Ruling and Reigning

† III. מָשַׁל vb. rule, have dominion, reign (NH Pt. id.; Ph. משל);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. וּמָשַׁל consec. Zc 6:13 + 2 times, מָשָׁ֑ל Dn 11:4, וּמָשָׁ֑ל consec. v 5; 3 fs. מָשָׁ֑לָה ψ 103:19; 2 ms. מָשַׁלְתָּ Is 63:19, וּמָשַׁלְתָּ֫ Dt 15:16; 3 pl. מָֽשְׁלוּ Is 3:5 La 5:8; Impf. 3 ms. יִמְשֹׁל Ex 21:8 + 3 times, יִמְשׁוֹל Pr 22:7; יִמְשָׁל־ Gn 3:16, etc.; Imv. מְשָׁל־ Ju 8:22; Inf. abs. מָשׁוֹל Gn 37:8; cstr. מְשֹׁל Ju 9:2 +, לִמְשָׁל־ Jo 2:17, etc.; Pt. מֹשֵׁל Gn 45:26 +, etc.;— 1. human subj., rule, have dominion over (בְּ) Gn 3:16; 4:7; 24:2 (all J), 45:8, 26 (E), מָשׁוֹל תִּמְשֹׁל ב׳ 37:8 (E); Dt 15:6(×2) Jos 12:5 (D); Ju 8:22, 23(×2); 9:2(×2); 14:4; 15:11 2 S 23:3 (Pt. abs. = when one ruleth, cf. Dr), 1 K 5:1; 2 Ch 7:18; 9:26; 23:20; Is 3:4, 12; 19:4; Mi 5:1 Hb 1:14; Je 22:30; La 5:8; Jo 2:17; Pr 16:32 (משֵׁל בְּרוּחוֹ), 17:2; 19:20; 22:7 ψ 19:14; 105:21; 106:41 Dn 11:43; Ec 9:17; rarely other preps.: ל (c. inf.) Ex 21:8 (E); עַל־ Pr 28:15; Ne 9:37, אֶל־ Je 33:26; c. sf. Is 52:5 Je 30:21; c. acc. cogn. מ׳ מִמְשָׁל רָ֑ב Dn 11:3, 4; מָשַׁל מִן … וְעַד Jos 12:2 (D); abs. 2 S 23:3 (cf. Dr), Ez 19:14; Zc 6:13 (עַל loc.), Pr 12:24; 29:2; Dn 11:5; especially Pt. as subst. = ruler, משֵׁל־אֶרֶץ Is 16:1, משֵׁל עַמִּים ψ 105:20; abs. Is 14:5; 49:7; Je 51:46(×2) Ez 19:11; Pr 6:7; 23:1; 29:12, 26; Ec 10:4; משְׁלֵי הָעָם הַזֶּה Is 28:14. 2. of heavenly bodies, c. בְּ Gn 1:18. 3. of God, c. בְּ Ju 8:23; Is 63:19 ψ 22:29; 59:14; 89:10; 103:19 1 Ch 29:12; 2 Ch 20:6; abs. ψ 66:7; וּזְרֹעוֹ מ׳ לוֹ Is 40:10 his arm ruling for him. Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. sf. consec. וְהִמְשִׁילָם Dn 11:39; Impf. 2 ms. sf. תַּמְשִׁילֵהוּ ψ 8:7; Inf. abs. הַמְשֵׁל Jb 25:2;—cause to rule, sq. acc. pers. + בְּ ψ 8:7 (subj. י׳), Dn 11:39; exercise dominion, only inf. abs. as n. abstr. the exercise of dominion Jb 25:2 (attrib. of God).

