H4910 H4910
Qal: to have dominion, exercise power over; Qal: to rule, govern (administrative authority); Qal: to reign (royal/kingly rule); Hifil: to cause to rule, grant dominion
Senses
1. Qal: to have dominion, exercise power over — The Qal sense of mashal denoting dominion, mastery, or the active exercise of power and authority over persons or things — often with a nuance of control or subjugation rather than mere administrative governance. Arabic predominantly uses تَسَلَّطَ (tasallata, Form V of s-l-t, 'to exercise power, dominate') and the active participle مُتَسَلِّط (mutasallit, 'one exercising authority/power'), or the related noun تَسَلُّط (tasallut, 'domination'). A secondary Arabic rendering is سادَ (sada, 'to prevail, be lord/master') with root s-w-d, denoting social preeminence and lordship — e.g., 114774 يَسودُ/تَسودُ ('he/she prevails'), 114786 وَسادَ ('and he prevailed'), 114791 أنْ يَسودَ ('to prevail'), 114795 سَادُوا ('they prevailed'), 114813 تَسود ('she prevails'). The co-occurrence of both Arabic roots for this single Hebrew sense shows that mashal in these contexts encompasses both 'active domination' and 'prevailing mastery.' Korean uses 다스리다 (tasurida, 'to govern/rule' verbal) and in stronger contexts 지배하다 (jibaehada, 'to dominate, control'). Swahili uses verbal -tawala forms often with extended morphology (e.g., -watawala, -tutawala). This sense covers imperfect ('he/she/they will rule'), perfect ('they ruled'), infinitive ('to rule,' 'ruling'), infinitive absolute ('indeed ruling'), participle used verbally ('ruling,' 'the one ruling'), and the 'have dominion' mandate of Gen 1:26-28 (114797: 'let them have dominion,' Arabic يَتَسَلَّطُوا, Korean 지배하지). The nuance of 'having power/authority' (114818: 'he shall have power,' Arabic يَتَسَلَّطُ, Korean 그가 권리가 있다, Swahili mamlaka 'authority') also belongs here. 44×
AR["المُتَسَلِّطُ","الْمُتَسَلِّطُ","تَتَسَلَّطُ-","تَسودُ","تَمْلِكُ","حَاكِمٌ","حَاكِمُونَ","سائِدٌ","مُتَسَلِّطاً","مُتَسَلِّطًا","مُتَسَلِّطٌ","وَ-يَتَسَلَّطُ","وَ-يَحْكُمُ","وَيَتَسَلَّطُ","يَتَسَلَّطنَ","يَتَسَلَّطُ-","يَسودُ"]·ben["এবং-শাসন-করবেন","ও-শাসন-করবে","শাসক","শাসন-কর","শাসন-করছিল","শাসন-করছে","শাসন-করবে","শাসন-করে","শাসনকারী"]·DE["Herrscher","[ימשל]","[תמשול]","herrschend","herrschte","regieren","soll-herrschen-","sollst-herrschen-","und-Spruch","und-regieren"]·EN["and-he-shall-rule","and-he-will-rule","and-rule","rule","ruler","rules","ruling","shall-rule-","will-rule"]·FR["--régner-","[מושל]","chef","de-dominer","dominer","et-dominer","ruling","régnant"]·heb["ו-משל","ימשול","מושל","מושלים","משל","משלו","תמשול"]·HI["और-शासन-करेगा","शासक","शासन-कर-रहे-थे","शासन-कर-रहे-हैं","शासन-करता","शासन-करता-हुआ","शासन-करता-है","शासन-करती-हैं","शासन-करनेवाला","शासन-करेगा","शासन-करेगा-","शासनकरताहै"]·ID["Dan-dia-akan-menguasai","Memerintah","akan-berkuasa-atasmu","akan-memerintah","dan-dia-akan-memerintah","dan-memerintah","harus-berkuasa-atasnya","memerintah","yang-memerintah"]·IT["da-tranquillo","dominando","dominare","e-parabola","governante","proverbio","regnando","shall-governare-"]·jav["Ingkang-mrentah","Ingkang-nguwasani","badhe-nguwasani","badhé-ngwaosi","ingkang-mrentah","ingkang-mréntah","kang-mréntah","lan-mréntah","lan-ngereh","mrentah","mréntah","nguwaosi","nguwasani","ngwaosi","sami-dipuncekel"]·KO["그리고-다스리리라","다스리고-있다","다스리고-있었다","다스리는","다스리는-자","다스리는-자로","다스리는자","다스리리라","다스리시도다","다스리십니다","다스릴-것이다","통치하도다"]·PT["E-dominará