 3.

† II. טָמֵא adj. unclean;—ט׳ Lv 5:2 + 58 times; cstr. טְמֵא 22:4 + 3 times; f. טְמֵאָה 5:2 + 11 times; cstr. טְמֵאַת Ez 22:5, 10; pl. טְמֵאִים Lv 11:8 + 10 times;—unclean, 1. ethically and religiously ט׳ שׂפתים Is 6:5(×2) unclean of lips; ט׳ השׁם Ez 22:5 defiled of name, infamous; טהור מִטּ׳ Jb 14:4. 2. ritually: a. of persons, ‖ טהור Dt 12:15, 22; 15:22 Ec 9:2; ט׳ נפשׁ Lv 22:4 (H); (אדם) ט׳ לנפשׁ unclean for a (dead) person Nu 5:2; 9:6, 7, 10 (P) = ט׳ נפשׁ Hg 2:13; elsewhere for various reasons Dt 26:14; Lv 5:2; 13:11, 36, 44, 45(×2), 46; 15:2, 25, 33 Nu 19:13, 17, 19, 20, 22 (all P), 2 Ch 23:19; Is 64:5 Ez 4:13; 22:10 La 4:15. b. of animals Lv 5:2(×4); 7:21(×2); 11:4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31; 27:11, 27 Nu 18:15 (all P), Lv 20:25(×2) (H), Dt 14:7, 8, 10, 19. c. of things in gen. Lv 11:35(×2), 38; 15:26 Nu 19:15 (all P), Is 52:11; food Ju 13:4 Ho 9:3; houses Je 19:13; leprosy Lv 13:15, 51, 55; 14:44, 57 (P); offering Hg 2:14. d. persons and things in general כל טמא Lv 7:19, 21 (P); הבדיל בין הט׳ ובין הטהור Lv 10:10; 11:47; הודיע בין (ה)ט׳ לטהור Ez 22:26; 44:23; of aliens Is 52:1 (‖ עָרֵל), perhaps also 35:8. 3. specif. of places: מקום ט׳ unclean place (place of refuse away from holy place and human habitation) Lv 14:40, 41, 45 (P); טמאה ארץ land on the east of the Jordan separated from the land of the tabernacle of י׳ Jos 22:19 (P); so אדמה ט׳ a foreign land Am 7:17.

ἀκᾰθαρ-τος, ον, (καθαίρω) uncleansed, foul, ἀήρRefs 5th c.BC+ of the body, Refs 5th c.BC+; of a woman, quae menstrua non habet, Refs 4th c.BC+; of ceremonial impurity, LXX __b unpurified, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 morally unclean, impure, Refs 5th c.BC+thou beast! Refs 3rd c.BC+; ={μανιώδης}, NT+5th c.BC+. adverb ἀκαθάρτως, ἔχεινRefs 5th c.BC+ __3 ofthings, notpurgedaway, unpurged, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3.b unpruned, Refs 4th c.BC+ __3.c ceremonially unclean, of food, LXX+NT __3.d not sifted, containing impurities, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II active, not fit for cleansing, [φάρμακα] ἑλκέων ἀκαθαρτότεραRefs 2nd c.AD+