† [חָבַשׁ] vb. bind, bind on, bind up (NH id.; Assyrian abâšu, according to DlW 70, Pr 174; Arabic حَبَسَ confine, restrict; yet on Assyrian ḫibšu ‘Kopfbinde’ (c. חֿ), etc., v. ZehnpfundBAS i. 499, 526; Aramaic ܚܒܰܫ; cf. ܚܒܽܘܫܝܳܐ, חֲבוּשְׁיָא imprisonment, etc.)— Qal Pf. 2 ms. וְחָבַשְׁתָּ֫ Ex 29:9; 2 mpl. חֲבַשְׁתֶּם Ez 34:4; Impf. יַחֲבוֹשׁ Jb 34:17; וַיַּחֲבֹשׁ Gn 22:3 + 4 times; וִיַּחֲבָשׁ־ 1 K 13:23; וְיֶחְבָּ֑שׁ Jb 5:18; וַיַּחְבְּשֵׁנוּ Ho 6:1; 3 fs. וַתַּחֲבֹשׁ 2 K 4:24; אֶהֱבֹשׁ Ez 34:16; cohort. אֶחְבְּשָׁה־ 2 S 19:27 (but cf.infr.); וָאֶחְבְּשֵׁךְ Ez 16:10; וַיַּחְבְּשׁוּ־ 1 K 13:13; וַיַּחֲבֹ֑שׁוּ 1 K 13:27; Imv. חֲבֹשׁ Jb 40:13; חֲבוֹשׁ Ez 24:17; חִבְשׁוּ 1 K 13:13, 27; Inf. cstr. חֲבֹשׁ Is 30:26; 61:1; לְחָבְשָׁהּ Ez 30:21 (del. Co, cf. 𝔊). Pt. act. חֹבֵשׁ Is 3:7; pass. חָבוּשׁ Jon 2:6; חֲבוּשִׁים Ju 19:10; חֲבֻשִׁים 2 S 16:1 Ez 27:24;— 1. bind, bind on: a. headgear, c. acc. rei, לְ pers. Ex 29:9 Lv 8:13 (both P); c. על pers. Ez 24:17; pass. of seaweeds clinging about head סוּף חָבוּשׁ לְרֹאשִׁי Jon 2:6; c. sf. pers. et בְּ rei וָאֶחְבְּשֵׁךְ Ez 16:10 and I bound (or wound) about thee (i.e. thy head, Sm VB) שֵׁשׁ (in metaph. of י׳’s care for Jerus.; ‖ אַלְבִּישֵׁךְ, אֶנְעֲלֵךְ); fig. of punishment for wicked פְּנֵיהֶם חֲבֹשׁ בטמון Jb 40:13 veil their faces in darkness (‖ טָמְנֵם בֶּעָפָר) v. Di b. pass. prob. twined, twisted in חֲבָלִים חֲבֻשִׁים וַאֲרֻזִים Ez 27:24, cords twisted and strong, v. Sm Da. Especially c. of equipping a beast for riding; ass, in acc. Gn 22:3 Nu 22:21 (both E), 2 S 17:23 & 19:27 (where however read לוֹ חָבְשָׁה־לִּי, so 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 Th We Dr), 1 K 2:40; 13:13(×2), 23, 27(×2) (v 27 b no dir. obj. expressed) 2 K 4:24; pass., also of asses, Ju 19:10 2 S 16:1. d. fig. = restrain, control (Germ. bändigen), abs. Jb 34:17. 2. bind up, viz. a wound, usually in fig., of comforting the distressed, etc.; c. sf. pers. Ho 6:1 (‖ רָכָּא, opp. הִכָּה); sq. לְ pers. לַחֲבֹשׁ לְנִשְׁבְּרֵי־לֵב Is 61:1; cf. Ez 34:4 (sq. לַנִּשְׁבֶּרֶת; ‖ חַזֵּק, רִפֵּא), v 16 (sq. id.; ‖ חִזֵּק); sq. acc. rei בְּיוֹם חֲבֹשׁ י׳ אֶת־שֶׁבֶר עַמּוֹ Is 30:26;26 (‖ רָפָא); c. acc. of Pharaoh’s broken arm Ez 30:21 (si vera l., v. supr.; cf. Pu.); abs. Jb 5:18 (opp. הִכְאִיב; ‖ רָפָה = רָפָא); also Is 3:7 of repairing fortunes of people. Pi. Pf. חִבֵּשׁ bind, restrain מִבְּכִי נהרות Jb 28:11; Pt. מְחַבֵּשׁ bind up לְעַצְבוֹתָם ψ 147:3. Pu. Pf. be bound up חֻבְּשָׁה Ez 30:21 (metaph.) Pharaoh’s broken arm; חֻבָּ֑שׁוּ Is 1:6 (wounds of land of Judah).