","Que-governa","dominam","dominando","dominará","dominará-","dominarás-","e-dominará","e-governará","governa","governam","governando","governante","governará","governas"]·RU["И-овладеет","будет-властвовать","будет-господствовать-","владели","владеют","владычествующий","властвует","властвуешь","властвующий","властвующим","господствуют","должен-господствовать-","и-будет-владычествовать","и-будет-властвовать","правящий"]·ES["El-que-gobierna","Y-dominará","dominaban","dominan","dominará","dominará-","dominarás-","gobernando","gobernante","gobernará","gobierna","gobiernan","gobiernas","y-dominará","y-gobernará"]·SW["Anayetawala","anatawala","atakayetawala","atakutawala-","atatawala","juu-ya","mtawala","na-atatawala","unatawala","utaitawala-","utatawala","walikuwa-wanatawala","wanatawala","wanatutawala"]·TR["egemen","egemenlik-sürer","hukumdarlik-ediyor","hükm-edecek","hükmedeceksin-","hükmeden","hükmediyorlardı","hükmüeden","ve-hükmedecek","yönetecek-","yöneten","yönetensin","yöneticisi"]·urd["اور-حکومت-کرے-گا","حُکمران","حکمران","حکمران-تھے","حکمران-ہیں","حکمرانی-کر","حکمرانی-کرے-گا","حکومت-کرتی-ہیں","حکومت-کرنے-والا","حکومت-کرے-گا"]
2. Qal: to rule, govern (administrative authority) — The core Qal sense of mashal denoting official governance, administrative rule, or judicial authority exercised by a ruler or governor. Arabic consistently renders with حَكَمَ (hakama, 'to judge/govern') and its participial form حاكِم (hakim, 'governor/judge') or plural حُكَّام (hukkam, 'governors'), pointing to institutional, delegated authority rather than raw power. Korean uses the noun 통치자 (tongchija, 'governor/ruler' as office-holder) and verb 통치하다 (tongchihada, 'to govern') for the substantivized participle, distinguishing it from verbal 다스리다. Swahili uniformly uses mtawala ('governor, ruler') as a nominal and the verbal -tawala ('to govern'). This sense covers the participle used as a substantive noun ('the ruler,' 'rulers') as well as finite forms denoting official governance — e.g., 'you ruled' (حَكَمْتَ, hakamta), 'he ruled' (حَكَمَ, hakama). The participial form functioning as a title or office-designation ('ruler of,' 'his ruler,' 'the rulers') clusters naturally here. 27×
AR["الْحُكَّامَ","الْحُكَّامِ","الْمُتَسَلِّطِ","حاكِمٌ","حاكِمٍ","حاكِمَ","حَاكِمًا","حَاكِمِينَ","حَكَمْتَ","حُكَّامًا","حُكَّامَ","سُلْطَانٍ","لِـ-حَاكِمِ-","مُوشِيل","وَ-حاكِمًا","وَحَاكِمُهُ","وَسُلْطَانٌ"]·ben["-শাসকদের","আর-শাসক","আর-শাসনকর্তা-তার","এবং-শাসক","তুমি-শাসন-করেছ","যে-শাসন-করত","শাসক","শাসক-","শাসকদের","শাসকরা","শাসকের","শাসনকারীদের"]·DE["Spruch","[מושל]","der-herrschte","regieren","und-herrschte","und-regieren"]·EN["You-ruled","a-ruler","and-his-ruler","and-ruler","ruler","rulers","the-one-ruling","the-rulers","to-ruler-of-"]·FR["[המושלים]","dominer","et-de-dominer","et-dominer","le-un-ruling"]·heb["ה-משל","ו-מושל","ו-מושלו","מושל","מושלי","מושלים","משלת"]·HI["और-उसका-शासक","और-शासक","शासक","शासक-","शासक-का","शासक-की","शासक-के-साथ","शासको","शासकों","शासकों-का","शासकों-के","शासकोंको","शासन-किया-तूने","हाकिम"]·ID["Engkau-memerintah","Penguasa","dan-pemerintahnya","dan-penguasa","orang-orang-yang-memerintah","para-penguasa","penguasa","penguasa-","penguasa-penguasa","yang-mengurus"]·IT["dominare","e-da-tranquillo","e-dominare","e-proverbio","governante","governare","il-uno-ruling","parabola"]·jav["Panjenengan-mrentah","ingkang-ngasta","ingkang-nguwasani-","lan-panguwasa","lan-panguwasa-nipun","