κοινός, ή, όν, also ός, όν Refs 5th c.BC+:— common (opposed to ἴδιος), not in Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐκ κοινοῦ shared in common, Refs 8th c.BC+; of a common altar, Refs 4th c.BC+; κ. ἔρχεται κῦμ᾽ Ἀΐδα Refs 5th c.BC+; τρεῖς.. κ. ὄμμ᾽ ἐκτημέναι, of the Gorgons, Refs 4th c.BC+; κ. ὠφέλημα θνητοῖσιν φανείς, of Prometheus,Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. Ἑρμῆς 'share the luck', Refs; κ. ἀρωγά common aid (i.e. for all), Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν δὲ κοινὸς ἀρσένων ἴτω κλαγγά and let the shouts of males rise jointly, Refs 5th c.BC+ common to or with another, ὑμῖν φῶς.. καὶ τοῖσδ᾽ ἅπασι κ. Refs 5th c.BC+; [πολιτεία] τίς κοινοτάτ; Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων τε καὶ Ἀθηναίων shared in by both.., Refs 5th c.BC+, see below see; κ. κατ᾽ ἀμφοτέρων Refs 1st c.AD+; μέρος κ. πρός τινα shared with.., Refs 2nd c.AD+, etc.; κ. μεταξύ τινων Refs 5th c.AD+ __II in social and political relations, public, general, τὸ κ. ἀγαθόν the common weal, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. στόλῳRefs 5th c.BC+; κοινότατον of public or general interest,Refs 4th c.BC+; of constitutions, popular, free, κοινοτέραν εἶναι τὴν ἐκείνου μοναρχίαν τῆς αὑτῶν δημοκρατίας Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 τὸ κ. the state, τὸ κ. Σπαρτιητέων Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2.b especially of leagues or federations, τὸ κ. τῶν Ἰώνων Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.; ἄνευ τοῦ πάντων κοινοῦ (i.e. τῶν Θεσσαλῶν) Refs 5th c.BC+; also, of private associations, Refs; of guilds or corporations, τὸ κ. τῶν τεκτόνων Refs 4th c.AD+; of boards of magistrates, τὸ κ. τῶν ἀρχόντων Refs 3rd c.AD+ __II.2.c the government, public authorities, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀπὸ τοῦ κ. by public authority, Refs 5th c.BC+; σὺν τῷ κ. by common consent, Refs __II.2.d the public treasury, χρημάτων μεγάλων ἐν τῷ κ. γενομένων Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔχειν ἐν κοινῷ (without the Article), Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2.e common right or rights of citizens, τὸ κ. τὸ τῶν πολιτῶν Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3 τὰ κ. public affairs: πρὸς τὰ κ. προσελθεῖν, προσιέναι, to enter public life, Refs 4th c.BC+; but also, the public money, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ κ. τῆς πόλεως, opposed to τὰ ἁγνά, Refs*.383; ἀπὸ κοινοῦ at the public expense, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐκ κ. from common funds, at joint expense, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __III common, ordinary, τὰ κ. εἰδέναι Refs 5th c.BC+; κοινοτάτη τῶν αἰσθήσεων [ἡ ἁφή] Refs; τὰ κ. commonplaces, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἡ κ. ἔννοια or ἐπίνοια, Refs 2nd c.BC+; κ. νοῦς, φρένες, common sense, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. καὶ διήκουσαι κακίαι general and all-pervading vices, Refs 1st c.BC+; ἡ κ. διάλεκτος every-day language (free from archaisms and far-fetched expressions), Refs 1st c.BC+ __III.2 Grammars, ordinary, 'regular' Greek, opposed to special dialects, διάλεκτοί εἰσι πέντε, Ἀτθὶς Δωρὶς Αἰολὶς Ἰὰς καὶ κ. Refs 2nd c.BC+ H., etc.; ἡ κ. alone, Refs 2nd c.AD+; τὸ κ. ἔθος, ἡ κ. ἐκφορά, Refs; οἱ κ. the writers who use this language,Refs __III.2.b colloquial, vulgar Greek, Moer.Refs __III.2.c ἡ κ. διάλεκτος demotic Egyptian, Manethoap. Refs 1st c.AD+ __III.3 common, of inferior quality, χρυσός Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III.4 in magical formulae, of words added at will by the user, 'and so forth', frequently in Papyrus, Refs; compare κοινολογία. __IV of Persons, connected by common origin or kindred, especiallyof brothers and sisters, κ. σπέρμα Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. πατήρ, μήτηρ, Refs 3rd c.AD+; also κ. Χάριτες Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV.2 one who shares in a thing, partner, ἐν θύμασιν κ. ποεῖσθαί τινα Refs 5th c.BC+; also κ. τῷ θεῷ belonging in part to the god (who claims tithe of his substance), Refs __IV.3 lending a ready ear to all, impartial, μὴ οὐ κ. ἀποβῆτε Refs 5th c.BC+; neutral,Refs 5th c.BC+; κοινοί, οἱ, arbitrators, Refs 3rd c.AD+; of a capital city, δεῖ.. κοινὴν εἶναι τῶν τόπων ἁπάντων easily accessible on all sides, Refs 4th c.BC+ __IV.3.b courteous, affable, Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV.3.c in bad sense, κοινή, ἡ, prostitute, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __IV.3.d of events, κοινότεραι τύχαι more impartial, i.e. more equal, chances, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔστιν ἐν τῷ κ. πᾶσι with infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+ __V in Logic, general, universal, τὸ κ. λαμβάνειν περί τινων, τὸ ἐπὶ πᾶσι κ., Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. ἔννοιαι axioms, heading in Refs 3rd c.BC+; general, κ. ὅρος Refs 4th c.BC+; κοινὰ καὶ στοιχειώδη general principles, Refs 1st c.BC+.; κ. σημεῖον, opposed to ἴδιον, Refs; κ. κρίσις objectively valid judgement, Refs 1st c.BC+; abstract, ὁ κ. ἄνθρωπος καὶ λογισμῷ ληπτός Refs 5th c.AD+ __VI Grammars, __VI.1 κ. συλλαβή common syllable, capable of being long or short, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __VI.1.b κ. ποιήματα, poems which are both κατὰ στίχον and συστηματικά, e.g. the Sapphic stanza, Refs C.; also, poems of ambiguous metrical form, Refs __VI.2 see.aboveRefs __VI.3 of gender, κ. γένος Refs 2nd c.BC+; of nouns, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __VI.4 ἀπὸ κοινοῦ λαμβάνειν, of two clauses taking a word in common, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __VII of forbidden meats, common, profane, φαγεῖν κ. καὶ ἀκάθαρτον NT __VIII κοινόν, τό, name of an eye-salve, Refs __B adverb κοινῶς in common, jointly, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.2 publicly, κ. μᾶλλον ὠφέλησαν ἢ ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων ἔβλαψαν Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.3 sociably, like other citizens, οὐδὲ κ. οὐδὲ πολιτικῶς ἐβίωσαν Refs 5th c.BC+; μετρίως καὶ κ. ὰσπάζεσθαι Refs __B.4 in general, Refs 3rd c.BC+; ἡ κ. σύνεσις, τὸ κ. ἄνθρωπον”, Refs 1st c.BC+; opposed to ἰδίως, Refs 5th c.BC+; -οτέρως Refs 4th c.AD+ __B.5 in the common dialect, Refs 2nd c.AD+: comparative -ότερον Refs __B.6 in plain language, opposed to σοφιστικῶς, Refs 1st c.AD+; in the ordinary or wide sense, opposed to κυρίως, Refs 4th c.AD+: comparative, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __B.II feminine dative κοινῇ; Doric dialect κοινᾷ Refs 5th c.BC+; Boeotian dialect κυνῆ Refs 2nd c.BC+:—in common, by common consent, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. μετά τινος, κ. σύν τινι, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.II.2 publicly, καὶ κ. καὶ ἰδίᾳ Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.II.3 as preposition with dative, together with, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.III with Preps., εἰς κοινόν in common, in public, ὑμῖν τῇδέ τ᾽ ἐς κ. φράσω Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰς τὸ κ. λέγειν, ἀγορεύειν, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰς τὸ κ. for public use, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.III.2 ἀπὸ κοινοῦ, ἐκ κοινοῦ, see.Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.III.3 ἀφεῖσαν ἐν κοινῷ ζητεῖν, Latin rem in medio reliquerunt, Refs 4th c.BC+; but οἱ ἐν κ. γιγνόμενοι λόγοι, ={οἱ ἐξωτερικοὶ λόγοι}, Refs __B.III.4 κατὰ κοινόν, opposed to κατ᾽ ἰδίαν, jointly, in common, Legal cited in Refs 4th c.BC+