† I. [רָדָה] vb. have dominion, rule, dominate (NH רָדָה, 𝔗Jon רְדָא, chastise; Arabic رَدَى tread, trample; Syriac ܪܕܳܐ chastise, also (and so Assyrian radû) go, flow);— Qal Pf. 3 pl. consec. וְרָדוּ Is 14:2; Lv 26:17; 2 mpl. רְדִיתֶם Ez 34:4; Impf. 3 ms. sf. יִרְדֶּנּוּ Lv 25:53, וַיִּרְדֶּ֑נָּה La 1:13, juss. וְיֵרְדְּ Nu 24:19 ψ 72:8; 2 ms. תִּרְדֶּה Lv 25:43, 46, etc.; Imv. ms. רְדֵה ψ 110:2; mpl. רְדוּ Gn 1:28; (Jo 4:13 v. ירד); Inf. cstr. רְדוֹת Ez 29:15; Pt. רֹדֶה 1 K 5:4; Is 14:6; sf. רִדֵם ψ 68:28; pl. הָרֹרִים 1 K 5:30 + 2 times;—have dominion, rule, over, usually c. ב pers. vel pop. 1 K 5:4, 30; 9:23 = 2 Ch 8:10; Is 14:2; Lv 25:43, 46, 53; 26:17; Ez 29:15; Ne 9:28 ψ 49:15; ב of fish, etc., Gn 1:26, 28; בְּקֶרֶב ψ 110:2; c. acc. pers. Ez 34:4; Is 14:6 (perhaps + acc. cogn., v. [מִרְדָּה] infr.); acc. om. Nu 24:19 (מִיַּעֲקֹב), Je 5:31 (+ עַל־יְדֵיהֶם, v. יָד 5 h (2); vid. also ingenious conj. sub II. רדה; but יוֹרוּ teach), ψ 72:8; for וַיִּרְדֶּנָּה La 1:13 and it (the fire) prevailed against them (my bones), read perhaps יָרָ֑דָה into my bones it descended (Bu).—רֹדֵם ψ 68:28 is dub.; Grill Hup-Now Che Du קִדֵּם. יְרַד Ju 5:13(×2) v. יָרַד" dir="rtl" >יָרַד. Hiph. Impf. 3 ms. וּמְלָכִים יַרְדְּ Is 41:2 and kings he causeth (him) to dominate; but apoc. form strange, read יָרֹד (√ רדד q.v.) Ew Di Du; יַחֲרִד 𝔊 Klo Che.

βᾰσῐλ-εύω, to be king, rule, reign, οὐ μέν πως πάντες βασιλεύσομεν ἐνθάδ᾽ Ἀχαιοί Refs 8th c.BC+; ἐν ὑμῖν.. βασίλευε was king among you, Refs 8th c.BC+; also of a woman, ἢ βασίλευεν ὑπὸ Πλάκῳ reigned as queen, Refs 8th c.BC+: in aorist, to have become king, Refs 5th c.BC+: with genitive, to be king of, rule over, ἐν.. Ἰθάκῃ βασιλεύσει Ἀχαιῶν Refs 8th c.BC+: with dative, to be king among, Γιγάντεσσιν βασίλευεν LXX+8th c.BC+:—passive, to be governed by a king, Refs 5th c.BC+: generally, to be governed or administered, Refs 5th c.BC+: hence, submit to the king, Refs 1st c.AD+ __b to be ἄρχων β. at Athens, Refs 5th c.BC+ of other magistrates, Refs __c later ἡ βασιλεύουσα πόλις the imperial city, of Rome, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 enjoy as master, τῶ χρυσῶ β. Refs 3rd c.BC+ __3 absolutely, live royally, β. ἐν πενίᾳ NT+1st c.AD+ __II causal, appoint as king, τινά LXX; but β. τισὶ βασιλέα make them a king,LXX

† [רֵאשׁ] n.m. Dn 7:6 head (Egyptian Aramaic, S-CPap.; Palm. רש; 𝔗 רֵישׁ, Syriac ܪܺܝܫ; BH רֹאשׁ);—cstr. ר׳ Dn 7:1; emph. ה—ָ 2:38; sf. רֵאשִׁי 4:2 +, ךְ—ָ 2:28, הּ—ֵ v 32 +, הּ—ַ 7:20, הוֹן—ֵ 3:27; pl. abs. רֵאשִׁין 7:6, sf. רָאשֵׁיהֹם (K§§ 53, Anm. b); 63 Gu Hpt ad loc.) Ezr 5:10;— 1. head of man Dn 3:27, cf. 7:9; in vision: of image 2:32, 38, beast 7:6, 20. 2. head as seat of visions, הֶזְוֵי רֵאשָׁךְ, etc., 2:28; 4:2, 7, 10; 7:1, 15. 3. = chief, בְּר׳ Ezr 5:10 in the capacity of their chiefs. 4. sum, essential content, of matters Dn 7:1 (NesMM 40 beginning).

† מֹ֫לֶךְ n.pr.div. Molech (𝔊 Μολοχ, 𝔙 Moloch) ( = מֶלֶךְ i.e. (divine) King, with vowels of בֹּשֶׁת to denote abhorrence, HoffmZAW iii. 1883, 124 RSSem i. 353; 2nd ed. 372; cf. Hoffm GGAbh. xxxvi. 1890 (May, 1889), 25; Ph. n. pr. div. מלך Milk, in n.pr. cf. Bloch, Dr Dt 222 f.);—c. art. הַמּ׳:—the god to whom Isr. sacrif. children with fire (in valley of Hinnom); העביר בָּאֵשׁ לַמּ׳ 2 K 23:10; העביר לַמּ׳ Je 32:35 (‖ הַבַּעַל), Lv 18:21 (H); נתן לַמּ׳ Lv 20:2, 3, 4 (H); more gen. לִזְנוֹת אַחֲרֵי הַמּ׳ v 5 (H). In 1 K 11:7 read prob. מִלְכֹּם, q.v.

