A versatile adverb rooted in spatial meaning — "outside" or "out" — that the New Testament puts to both literal and figurative work. In its spatial sense, it marks physical movement or location beyond a boundary: being cast outside (Matt 5:13), going out of a house (Matt 12:46), or the "outer" darkness (Matt 8:12). Spanish captures the directional nuance with both "afuera" and "fuera de," while German offers "draussen" and "außerhalb." In a theologically rich substantival use, "those outside" designates people beyond the circle of faith — Jesus distinguishes insiders from outsiders at Mark 4:11, and Paul uses the same idiom at 1 Corinthians 5:12-13 and Colossians 4:5 when discussing how believers should relate to non-believers.