τυγχάνω, Refs 6th c.BC+: Epic dialect imperfect τύγχανον Refs 8th c.BC+, (παρετ-) Refs 8th c.BC+: future τεύξομαι Refs 8th c.BC+ (also as future middle of τεύχω): aorist 2 ἔτῠχον, Epic dialect τύχον, Refs 8th c.BC+, etc.; Epic dialect subjunctive τύχωμι, -ῃσι, Refs; later also τετύχῃσι, Refs 1st c.BC+; late Epic dialect optative τετύχοιμι Refs 4th c.AD+: Epic dialect also aorist 1 ἐτύχησα Refs 8th c.BC+perfect τετύχηκα (intransitive) Refs 8th c.BC+ variant{τετυχηώς}. Refs 8th c.BC+; later also τέτευχα, Refs 4th c.BC+; Doric dialect perfect infinitive τετεύχεν Refs 3rd c.BC+; but Ionic dialect pluperfect ἐτετεύχεε Refs 5th c.BC+; τέτυχα variant in NT+1st c.AD+, (συν-) Refs, etc.; participle τετυχώς Refs:—middle, aorist 1 τεύξασθαι LXX:— passive, imperfect ἐτυγχάνετο Refs 2nd c.AD+aorist 1 ἐτεύχθην (ἐν-) Refs 2nd c.BC+perfect τέτευγμαι (ἐπι-) Refs __A happen to be at a place, εἴ πέρ τε τύχῃσι μάλα σχεδόν even if she be quite near, Refs 8th c.BC+; μὴ σύ γε κεῖθι τύχοις may'st thou not be there, Refs 8th c.BC+ (but in these last two places the meaning may be 'has been made' (though not by human agency), compare [γαῖα] οὐδ᾽ εὐρεῖα τέτυκται Refs 8th c.BC+; see ad near the end). __2 of events, and things generally, happen to one, befall one, come to one's lot, with dative person, οὔνεκά μοι τύχε πολλά because much fell to me, Refs 8th c.BC+ __2.b aorist participle ὁ τυχών, the first one meets, any chance person, Refs 8th c.BC+everyday men, the vulgar, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐχ ὁ τ. ἀνήρ, of Refs 2nd c.AD+ any chance result, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐχ ὁ τ. λόγος no common discourse, Refs 5th c.BC+Spir.Praef.; οἱ τ. φόβοι trifling fears, Refs 4th c.BC+; καίπερ τὸ τ. καταβαλοῦσιν though they may have paid a trifling sum, Refs 1st c.BC+ —in Mathematics texts, τυχὸν σημεῖον any point (at random), Refs 3rd c.BC+; ἄλλα, ἃ ἔτυχεν, ἰσάκις πολλαπλάσια any other equimultiples taken at random, Refs __3 in 3rd.pers. singular aorist or imperfect, impersonal (sometimes also person) in relative clauses, as (when, where, etc.) it (he, she, etc.) happened (may happen, etc.), i. e. anyhow, at any time, place, etc., καὶ ἀρχομένοις καὶ μεσοῦσι καὶ ὅπως ἔτυχέ τῳ at the beginning, middle, or any other point, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὡς ἔτυχε ζημιοῦσθαι to be penalized just anyhow, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐχ ὡς ἔτυχεν in no ordinary manner, Refs 4th c.BC+; τὴν μὲν δικαίαν, τὴν δ᾽ ὅπως ἐτύγχανεν just anyhow, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀποτετμάσθω δύο τμάματα ὡς ἔτυχεν let two segments be cut off at random, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁπότε τύχοι sometimes, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὅταν τύχῃ sometimes, Refs 5th c.BC+; but, at any odd time, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἂν τύχῃ, εἰ τύχοι, it may be, Refs 5th c.BC+mere chance, Refs 5th c.BC+: with attraction of the relative pronoun, τὸ οἷς ἔτυχε προσκρούειν Refs 2nd c.BC+; οὐδὲ γὰρ ὧν ἔτυχ᾽ ἦν they were not just any acts, Refs 4th c.BC+ __3.b with accusative et infinitive, ἔτυχε ὄμβρον συνεργῆσαι Refs 1st c.AD+; ἔτυχεν ὥστε.. Refs 2nd c.AD+ __4 sometimes the Verb agrees in person and number with the subject of the principal clause, perhaps by assimilation, ἀπαίροντες ἀπὸ τῆς Πελοποννήσου ὁπόθεν τύχοιεν, for ὁπόθεν τύχοι, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὅ τι ἂν τύχωσι, τοῦτο λέγουσι they say just anything, Refs 5th c.BC+; πρὸς ὀργὴν ἥν τινα τύχητε ἔστιν ὅτε σφαλέντες τὴν τοῦ πείσαντος μίαν γνώμην ζημιοῦτε yielding to the impulse of the moment, Refs 5th c.BC+: with attraction of the relative pronoun, οὓς ἂν τύχῃς ἐπαινῶν Refs 5th c.BC+ __5 neuter participle τυχόν, used absolutely like{ἐξόν, παρόν}, etc., since it so befell, οὕτως τ. Refs 2nd c.AD+ __5.b as adverb, perchance, perhaps, NT+5th c.BC+; τυχὸν μὲν.., τυχὸν δὲ.. Refs 2nd c.AD+ __A.II joined with the participle of another Verb to express a coincidence, τύχησε γὰρ ἐρχομένη νηῦς a ship happened to be, i. e. was just then, starting, Refs 8th c.BC+, compare 52; τὰ νοέων τυγχάνω what I happen to have, i.e. have at this