προΐστημι, future -στήσω: aorist 1 προὔστησα, participle προστήσας, infinitive προστῆσαι. Causal in these tenses, as also in present and aorist 1 middle, set before, once in Refs 8th c.BC+ put his body in the way, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 set over, ὃν ἡ πόλις ἀξιοῖ αὑτῆς προϊστάναι, variant for{-εστάναι}, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 exhibit publicly, prostitute, π. ἐπ᾽ οἰκημάτων Refs 1st c.AD+ __II middle, mostly aorist 1, put another before oneself, choose as one's leader, Refs 5th c.BC+take as one's guardian, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 put before one, put in front, σκίπωνα προστήσασθαι Refs 5th c.BC+; τὴν χεῖρα, so as to shade the eyes, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3 metaphorically, put forward as an excuse or pretence, use as a screen, τί τάδε προὐστήσω λόγ; Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.4 προστησώμεθα Τύρταιον put him forward, cite him as an authority, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.5 prefer, value above, ὦτα τοῦ νοῦ προστησάμενοι Refs __II.6 establish a thing before another, τοὺς ἀριθμοὺς τῆς ὑποστάσεως αὐτῶν (i.e. τῶν ὄντων) Refs 3rd c.AD+ __II.7 manifest, Refs __B passive, with aorist 2 active προὔστην: perfect προέστηκα, 2nd pers. plural προέστατε Refs 5th c.BC+; infinitive προεστάναι, participle προεστώς (see. below): future perfect προεστήξομαι, see below Refs:—aorist passive προεστάθην, see belowRefs:—come forward, variant for{προσ-} in Refs 4th c.BC+ __B.2 c.accusative, approach as a suppliant, ἥ σε.. λιπαρεῖ προὔστην χερί Refs 5th c.BC+; προστῆναι μέσην τράπεζαν uncertain in Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.3 with dative, stand so as to face another, σοὶ γὰρ αἴας πολέμιος προὔστη ποτέ Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.4 stand in public, be a prostitute, Refs 4th c.BC+ __B.II with genitive, to be set over, be at the head of, τῆς Ἑλλάδος Refs 5th c.BC+; especially to be chief or leader of a party, τῶν παράλων, τῶν ἐκ τοῦ πεδίου, Refs 5th c.BC+; π. αὐτῶν to be their ringleader, Refs 5th c.BC+; π. χοροῦ, στρατεύματος, Refs; π. τῶν πολιτειῶν head the respective parties in the state, Refs 5th c.BC+ absolutely, οἱ προεστῶτες, _Ionic dialect_ -εῶτες, the leading men, τῶν σκυθέων Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι προστάντες Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.II.2 in various relations, govern, direct, οὐκ ὀρθῶς σεωυτοῦ προέστηκας you do not manage yourself well, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐργασίας, τέχνης, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __B.II.3 stand before so as to guard, οἱ δορυφόροι Μασίστεω προέστησαν Refs 5th c.BC+: hence, support, succour, πρόστητ᾽ ἀναγκαίας τύχης Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ προστὰς τῆς εἰρήνης the champion of peace, Refs 4th c.BC+; πάντων προστᾶσα [δύναμις] Refs 5th c.BC+; π. τινός to be his protector, Refs 2nd c.BC+; τῆς ἐναντίας π. γνώμης Refs 2nd c.BC+were the authors of.., Refs 5th c.BC+; π. [νόσου] Refs 5th c.BC+

† I. שָׁלַט vb. domineer, be master of (late) (NH id.; Assyrian šalâṭu, have power; Arabic سَلُطَ overcome, prevail; سَلِيطٌ strong, hard, سُلْطَانٌ dominion, also ruler, sultan; Ethiopic ሠለጠ: Aramaic שְׁלַט, ܫܠܰܛ (especially der. spec.), Nab. שלט, שלטון);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. שׁ׳ Ec 8:9, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יִשְׁלַט Ec 2:19, etc.; Inf. cstr. שְׁלוֹט Est 9:1;—domineer, lord it over, עַל pers., Ne 5:15; ב pers. Ec 8:9 (לְרַע לוֹ); ב rei 2:19; become master of, ב pers. Est 9:1(×2). Hiph. 1. give power of: Pf. 3 ms. sf. pers. וְהִשְׁלִיטוֹ לֶאֱכֹל Ec 5:18, so Impf. 3 ms. sf. יַשְׁלִיטֶנּוּ 6:2 (both subj. God). 2. = Qal, get mastery of: juss. 3 fs. אַל־תַּשְׁלֶט־בִּי כָּל־אָ֑וֶן ψ 119:133.