pangageng","panguwasa","pangwasa","para-ingkang-mrentah","para-ingkang-ngereh","para-panguwasa","para-panguwasaning","tiyang-ingkang-mréntah"]·KO["그-다스리는","그-통치하는-자들을","그리고-그의-통치자가","그리고-다스리는-자-로","그리고-통치자가","다스리는-자-가","다스리는-자들아","다스리는-자들을","다스리는-자들의","당신이-다스리신","통치자","통치자-의","통치자가","통치자들의","통치자에게","통치자의","통치하는-자에게"]·PT["ao-governante-de-","e-governador","e-governante","e-seu-governador","governador","governante","governantes","governantes-de","governaste","o-que-governa","os-que-dominam","os-que-governam"]·RU["владыке-","владыки","властвующего","властелина","властителей","и-властелин","и-властелином","и-правитель-его","правил-Ты","правителей","правителем","правители-","правитель","правителя","управляющему"]·ES["Gobernante","al-gobernante-de-","el-que-gobierna","gobernante","gobernantes","gobernantes-de","gobernaste","los-que-gobernaban","un-gobernante","y-gobernante","y-su-gobernante"]·SW["anayetawala","hukuwatawala","kwa-mtawala-wa","mtawala","na-mtawala","na-mtawala-wake","wa-watawala","watawala"]·TR["hakimin","hukumdarinin-","hukumdarlarin","hukumdarlik-ettin","hükm-edenler","hükmeden","hükmedeni","hükmedenlerin","hükümdar","ve-hükmeden","ve-hükmü-onun","ve-hükümdar","yoneticcileri","yoneticilerin","yöneten","yönetici","yöneticileri","yöneticinin","yöneticisi"]·urd["اور-حاکم","اور-حاکم-اس-کا","اور-حکمران","تُو-نے-حکومت-کی","حاکم","حاکم-کا","حاکم-کے","حاکمو","حاکموں","حاکموں-کے","حکمران","حکمرانوں-کی","حکمرانوں-کے","منتظم"]
Gen 24:2, 2 Chr 23:20, Ps 105:20, Ps 105:21, Prov 23:1, Prov 28:15, Prov 29:2, Prov 29:12, Prov 29:26, Eccl 9:17, Eccl 10:4, Isa 14:5 (+15 more)
3. Qal: to reign (royal/kingly rule) — A distinct Qal sense of mashal where the ruling is specifically royal or kingly in nature — reigning as sovereign rather than merely governing or exercising dominion. Arabic consistently uses مَلَكَ (malaka, 'to possess/reign as king') and its imperfect يَمْلِكُ (yamliku, 'he reigns') or imperative امْلِكْ (imlik, 'reign!'), a root (m-l-k) that in Semitic languages specifically denotes kingship and royal authority, cognate with Hebrew מלך (melekh, 'king'). The Arabic choice of malaka over hakama or tasallata signals the translator recognized a distinctly royal nuance in these occurrences. Korean uses 다스리다 uniformly but Hindi shifts to राज करना (raj karna, 'to reign') — compare राज करूँगा (raj karunga, 'I will reign,' 114798) and राज करेगा (raj karega, 'he will reign,' 114775) vs. the शासन करना (shasan karna, 'to govern') used elsewhere. Swahili uses -tawala with extended forms. This sense includes infinitives ('to rule' in the context of reigning, Arabic أَنْ يَمْلِكَ 114778), imperfects, and the imperative exhortation to reign (114807: 'rule!' = امْلِكْ, Hindi राज कर). 8×
AR["أَمْلِكُ","أَنْ-يَمْلِكَ","امْلِكْ","وَ-يَمْلِكُ","يَمْلِكُ","يَمْلِكُ-"]·ben["আমি-শাসন-করব","ও-শাসনকারী","শাসন-কর-","শাসন-করবে","শাসন-করবে-","শাসন-করবেন","শাসন-করা"]·DE["herrschen-","herrschend","regieren","und-regieren","wird-herrschen"]·EN["and-ruling","rule-","ruling","will-rule","will-rule-"]·FR["dominer","et-dominer","ruling","régner-","sera-régner"]·heb["אמשול","ה-משול","ו-מושל","ימשול","משול"]·HI["और-शासन-करने-वाला","राज-कर","राज-करना","राज-करूँगा","राज-करेगा","शासन-करेगा-"]·ID["akan-memerintah","akan-memerintah-","aku-akan-memerintah","dan-yang-memerintah","diperintah","kuasailah-"]·IT["dominare","e-dominare","governare-","regnando","volere-governare"]·jav["kula-mréntah","lan-mréntah","