moment, in my mind, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὃ τυγχάνω μαθών which I have just learnt, Refs 5th c.BC+; παρὼν ἐτύγχανον I was by just then, Refs; τυγχάνει καθεύδων he is sleeping just now, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔτυχον στρατευόμενοι they were just then engaged in an expedition, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔτυχε κατὰ τοῦτο καιροῦ ἐλθών he came just at this point of time, Refs; ἥτις δέ τοι μάλιστα σωφρονεῖν δοκεῖ, αὕτη μέγιστα τυγχάνει λωβωμένη she is just the one who.., Refs 7th c.BC+; but frequently τυγχάνω cannot be translated at all, especially in phrase τυγχάνω ὤν, which is simply ={εἰμί}, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 the participle ὤν is sometimes omitted, ὁ γὰρ μέγιστος τυγχάνει δορυξένων Refs 5th c.BC+; νῦν δ᾽ ἀγροῖσι τυγχάνειRefs 5th c.BC+ is used much like{εἶναι, Σωτὴρ γένοιτ᾽ ἂν Ζεὺς ἐπ᾽ ἀσπίδος τυχών} Refs 4th c.BC+; οὐκ ἀποδάμου τυχόντος not being absent, Refs 5th c.BC+; τ. ἐν ἐμπύροις to be engaged in.., Refs 4th c.BC+; also in later Gr., τὰ ἑπτάμηνα γόνιμα τυγχάνειν Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.2.b τυγχάνον, ={τὸ ἐκτὸς ὑποκείμενον}, the external reality, e. g. αὐτὸς ὁ Δίων as distinguished both from the word (φωνή) Δίων and its meaning, Refs __II.2.c τὰ πράγματα τυγχάνοντα καλοῦσι (i.e. οἱ Στωϊκοί), τέλος γὰρ τὸ τυχεῖν τούτων,Refs __II.3 later with infinitive, τυγχάνομεν ἐπιδεδωκέναι we happen to have handed in.., we have just handed in.., Refs 2nd c.BC+ __B gain one's end or purpose, succeed, οὐκ ἐτύχησεν ἑλίξας Refs 8th c.BC+; τὸ τυχεῖν, ={νίκη}, Refs 5th c.BC+; τυχόντες if successful, opposed to σφαλέντες, Refs 5th c.BC+; gain one's request, Refs 5th c.BC+; in speaking, to be right, τί νιν καλοῦσα.. τύχοιμ᾽ ἄ; Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, impersonal, αὐτῷ πρὸς τὸ ἔργον οὐδὲν ἐτυγχάνετο nothing went right, uncertain in Refs 2nd c.AD+ —in participle τυχήσας or τυχών, combined with νύξε, βάλε, οὖτα, etc., pierce, wound, etc., successfully, so that the whole phrase means hit, ἔγχεϊ νύξε κατὰ κληῗδα τυχήσας Refs 8th c.BC+; βάλε δουρὶ κατὰ ζωστῆρα τυχήσαςRefs 8th c.BC+; also apart from such combinations, hit, with genitive, προβιβάντος Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.II hit upon, light upon: __B.II.1 meet, fall in with persons, Αακεδαίμονι.. τυχήσας having met [him] in Lacedaemon, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀγαθῶν ἀνδρῶν Refs 5th c.BC+: with a predicate added, μή τευ μελαμπύγου τύχῃς Refs 7th c.BC+ __B.II.2 light on a thing, τύχε γάρ ἀμάθοιο βαθείης Refs 8th c.BC+; attain, obtain a thing, with genitive, πομπῆς καὶ νόστοιο Refs 8th c.BC+; [οἴκτου] Refs 5th c.BC+; of meeting with misfortunes, βίης τυχεῖν meet with, suffer violence, Refs 5th c.BC+; τραυμάτων, κακῶν, Refs 5th c.BC+; δίκης, κρίσεως, Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, have the lot or fate, ἄλλος μὲν ἀποφθίσθω ἄλλος δὲ βιώτω, ὅς κε τύχῃ Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.II.2.b after Refs 8th c.BC+ also with accusative of neuter adjective or pronoun, τὰ πρόσφορα Refs 5th c.BC+: later the accusative is used more freely, τ. ἐπίστασιν Refs 1st c.AD+; ὑπογραφήν Refs 2nd c.AD+; βοήθειαν Refs 4th c.AD+; εὐκαιρίαν Refs 4th c.AD+; τὰ γυναίκια δεσμὸν οὐδένα βούλεται τυγχάνειν Refs 2nd c.AD+ __B.II.2.c after either case a genitive person may be added, obtain a thing from a person, ὧν δέ σου τυχεῖν ἐφίεμαι Refs 5th c.BC+; or the person may be added with a preposition, τ. ἐπαίνου ἔκ τινος Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.II.2.d with infinitive, οἶμαί σου τεύξεσθαι μεθεῖναί με Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐ τυχὼν ἐπιδείξειν (={ἐπιδεῖξαι}) not having succeeded in proving, Refs 3rd c.BC+aorist τυχ-εῖν, which was originally the aorist passive (with active form) of τεύχω 'make'; ἔτυχε = factum est, as ἔτραφον = I was nourished (see. τρέφω); senses Refs 4th c.BC+; many of the forms belong equally to both verbs; τιτύσκομαι like wise belongs to both verbs; τ(ε)υχ- from *θ(ε)υχ-, compare ἀποθύσκειν, ἐνθύσκει, συνθύξω, and perhaps Refs 1st c.BC+ taugen 'to be capable, useful', Engl. dow, doughty.)