κῡρι-εύω, to be lord or master of, πάντων Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.; τῶν γενημάτων Refs 2nd c.BC+; τῆς θαλάττης Refs 2nd c.BC+; κυριεύειν τὴν γυναῖκα τοῦ ἀνδρός NT+1st c.BC+; gain possession of, seize, ζωγρίᾳ τινῶν Refs 3rd c.BC+; τοῦ κυριεύοντος τὴν ὅλην οἰκουμένην Refs: absolutely, to be dominant, Refs 3rd c.BC+:—passive, to be dominated, possessed, ὑπό τινος Refs 4th c.BC+ __b Astrology texts, of planets, κ. τοῦ σχήματος Refs 2nd c.AD+:—passive, οἱ -όμενοι τόποι Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 to have legal power to do, with infinitive, Legal cited in Refs 4th c.BC+ __II ὁ κυριεύων (i.e. λόγος, which is expressed in Refs 1st c.AD+

† שְׁלֵט vb. have power, rule (𝔗 Syriac; BH (q.v.) late);— Pe. Pf. 3 ms. שׁ׳ Dn 3:27, 3 mpl. שְׁלִ֫טוּ 6:25; Impf. 3 ms. יִשְׁלַ֑ט 5:7, 3 fs. תִּשְׁלַט 2:39, 2 ms. תִּשְׁלַ֑ט 5:16;—have power upon, ב rei, Dn 3:27 (of fire); fall upon, assault (𝔗 = פָּגע בְּ), ב pers. 6:25 (of lions); subj. pers. rule; be ruler, abs., 5:7, 16, subj. kingdom, ב of earth, 2:39. Haph. make ruler: Pf. 3 ms. sf. הַשְׁלְטָךְ 2:38 (ב pers., etc.); הַשְׁלְטֵהּ v 48 (עַל of province).

† [שָׂרַר] vb. denom. (Gerber20) be, or act as, prince, rule;— Qal Impf. 3 ms. וַיָּ֫שַׂר עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵל Ju 9:22 Abim. ruled over Isr. three years; 3 mpl. שָׂרִים … יָשׂ֑רוּ Is 32:1 princes shall govern (prince it) justly (‖ יִמְלָךְ־מֶלֶךְ), cf. Pr 8:16; Pt. לִהְיוֹת … שֹׂרֵר Est 1:22 that every man should bear rule בְּבֵיתוֹ. Hithp. Impf., 2 ms. + Inf. abs. כִּי־תִשְׂתָּרֵר עָלֵינוּ גַּס־הִשְׂתָּרֵר Nu 16:13 that thou shouldst also keep playing the prince over us.—יָסֹר 1 Ch 15:22 v. יָסַר" dir="rtl" >יָסַר Qal and שַׂר²" dir="rtl" >שַׂר 4 b. Hiph. Pf. 3 pl. metapl. הֵשִׂירוּ (Ges§ 67 v) Ho 8:4 they made princes (abs.; ‖ הִמְלִיכוּ).

