Restraint and Control

עָצַר46 vb. restrain, retain (NH id.; cf. prob. Assyrian eṣêru, retain, restrain, DlHWB 122 JägerBAS i.483 Zehnpfundib.500* cf. Assyrian uṣurtu, taboo SACJA, 1904, 754.; Ethiopic ዐጸረ: press, Arabic عَصَرَ; 𝔗 עֲצַר, Syriac ܥܨܰܪ id.);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. ע׳ Gn 20:18 +, sf. עֲצָרַנִי 16:2; 1 s. עָצַרְתִּי Dn 10:8, 16, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יַעְצֹר 1 S 9:17 +, יַעְצָר־ 2 Ch 2:5; sf. יַעֲצָרְכָה 1 K 18:44, etc.; Inf. abs. עָצֹר Gn 20:18, cstr. לַעְצֹר 2 Ch 22:9, וַעְצֹר Jb 4:2 (Ges§ 28 b); Pt. pass. עָצוּר Je 33:1 +, etc.;— 1. restrain, c. acc. pers. Gn 16:2 (J; + מִן, i.e. prevent), עָצֹר עָצַר בְּעַד כָּל־רֶחֶם 20:18 (E), cf. abs. Is 66:9 (opp. מוֹלִיד); sq. inf. 2 K 4:24; c. acc. pers. alone 1 K 18:44 hinder, stop; c. acc. of sky (hindering rain) Dt 11:17; 2 Ch 7:13; pt. pass. abs. shut up, or hindered (for reasons not given) Je 36:5; Ne 6:10 (? by a vow, or by ceremonial uncleanness, cf. RSSem i. 436 f., 2nd ed. 455 f.); = shut up (c. ב, in prison) 2 K 17:4, pt. pass. Je 33:1; 39:15, fig. 20:9; on עָצוּר וְעָזוּב (5 times), v. עָזַב" dir="rtl" >I. עזב; עֲצֻרָה לָנוּ 1 S 21:6 women have been kept away with ref. to us (cf. RSl.c.); עָצוּר מִפְּנֵי 1 Ch 12:1 kept away from before Saul; = detain, c. acc. Ju 13:15, 16; in Jb c. בְּ, ע׳ בְּמִלִּין 4:2, cf. 29:9, so בַּמַּיִם 12:15; ע׳ בְּעַמִּי 1 S 9:17 is rule over, etc. (si vera l.); ins. also (with other words) 10:1 𝔊 We Dr al. 2. (late) retain, c. acc. כֹּחַ 2 Ch 13:20; 22:9 Dn 10:8, 16; 11:6; + inf. = be able to 1 Ch 29:14 2 Ch 2:5; om. כֹּחַ 14:10 (+ עִמְּךָ), 20:37 (+ inf.). †Niph. be restrained, stayed, of plague: Pf. 3 fs. נֶעֱצָ֑רָה Nu 17:15; Impf. 3 fs. תֵּעָצַר 2 S 24:21 = 1 Ch 21:22, וַתֵּעָצַר Nu 17:13; 25:8 (P) 2 S 24:25 ψ 106:30; be shut up (of sky), Inf. cstr. בְּהֵעָצֵר 1 K 8:35 = 2 Ch 6:26; be under restraint or detention Pt. נֶעְצָר 1 S 21:8 + לִפְנֵי י׳ (? i.e. kept by a vow, cf. HPS and Ne 6:10 supr.).