† II. [גָּאַל] vb. defile, late (cf. גָּעַל)— Niph. Pf. 3 mpl. נְגֹאֲלוּ Is 59:3 La 4:14, on form v. Ges§ 51 h, Köi 265; Pt. נִגְאָלָה Zp 3:1;—be defiled, hands with blood בַּדָּם, Is 59:3 cf. La 4:14; pt. as subst. defiled, polluted one Zp 3:1 of Jerusalem (‖ מֹֽרְאָה; appos. הָעִיר הַיּוֹנָה). Pi. Pf. 1 pl. sf. גֵּאַלְנוּךָ Mal 1:7 pollute, desecrate, obj. י׳ (desecrated in his altar). Pu. Impf. וַיְגֹאֲלוּ מִן־הַכְּהֻנָּה Ezr 2:62 = Ne 7:64 cstr. pregn. and they were desecrated out of the priesthood, i.e. deposed, as desecrated ones; Pt. מְגֹאָל of bread laid on Yahweh’s altar Mal 1:7; of Yahweh’s altar (table, שֻׁלְחָן) v 12. Hiph. Pf. 1 s. אֶגְאָ֑לְתִּי Is 63:3 (on Aramaic form v. Köi 27 Ges§ 53 R. 6 but) read perhaps גֵּאָ֑לְתִּי Pi., v. GFMThLZ 1887, 292 cf. also Gesl.c. N. Ol§ 255 b Sta§ 159 b, 3;—I have polluted, i.e. stained, all my raiment, Hithp. Impf. יִתְגָּאַל Dn 1:8; יִתְגָּאָ֑ל v 8;—defile himself.