βᾰσῐλ-ικός, ή, όν, royal, kingly, ποιέεις οὐδαμῶς -κά Refs 5th c.BC+; β. [μοναρχία] Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to τυραννικός, Refs 4th c.BC+; βασιλικοὶ ἀπέβησαν proved themselves truly kingly, Refs 5th c.BC+, ἡ, art of ruling, Refs: comparative -ώτερος Refs 2nd c.AD+: superlative βασιλικώτατος καὶ ἄρχειν ἀξιώτατος Refs 5th c.BC+. adverb -κῶς, παρών as a king, with kingly authority, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 of or belonging to a king, οἱ β. the king's friends or officers, Refs 2nd c.BC+; ἐγκλήματα β. charges of high-treason, Refs; ὀφειλήματα β. debts to the king,Refs; γραμματεύςRefs 2nd c.BC+; γεωργοί Refs 2nd c.BC+; ὁδὸς β. the king's highway, LXX+3rd c.BC+; μὴ εἶναι β. ἀτραπὸν ἐπὶ γεωμετρίαν no royal road, NT+3rd c.BC+; αἱ β. βίβλοι the books of Kings, Refs 1st c.AD+ __3 choice Refs 4th c.BC+ __4 κάρυα β. walnuts, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __4.b β. κύμινον, ={ἄμι}, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II as substantive, __II.1 βασιλικός (i.e. γραμματεύς), ὁ, official in Egyptian νομοί, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __II.1.b (i.e. οἶκος) basilica, Refs __II.1.c (i.e. ὄρνις) ={ἀκαλανθίς}, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.1.d (i.e. ἀστήρ) ={βασιλίσκος} see, Refs __II.2 βασιλικὴ στοά hall divided into aisles by columns, Refs 1st c.BC+; β. alone, Refs, Latin basilica, Refs 1st c.BC+ __II.3 βασιλικόν (i.e. ταμιεῖον), τό, treasury, εἰς τὸ β. ἀπομετρῆσαι, τελεῖν, Refs 3rd c.BC+; royal bank, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.3.b (i.e. δῶμα) palace, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.3.c (i.e. πρόσταγμα) royal decree, LXX __II.3.d (i.e. φάρμακον) name for various remedies, ={τετραφάρμακον}, Refs 2nd c.AD+; of other compounds, Refs; a plaster, Refs; an eyesalve, Refs a bandage, Refs __II.3.e (i.e. φυτόν) basil, Ocimum basilicum, Refs __II.3.f βασιλικά, τά, communications received from kings, Refs; also, interests or revenues of the crown, LXX+3rd c.BC+; prerogatives, Refs

κατακῡριεύω, gain or exercise complete dominion, LXX __2 κ. τινός gain dominion over, gain possession of,LXX+NT; [πλοίου] Refs 1st c.BC+

τετράρχ-ης, ου, ὁ, tetrarch, Refs 1st c.BC+, etc.; of rulers under the protection of Rome of lower grade than kings, e.g. in Palestine, NT+1st c.AD+: also τέτραρχος, Θεσσαλῶν Refs 4th c.BC+ genitive -χου Refs c.AD), but -χα Refs __II a leader of four λόχοι, or 64 men, Refs 3rd c.BC+

τετραρχ-έω, to be tetrarch, τῆς Γαλιλαίας NT+1st c.AD+

† II. רָדָה vb. scrape out (NH id., scrape or draw off, out (bread from oven));— Qal Pf. 3 ms. ר׳ הַדְּבָ֑שׁ Ju 14:9b out of the carcass he scraped the honey (v. GFM); sf. וַיִּרְדֵּהוּ אֶל־בַּפָּיו v 9a he scraped it out into his palms; Buhl Lex Du also ר׳ עַל־יְדֵיהֶם Je 5:31, sc. gifts, money, fig. for making gain (most I. רדה q.v.).