† מָנַע vb. withhold, hold back (NH id.; Zinj. מנע DHMSendsch. 60; Arabic مَنَعَ; Sab. מנע Levy-OsZMG xix. 1865, 268; Aramaic מְנַע);— Qal Pf. מ׳ Gn 30:2; sf. מְנָעַ֫נִי 1 S 25:34; מָנַ֫עְתָּ ψ 21:3 Ne 9:20, etc.; Impf. יִמְנַע־ ψ 84:12; sf. יִמְנָעֵ֫נִי 2 S 13:13 etc.; Imv. מְנַע Pr 1:15; מִנְעִי Je 2:25; 31:16; Pt. מֹנֵעַ Pr 11:26 Je 48:10;—withhold, sq. מִן Gn 30:2 (obj. פְּרִי־בֶטֶן), Am 4:7 (rain), Ne 9:20 (manna; all subj. י׳); Jb 22:7 (bread), 1 K 20:7 (obj. om.; both hum. subj.), so Je 48:10 (sword), Ec 2:10 (heart), Je 5:25 (good), Pr 3:27 (id.), 1:15 (foot); Je 2:25 (id.) 31:16 (voice); further, 2 S 13:13 (woman), Je 42:4 (דָּבָר), Jb 31:16 (מן part.), Pr 23:13 (correction), obj. om. י׳ subj. Pr 30:7; מִן om. Pr 11:26 (obj. corn); cf. ψ 21:3 subj. י׳ (obj. אֲרֶשֶׁת שְׂפָתָיו ‖ נָתַן תַּאֲוַת לֵב), Jb 20:13 fig. (wickedness), Ez 31:15 י׳ subj. (obj. rivers); obj. pers. י׳ subj. sq. מן Nu 24:11; sq. מִן + inf. 1 S 25:26, 34; sq. לְ, subj. י׳ ψ 84:12 (good). Niph. Pf. נִמְנַע Jo 1:13; Impf. יִמָּנַע Jb 38:15, etc.; be withholden sq. מִן, subj. מִנְחָה etc. Jo 1:13; light from wicked Jb 38:15; Nu 22:16 (sq. מִן + inf.); subj. showers (רְבִבִים) Je 3:3.

† חָשַׂךְ vb. withhold, refrain (NH חָסַךְ, Aramaic חֲסַךְ, ܚܣܰܟ Palm. חסך remit, spare, VogNos. 6, 15; Sab. משחכן weaned (child) DHMZMG 1875, 608)— Qal Pf. חָשַׂךְ Gn 39:9 + 4 times (+ Ez 30:18 Ba; v. חשׁך; Is 38:17 v. infr.), חָשָׂ֑ךְ Is 14:6, חָֽשְׂכוּ Jb 30:10, חָשָׂ֑כוּ Je 14:10, etc.; Impf. יַחְשׂךְ Jb 16:5 + 2 times; 2 ms. תַּחְשׂךְ Is 58:1, תַּחְשׂוֹךְ Pr 24:11; 2 fs. תַּחְשׂ֑כִי Is 54:2, etc.; Imv. חֲשׂךְ ψ 19:14; Pt. חֹשֵׂךְ Pr 10:19; 11:24; חוֹשֵׂךְ Pr 13:24; 17:27; sq.— 1. a. withhold, keep back, keep for oneself, acc., Gn 22:12 (E), v 16; 39:9 (sq. מִמֶּנִּי; both J); abs. Pr 21:26 (opp. נָתַן); withhold the rod (שׁבט) in discipline, Pr 13:24; no obj. expr. 11:24; 24:11. b. keep one from evil, calamity, Sheʾôl etc., c. acc. and מִן Gn 20:6 (E), 1 S 25:39 ψ 19:14; ח׳ מִמָּוֶת נַפְשָׁם ψ 78:50 cf. Jb 33:18 Is 38:7 (read חָשַׂכְתָּ or חֲשׂךְ for MT חָשַׁקְתָּ, v. חשׁק); abs. hinder (i.e. calamities from coming) Is 14:6; ח׳ לְמַטָּה מֵעֲוֹנֵנוּ Ezr 9:13 thou hast kept back, downward (= and kept down), part of our iniquity, i.e. hast not punished us according to our full desert. c. hold in check c. acc. 2 S 18:16 (or spare v. infr.); obj. רַגְלֵיהֶם Je 14:10; especially of keeping silence, obj. פִּי Jb 7:11 restrain my mouth, שׂפתים Pr 10:19, אמרים 17:27; מִפָּנַי לֹא ח׳ רֹק Jb 30:10 from my face they have not withheld spittle (= they have spit in my face). d. refrain (from doing what is mentioned in the context), abs. Is 54:2; 58:1. e. spare, c. acc. pers. 2 K 5:20 he hath spared Naaman מִקַּחַת so as not to take (= and hath not taken anything) out of his hand; perhaps also 2 S 18:16 Joab spared the people (v supr.). f. reserve for, c. acc. + לְ Jb 38:23. 2. (abs.) restrain, check (pain) i. e. assuage, so appar. MT Jb 16:5 (v. Di Kau; I would not restrain condolence of my lips, 𝔊 𝔖 Me, reading לא אחשׂך for יחשׂך).—Ez 30:18 v. חשׁן" dir="rtl" >חשׁך. Niph. Impf. לְיוֹם אֵיד יֵחָשֶׂךְ־רָע Jb 21:30 at the day of calamity the wicked is spared (pass. of Qal 1 e); יֵחָשֵׂךְ Jb 16:6 be assuaged, of pain (pass. of Qal 2).