menapa-mréntah","mréntah","mréntaha-","nguwasani-"]·KO["그리고-다스리는","다스려라-","다스리리니-","다스리리라","다스림-이"]·PT["Governa-","Governar","dominar-lhes-á-","e-governando","governar","governarei","governará"]·RU["Властвуй-","будет-властвовать","будет-властвовать-","буду-властвовать","владел","и-правящий","чтобы-владели"]·ES["el-gobernar","gobernar","gobernará","gobernará-","gobernaré","gobierna-","y-gobernando"]·SW["atatawala","atawatawala","kutawala","kuwatawala","na-kutawala","nitawatawala","tutawale-"]·TR["hükmedecek","hükmedeceğim","hükmet-bize","ve-hüküm-süren","yonetecek-","yonetmesi-mi"]·urd["اور-حکومت-کرنے-والا","حکومت-کر","حکومت-کرنا","حکومت-کروں-گا","حکومت-کرے-گا"]
4. Hifil: to cause to rule, grant dominion — The Hifil (causative) stem of mashal, meaning 'to make someone rule,' 'to give dominion/authority to,' or 'to set as ruler over.' Arabic uses the causative Form II سَلَّطَ (sallata, 'to give power/authority to') — e.g., 114806 تُسَلِّطُهُ (tusalliṭuhu, 'you give him authority') and 114794 وَيُسَلِّطُهُمْ (wa-yusalliṭuhum, 'and he will give them authority'). This is the Arabic cognate Form II causative of the same root behind the Qal's Form V تَسَلَّطَ, providing perfect morphological parallelism: Hebrew Qal = Arabic Form V (reflexive/middle 'to exercise power'), Hebrew Hifil = Arabic Form II (causative 'to empower'). Korean uses the causative construction 다스리게 하다 (tasuri-ge hada, 'to make rule, to cause to govern') — e.g., 114806 다스리게 하셨나이다 ('you caused to rule'), 114794 그리고 다스리게 하리라 그들을 ('and he will cause them to rule'). Swahili uses the analytic causative construction -fanya + subjunctive: 114794 atawafanya watawale ('he will make them rule'), 114806 Umemfanya atawale ('you have made him rule'). The Hifil infinitive absolute (114819: 'dominion,' Arabic السُّلْطان as-sultan 'the authority/dominion,' Korean 주관함과 'governing and,' Swahili Utawala 'Authority') represents the nominal/abstract aspect of this causative sense — the dominion or authority that is granted. 3×
AR["السُّلْطانُ","تُسَلِّطُهُ","وَ-يُسَلِّطُهُمْ"]·ben["ও-শাসন-করাবে-তাদের","তুমি-তাকে-শাসন-করাচ্ছ","শাসন"]·DE["der-Spruch","herrschte","und-regieren"]·EN["and-cause-them-to-rule","dominion","you-make-him-ruler"]·FR["dominer","et-dominer"]·heb["ו-המשילם","ממשל","תמשילהו"]·HI["और-शासन-कराएगा-उन्हें","तूने-उसे-अधिकार-दिया","शासन"]·ID["Engkau-memberinya-kuasa","dan-dia-akan-membuat-mereka-memerintah","kekuasaan"]·IT["dominare","e-governare","governo'"]·jav["Panjenengan-ndamel-ngereh","lan-ngereh-piyambak-ipun-sedaya","pamaréntahan"]·KO["그리고-다스리게-하리라-그들을","다스리게-하셨나이다","주관함과"]·PT["Domínio","Fá-lo-dominar","e-os-fará-dominar"]·RU["владычество","и-даст-им-власть","поставил-его-властвовать"]·ES["Dominio","Lo-haces-señorear","y-les-dará-dominio"]·SW["Umemfanya-atawale","Utawala","na-atawafanya-watawale"]·TR["egemenlik","hükmetmesini-sağladın-onu","ve-yönettirecek"]·urd["اور-حکمران-بنائے-گا-اُنہیں","تُو-نے-اُسے-حکمران-بنایا","حکومت"]
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† III. מָשַׁל vb. rule, have dominion, reign (NH Pt. id.; Ph. משל);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. וּמָשַׁל consec. Zc 6:13 + 2 times, מָשָׁ֑ל Dn 11:4, וּמָשָׁ֑ל consec. v 5; 3 fs. מָשָׁ֑לָה ψ 103:19; 2 ms. מָשַׁלְתָּ Is 63:19, וּמָשַׁלְתָּ֫ Dt 15:16; 3 pl. מָֽשְׁלוּ Is 3:5 La 5:8; Impf. 3 ms. יִמְשֹׁל Ex 21:8 + 3 times, יִמְשׁוֹל Pr 22:7; יִמְשָׁל־ Gn 3:16, etc.; Imv. מְשָׁל־ Ju 8:22; Inf. abs. מָשׁוֹל Gn 37:8;…