† חֹל n.[m.] profaneness, commonness;—לֶחֶם חֹל 1 S 21:5, דֶּרֶךְ חֹל v 6; in concrete sense, opp. קֹדֶשׁ Lv 10:10 (P), Ez 22:26; 42:20; 44:23; 48:15.

† I. פֶּ֫רֶש n.[m.] offal as ripped out in preparing victim;—פ׳ abs. Mal 2:3; cstr. v 3; sf. פִּרְשׁוֹ Ex 29:14; Lv 4:11; 8:17; פִּרְשָׁהּ Nu 19:5; פִּרְשָׁם Lv 16:27 (all P).

βέβηλ-ος, ον, Doric dialect βέβᾱλος Refs 4th c.AD+: (βαίνω, βηλός):— allowable to be trodden, probably of ground (opposed to ἱερός, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἢ πρὸς βεβήλοις ἢ πρὸς ἄλσεσιν θεῶν either on profane ground or.., Refs 5th c.BC+: hence generally, permitted, καὶ βέβηλα καὶ κεκρυμμένα λόγια public, current, Refs 5th c.BC+; βέβηλα permitted meats, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II of persons, unhallowed, ={ἀμύητος}, Refs 5th c.BC+; impure, Refs 5th c.BC+: with genitive, uninitiated, τελετῆς Refs 1st c.AD+. adverb -λωςRefs 1st c.AD+