ἄρχω, Epic dialect infinitive ἀρχέμεναιRefs 8th c.BC+imperfect ἦρχονRefs; Doric dialect ἆρχονRefs 5th c.BC+: future ἄρξωRefs 8th c.BC+aorist ἦρξα, Epic dialect ἄρξαRefs 8th c.BC+: perfect ἦρχαRefs 1st c.AD+:—middle, Refs 8th c.BC+; non-thematic participle ἄρχμενοςRefs 3rd c.BC+: imperfect, Refs 8th c.BC+future ἄρξομαι (in middle sense, see below) Refs 8th c.BC+; Doric dialect ἀρξεῦμαιRefs 3rd c.BC+: aorist ἠρξάμηνRefs 8th c.BC+ —passive, perfect ἦργμαι only in middle sense, see below Refs: aorist ἤρχθην, ἀρχθῆναιRefs 5th c.BC+:—to be first, __I in Time, begin, make a beginning, active and middle (in Refs 8th c.BC+to be the aggressor, Refs 5th c.BC+; π. ἄρχεσθαι to begin one's operations, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄρχειν τοῦ λόγου to open a conversation, Refs; ἄρχεσθαι τοῦ λόγου to begin one's speech, Refs __I.1 mostly with genitive, make a beginning of, ἄρχειν πολέμοιοRefs 8th c.BC+; ἄρχειν χειρῶν ἀδίκων, ἄρχειν τῆς πληγῆς, strike the first blow, Refs 5th c.BC+ — in middle in religious sense, = {ἀπάρχεσθαι}, ἀρχόμενος μελέων beginning with the limbs, Refs 8th c.BC+; but active, σπονδαῖσιν ἄρξαιRefs 5th c.BC+ __I.2 with genitive, begin from or with.., ἐν σοὶ μὲν λήξω σέο δ᾽ ἄρξομαιRefs 8th c.BC+; πόθεν ἄρξωμα; Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄρχεσθαι, ἦρχθαι ἔκ τινος, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀπό τινος frequently in Prose, ἀρξάμενοι αὐτίκα ἀπὸ παιδίων even from boyhood, Refs 5th c.BC+; but more commonly ἐκ παίδων, ἐκ παιδός, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+ —ἀπό in non-temporal relations, ἀρξάμενος ἀπὸ σοῦ. i.e. including yourself, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀφ᾽ ἱερῶν ἠργμένη ἀρχήRefs 5th c.BC+ __I.3 with genitive of things et dative person, ἄρχε θεοῖς δαιτός begin a banquet to the gods, Refs 8th c.BC+ __I.4 with accusative, ἄρχειν ὁδόν τινι, show him the way, Refs 8th c.BC+ lead the way, Refs 8th c.BC+: with other accusatives, ἄρχειν ὕμνονRefs 5th c.BC+ __I.5 of actions, σέο δ᾽ ἕξεται ὅττι κεν ἄρχῃRefs 8th c.BC+infinitive, τοῖσιν δ᾽ ἦρχ᾽ ἀγορεύειν among them, Refs 8th c.BC+: with participle, of continued action or condition, ἦρχον χαλεπαίνωνRefs 8th c.BC+ __I.6 absolutely, ἄρχε take the lead! Refs 8th c.BC+: generally, begin, ἄρχειν [τὴν ἐκεχειρίαν] τήνδε τὴν ἡμέραν Indut. cited in Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ ἄρχον, opposed to τὸ ἑπόμενον, Refs 5th c.AD+: participle ἀρχόμενος at first, Refs 5th c.BC+; at the beginning, ἀρχομένου δὲ πίθου καὶ λήγοντοςRefs 8th c.BC+ __I.7 Grammars, of a word, ἄ. ἀπὸ φωνήεντοςRefs 2nd c.BC+; ἡ ἄρχουσα (i.e. συλλαβή) Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II in point of Place or Station, rule, govern, command, __II.1 mostly with genitive, rule, be leader of.., ΒοιωτῶνRefs 8th c.BC+ __II.2 less frequently with dative, ἀνδράσιν ἦρξαRefs 8th c.BC+; also ἐν δ᾽ ἄρα τοῖσιν ἦρχ᾽ held command among them, Refs 8th c.BC+infinitive added, ἄρχε Μυρμιδόνεσσι μάχεσθαι led them on to fight, Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.3 absolutely, rule, ὅσον τό τ᾽ ἄρχειν καὶ τὸ δουλεύειν δίχαRefs 4th c.BC+; especially hold a magistracy, ὁκοῖόν τε εἴη ἄρχειν μετὰ τὸ βασιλεύεινRefs 5th c.BC+; at Athens, etc., to be archon, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἀρχάς, ἀρχὴν ἄρχειν, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄρχειν τὴν ἐπώνυμον (with or without ἀρχήν) Refs __II.4 passive, with future ἄρξομαιRefs 5th c.BC+:—to be ruled, governed, etc., ὑπό τινοςRefs 6th c.BC+subjects, Refs 5th c.BC+

βᾰσίλ-ειος, ον, also α, ον Refs 4th c.BC+; Ionic dialect and Aeolic dialect βᾰσιλ-ήϊος, η, ον, also βᾰσιλ-ῇος Melinnoap.Refs 5th c.AD+:— royal, δεινὸν δὲ γένος βασιλήϊόν ἐστι κτείνειν Refs 8th c.BC+; used by Trag. in Lyric poetry, β. οἶκοι, μέλαθρα, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἰσχύς, τιάρα, Refs; νόστος ὁ β. the king's return,Refs 5th c.BC+; compare πῆχυς. __2 of the archon βασιλεύς, ἡ β. στοά Refs 4th c.BC+ (also of the basilica of Herod at Jerusalem, Refs 1st c.AD+ __3 'royal', i.e.choice, μύρον Refs 7th c.BC+; compare βασίλεια· γένος ἰσχάδων, Refs 5th c.AD+ __4 Ἄρτεμις βασιληΐη, divinity in Thrace, Refs 5th c.BC+

ἡγεμον-εύω, Doric dialect ἁγ-, lead the way, προτὶ Ἴλιον Refs 8th c.BC+; πρὸς δώματα, ἀγορήνδε, λέχοσδε, δεῦρο, Refs 8th c.BC+ __c dative person, Refs 8th c.BC+; ὁδὸν ἡ. to lead the way, ἐγὼ δ᾽ ὁδὸν ἡγεμονεύσω Refs 8th c.BC+; ὕδατι ῥόον ἡ. make a course for the water, Refs 8th c.BC+ __II lead in war, rule, command, once in Refs 8th c.BC+; ἡγεμόνων ἡ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ. τῆς σκέψεως to take the lead in it, Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, to have or take the command, Refs 5th c.BC+:— passive, to be ruled, ὑπό τινος Refs 8th c.BC+ __III to be governor, τῆς Συρίας Refs 1st c.AD+