† [גָּרַע] vb. diminish, restrain, withdraw (NH id., Aramaic גְּרַע, ܓܪܰܥ shave head, etc.; cf. جَرِعَ swallow)— Qal Impf. יִגְרַע Jb 36:7, יִגְרָ֑ע Ex 21:10; 2 ms. תִּגְרַע Dt 13:1 + 3 times; אֶגְרַע Ez 5:11 (but cf. infr.), וָאֶגְרַע Ez 16:27; תִּגְרְעוּ Ex 5:8 + 2 times; Inf. לִגְרֹעַ Ex 3:14; Pt. גְּרוּעָה Is 15:2 (so Baer; v. d. H. גְּדוּעָה v. גדע), גְּרֻעָה Je 48:37;— 1. diminish, usually sq. מִן Ex 5:8, 19 (the tale of bricks), Dt 4:2; 13:1 (in both, word of י׳; opp. הוסיף) cf. Ec 3:14, and also Je 26:2 (c. acc.); c. acc. also Ex 21:10 (food etc.) cf. Ez 16:27; Pt. pass. diminished, clipped, of beard, Je 48:37 and Is 15:2 (so Baer, rightly, cf. his note and v. גדע). 2. restrain Jb 15:4 (c. acc. שִׂיחָה meditation, devotion), Jb 15:8 (c. acc. חָכְמָה, sq. אֵלֶיךָ, i. e. unto, for thyself, monopolize; De Di Da render draw unto thyself, appropriate; Schult. comp. Arabic swallow, cf. Ew saugst zu dir ein Weisheit). 3. withdraw Jb 36:7 (obj. עַיִן, eye, sq. מִן); Ez 5:11 absol. (si vera l.); Co. reads אֶתְגָּרֶה, for אֶגְרַע, on intern. grounds; others: withdraw (thy needs) Sm (cf. 16:27); withdraw (mine eye) Ges Ke. Niph. Pf. וְנִגְרַע consec. Lv 27:18; וְנִגְרְעָה Nu 36:3; Impf. יִגָּרַע Nu 27:4; 36:4, יִגָּרֵ֑עַ Nu 36:3; 1 pl. נִגָּרַע Nu 9:7; Pt. נִגְרָע Ex 5:11;— 1. be withdrawn c. מִן Nu 36:3(×2), 4 (inheritance, נחלה); Nu 27:4 a name out of a family; Ex 5:11 (מֵעֲבֹדַתְכֶם דָּבָר); impers. Lv 27:18 (abatement shall be made). 2. be restrained sq. inf. Nu 9:7. Pi. Impf. יְגָרַע Jb 36:27 withdraw = draw up c. acc. נִטְפֵי־מָ֑יִם cf. Di (on other hand, De al. draw down, let down).

κατέχω, future καθέξω (of duration) Refs 8th c.BC+aorist κατέσχον, poetry __A κατέσχεθον Refs 8th c.BC+; Epic dialect 3rd.pers. singular κάσχεθε Refs 8th c.BC+, Aeolic dialect κατέσκ [εθε] Refs 7th c.BC+; late aorist κατέσχα Refs 4th c.AD+ __A.I transitive, hold fast, καλύπτρην χείρεσσι Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.I.b hold back, withhold, εἴ με βίῃ ἀέκοντα καθέξει Refs 8th c.BC+: check, restrain, bridle, ἑωυτόν Refs 5th c.BC+; [γυναῖκε] Refs 5th c.BC+; ὀργήν, θυμόν, ὕβριν, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. τὴν ἀγωγήν put it off, Refs; κ. τὸ πλῆθος ἐλευθέρως, ἰσχύϊ, Refs 5th c.BC+; οὖρον hold in, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἑαυτὸν κατέχει μὴ ἐπιπηδᾶν restrains himself from.., Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, to be held down, γλῶσσα κατείχετο Refs 5th c.BC+; to be bound, ὁρκίοισι μεγάλοισι Refs 5th c.BC+; τοῖς τινων ὀφειλήμασιν Refs 3rd c.AD+; of a nation, to be kept under (by tyrants), Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.I.c detain, κ. [αὐτοὺς] ἐνιαυτόν Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, to be detained, stay, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.I.d in imprecations, inhibit (compare καταδέωRefs 4th c.BC+ __A.I.e place under arrest, Refs 1st c.AD+ __A.I.f keep an oath, ὅρκον Refs 3rd c.BC+ __A.I.2 c.genitive, gain possession of, be master of, τῶν ἐπιστημῶν μὴ πάνυ κ. Refs 4th