ἰδῐώτ-ης, ου, ὁ, (ἴδιος) private person, individual, opposed to the State, ξυμφέροντα καὶ πόλεσι καὶ ἰδιώταις Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to γένος, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II one in a private station, opposed to to one holding public office, or taking part in public affairs, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to βασιλεύς, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἄρχων, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to δικαστής, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to πολιτευόμενος, Refs 4th c.BC+; opposed to ῥήτωρ, Refs 4th c.BC+; private soldier, opposed to στρατηγός, Refs 5th c.BC+; layman, opposed to priest, NT+2nd c.BC+: as adjective, ἰ. ἄνδρες Refs 5th c.BC+; ἰ. θεοί homely (with play on ἴδιος), Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 common man, plebeian, οἱ ἰ. καὶ πένητες Refs 1st c.AD+; ἰ. καὶ εὐτελής, opposed to βασιλεύς, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.3 as adjective, ἰ. βίος private station, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἰ. λόγος everyday speech, Refs 1st c.BC+ __III one who has no professional knowledge, layman, καὶ ἰατρὸς καὶ ἰ. Refs 5th c.BC+; of prose-writers, ἐν μέτρῳ ὡς ποιητής, ἢ ἄνευ μέτρου ὡς ἰ. Refs; opposed to to a professed orator, Refs 5th c.BC+; to a trained soldier, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἰδιώτας, ὡς εἰπεῖν, χειροτέχναις (-νας codices) ἀνταγωνισαμένους Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἀσκητής, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἀθλητής, Refs 4th c.BC+; opposed to a professed philosopher, Refs 1st c.BC+ K.; opposed to δημιουργός, Refs 5th c.BC+ adjective, ὁ ἰ. ὄχλος, opposed to artificers, Refs 1st c.AD+ __III.2 with genitive of things, unpractised, unskilled in a thing, ἰατρικῆς Refs 5th c.BC+; ἰ. κατὰ τοὺς πόνους, κατὰ τὸν ὕπνον, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.3 generally, raw hand, ignoramus, ἄν τε δεινοὶ λάχωσιν ἄν τε ἰδιῶται.. Refs 4th c.BC+; παιδάρια καὶ ἰ., of slaves, Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἀμαθὴς καὶ ἰ., opposed to τεχνίτης, Refs; vocative ἰδιῶτα, as a term of abuse, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III.4 'average man', opposed to a person of distinction, Refs 1st c.AD+ __IV ἰδιῶται, οἱ, one's own countrymen, opposed to ξένοι, Refs 5th c.BC+

† פִּגּוּל n.m. Lv 7:18 foul thing, refuse, but only as term. techn. of unclean sacrificial flesh;—it is פ׳ if eaten on third day Lv 7:18 (P), 19:7 (H); cf. בְּשַׂר פ׳ Ez 4:14 (undefined); pl. מְרַק פִּגֻּלִים Is 65:4 broth of refuse things (Kt פרק), RSSem i. 325, 2nd ed. 343 thinks of flesh with the blood; Duad loc. of mice and other unclean animals.

ἀθέμ-ιστος or ἀθέμιτος, ον, (the former in Poetry, the latter more correct in Prose) = {ἀθεμίστιος}, Refs 8th c.BC+; of the Cyclopes, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀθεμιστότεροιRefs 5th c.BC+adverb -ίστως Phaennis cited in Refs 2nd c.AD+ -ίτως Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II of things, unlawful, frequently in neuter, ἀθέμιτα ἔρδεινNT+5th c.BC+

ἀνόσιος, ον, more rarely α, ον Refs 5th c.BC+, and later:— unholy, profane, opposed to ἄδικος, as ὅσιος to δίκαιος (see. ὅσιοςRefs 5th c.BC+ __2 of things, ἔργον, μόρος, στόμα, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. νέκυς a corpse with all the rites unpaid, Refs; ἀ. τι γεγένηται ἐμοῦ παρόντος the holy rites have been profaned, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II adverb -ίως in unholy wise, Refs 5th c.BC+; κάτω γῆς ἀ. οἰκῶν without funeral rites, or through an unholy deed, Refs 5th c.BC+

βδελυκ-τός, ή, όν, disgusting, abominable, LXX+NT+1st c.AD+

μι-ασμός, ὁ, ={μίανσις}, LXX+NT+1st c.AD+ __2 scandal, crime, Refs 2nd c.AD+

† [חֶרֶא, or חֲרִי] n.[m.

† נִידָה n.f. id. (on form cf. Ges§ 20, 3, R. 1 Köii. 1, 497);—of Jerusalem La 1:8 (= נִדָּה v 17).