κατεξ-ουσιάζω, exercise authority over, τινος NT+4th c.AD+

† [אֲחַשְׁתְּרָן] adj. (?) royal (from Pers. Khshatřa, lordship, realm, vid. Spiegel l.c. 215) pl. הָאֲחַשְׁתְּרָנִים agreeing with הָרֶכֶשׁ Est 8:10, 14.

αὐθεντ-έω, to have full power or authority over, τινός I NT+1st c.BC+: with infinitive, Refs 6th c.AD+ __2 commit a murder, Refs 4th c.BC+

βρᾰβ-εύω, act as judge or umpire, ἐν τῇ κληρώσει τὴν τύχην βραβεύσειν Refs 5th c.BC+; ὀρθῶς β. Refs 4th c.BC+; preside at an election, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II with accusative, arbitrate, decide on, τὰ τῶν ἄλλων δίκαια Refs 4th c.BC+; δικαστήριονLXX+1st c.AD+:—passive, βραβευθήσεται τὰ τοῦ πολέμου τῷ νενικηκότι Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 direct, control, Refs 1st c.BC+:—passive, Refs 2nd c.BC+

κῠβέρν-ησις, Doric dialect κῠβέρν-ᾱσις, εως, ἡ, steering, pilotage, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 metaphorically, government, πολίων of cities, NT+5th c.BC+; θεοῦ by a god, Refs 1st c.AD+

τύραννος [ῠ], ὁ, also ἡ (see. below 1.2), an absolute ruler, unlimited by law or constitution, first in Refs, where it is used of a god, Ἆρες,.. ἀντιβίοισι τύρανν; so ὁ τῶν θεῶν τ., of Zeus, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὦ τύραννε τᾶς ἐμᾶς φρενός, i.e. Apollo, Refs 5th c.BC+; Μὴν Τύραννος, a Phrygian deity worshipped in Attica, Refs 1st c.AD+; οὔ, τὴν τ. (perhaps Hera), in an oath, Refs 3rd c.BC+: first used of monarchs in the time of Refs 7th c.BC+; interchangeable with βασιλεύς in Refs 5th c.BC+; later, chief, princeling, Refs 1st c.BC+; τ. ἴδιοι καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἐμτπόριον Refs 5th c.BC+; Κλεισθένης ὁ Σικυῶνος τ., Ἱστιαῖος ὁ Μιλήτου τ., etc., Refs; ὁ τῶν Κυπρίων τ. Refs 2nd c.AD+; οἱ τ., of the Sicilian tyrants, Refs 5th c.BC+; of the Pisistratidae, Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ τ. the monarchical party, προδιδοὺς τοῖς τ. τὴμ πόλιν τὴν Ἐρυθραίων Refs: frequently in a bad sense, δημοφάγος τ. Refs 6th c.BC+ __2 in a wider sense, of members of the ruler's family, οἱ τ. 'the royal house', Refs 2nd c.AD+ is used both of the queen herself and the king's daughter, princess, Refs 5th c.BC+; πρέπει γὰρ ὡς τ. εἰσορᾶν, of Clytemnestra, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 metaphorically, ἵνα Δίκη τ. ᾖ that Justice may be supreme, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 golden-crested wren, Regulus cristatus, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II τύραννος, ον, as adjective, kingly, royal, τύραννα σκῆπτρα Refs 5th c.BC+; τύραννα δρᾶν to act as a king, Refs 5th c.BC+; τύραννον δῶμα the king's palace, Refs; τ. δόμος the royal house, Refs; ἐς τύρανν᾽ ἐγημάμην into the royal house, Refs __II.2 imperious, despotic, τ. πόλις Refs 5th c.BC+

† שַׁלִּיט adj. having mastery, domineering;— 1. having mastery: אֵין אָדָם שׁ׳ בָּרוּחַ Ec 8:8; elsewhere as subst. הַשּׁ׳ the ruler 10:5, so (c. עַל־הָאָרֶץ) Gn 42:6 (prob. late substitution for original word of E); pl. as subst. שַׁלִּיטִים Ec 7:19 (specif. of Alex.’s successors PerlesAnal. 42). 2. domineering, imperious, fs. (Köii 1. 201) אִשָּׁה זוֹנָה שַׁלָּ֑טֶת Ez 16:30 (Jerusalem personified).