c.BC+; control, τινων LXX; ἑαυτῶν Erot.see entry προπετή; μηκέτι κατέχων ἑαυτοῦ Refs 2nd c.AD+; cling to, τῶν κεράτων τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου LXX __A.II possess, occupy, especiallyof rulers, Refs 5th c.BC+; σῴζειν ἅπερ ἃν ἅπαξ κατάσχωσι whatever they have got, Refs 5th c.BC+; especially of property. enjoy possession of, Refs 2nd c.BC+, etc. (but also, sequestrate, Refs 3rd c.BC+; ὡς μηδὲν ἔχοντες καὶ πάντα κατέχοντες NT __A.II.b dwell in, occupy, Ὀλύμπου αἴγλαν Refs 5th c.BC+; especially of tutelary gods, Παρνασίαν ὃς κ. πέτραν, of Dionysus, Refs 5th c.BC+; of a place, μέσον ὀμφαλὸν γᾶς Φοίβου κ. δόμος Refs 5th c.BC+; of the dead. θήκας Ἰλιάδος γᾶς.. κατέχουσι occupy, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.II.2 of sound, fill, οἱ δ᾽ ἀλαλητῷ πᾶν πεδίον κατέχουσι Refs 8th c.BC+; κ. στρατόπεδον δυσφημίαις fill it with his grievous cries, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, οἶκος κλαυθμῷ κατείχετο Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.II.3 πανδάκρυτον βιοτὰν κ. continue to live a life.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.II.4 to be spread over, cover, νὺξ.. δνοφερὴ κάτεχ᾽ οὐρανόν Refs 8th c.BC+; τίνες αὖ πόντον κατέχουσ᾽ αὖρα; Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, σελήνη.. κατείχετο.. νεφέεσσιν Refs 8th c.BC+:—middle, Epic dialect aorist, κατέσχετο χερσὶ πρόσωπα Refs 8th c.BC+; κατασχομένη ἑανῷ having covered her face, Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.II.5 of the grave, confine, cover, τοὺς δ᾽ ἤδη κάτεχεν φυσίζοος αἶα Refs 8th c.BC+; as a threat, πάρος τινὰ γαῖα καθέξει sooner shall earth cover many a one, Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.II.6 of circumstances, etc., hold fast, have one in their power, μιν κατὰ γῆρας ἔχει χεῖράς τε πόδας τε Refs 8th c.BC+; ὃν θάνατος δακρυόεις καθέχει (sic) Refs 5th c.BC+; τύχη, πόλεμος κ. τινά, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. κίνδυνος ΣικελίανRefs 2nd c.AD+:—passive, ὑπὸ μεγάλης ἀνάγκης κατεχόμενοι Refs 5th c.BC+: rarely in good sense, ὁ δ᾽ ὄλβιος, ὃν φᾶμαι κατέχοντ᾽ ἀγαθαί Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.II.6.b of circumstances, etc., prevail, prevail among, engage, ἄλλα τῶν κατεχόντων πρηγμάτων χαλεπώτερα Refs 5th c.BC+; μεγάλοι θόρυβοι κατέχουσ᾽ ἡμᾶς murmurs are rife among us, Refs 5th c.BC+; φήμης ἀθρόας -σχούσης τὸ Ἑλληνικόν a sudden rumour having overspread Greece, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __A.II.7 seize, occupy, in right of conquest, τὸ Καδμείων πέδον uncertain in Refs 5th c.BC+; especially in historical writers, -σχήσειν [τὴν ἀκρόπολιν] Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.II.8 achieve, effect an object, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.II.9 master, understand, οὐ κατέχω τί βούλει φράζειν Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. νοῦν στίχων grasp the sense of.., Refs __A.II.9.b keep in mind, remember, χρήσιμον καὶ τοῦτο κατασχεῖν τὸ στοιχεῖον Refs 4th c.BC+; κ. τινὰ ὀψοφάγον Chrysipp.Tyan. cited in Refs 2nd c.AD+; κ. ὅτι, διότι, Refs 3rd c.BC+:—passive, Refs 4th c.BC+ __A.II.10 possess, of a god, εἰ θεός ἐστιν ὁ σὰς κατέχων φρένας Refs; τοιοῦτος ἔρως κατεῖχε τὴν ἄνθρωπον she was so infatuated, Refs 1st c.AD+; of an actor, κ. τὸ θέατρον held the audience spellbound, Refs 1st c.AD+ (but, kept the audience waiting, Phoc.Refs; of poets, μύθοις [τοὺς ἀκούοντας] κ. Refs 2nd c.AD+:—mostly in passive, of persons, to be possessed, inspired, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐξ ὉμήρουRefs 5th c.BC+; τὸ θέατρον κατείχετο the audience was spellbound, Refs 4th c.BC+; of hydrophobia patients, Refs 3rd c.AD+; of a lover, τῷ αὐτῷ θεῷ (i.e. Ἔρωτι) κατέσχημαι Refs 2nd c.AD+:—also in aorist middle, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.III follow close upon, press hard, Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive Refs __A.IV bring a ship to land, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B intransitive, __B.1 (i.e. ἑαυτόν) control oneself, Refs 5th c.BC+: with infinitive, κ. τὸ μὴ δακρύειν Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.1.b stop, cease, of the wind, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.2 come from the high sea to shore, put in (see. supr. IV), νηΐ Θορικόνδε Refs 5th c.BC+; τίνες ποτ᾽ ἐς γῆν τήνδε.. κατέσχετ; Refs 5th c.BC+; of a journey by land, rest, προξένων δ᾽ ἔν του κατέσχε; Refs 2nd c.BC+ shall come safe to land, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.3 prevail, ὁ λόγος κ. the report prevails, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.4 gain the upper hand, παρά τινι Refs 6th c.BC+; gain one's purpose, Refs 5th c.BC+ __C middle, keep back for oneself, embezzle, [τὰ χρήματα] Refs 5th c.BC+ __C.2 cover oneself, see above Refs 4th c.BC+ __C.3 hold, contain, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __C.II aorist middle, ={κατέχω} Refs 8th c.BC+ __C.II.2 in passive sense, τεαῖς ῥιπαῖσι κατασχόμενος subdued, Refs 5th c.BC+; καρδίαν κατέσχετο ἔρωτι was seized with, possessed by, Refs 5th c.BC+; see aboveRefs 4th c.BC+

† [כָּלָא] vb. shut up, restrain, withhold (NH id.; Aramaic כְּלָא, ܟܠܴܐ; Ethiopic ከልአ: restrain, hinder; Assyrian kâiû, id.; Arabic كَلَأَ protect Qor 21:43 cf. Ba ZMG 1887, 605 Anm. 4)— Qal Pf. 3 ms. sf. כְּלָאוֹ Je 32:3; 3 fs. כָּֽלְאָה Hg 1:10; 2 fs. sf. כְּלִתִ֫נִי 1 S 25:33; 1 s. כָּלִאתִי ψ 119:101; 3 pl. כָּֽלְאוּ Hg 1:10, כָּלוּ 1 S 6:10; Impf. 3 ms. יִכְלֶה Gn 23:6; 2 ms. תִּכְלָא ψ 40:12; 2 fs. תִּכְלָ֑אִי Is 43:6; 1 s. אֶכְלָא ψ 40:10; Imv. sf. כְּלָאֵם Nu 11:28; Inf. cstr. לִכְלוֹא Ec 8:8; Pt. pass. כָּלוּא Je 32:2, כָּלֻא ψ 88:9; (on the metapl. forms, as if from כלה, v. Ges § 75, 21 c Köi 611);— 1. shut up, c. acc. 1 S 6:10 (+ בְ loc.), Je 32:3; pt. pass. Je 32:2 (בְ loc.), fig. ψ 88:9 (opp. יצא). 2. restrain, c. acc. 1 S 25:33 (+ מִבּוֹא בְדָמִים), ψ 119:101 (+ מִכָּל־); כְּלָאֵם (sc. מֵהִתְנַבֵּא) Nu 11:28; כ׳ שְׂפָתַי ψ 40:10; כ׳ אֶת־הָרוּחַ Ec 8:8. On ψ 74:11 v. כלה" dir="rtl" >כלה Pi. 2. 3. withhold, כ׳ אֶת־קִבְרוֹ מִמְּךָ מִקְּבֹר מֵתֶ֑ךָ Gn 23:6 (P), כ׳ רַחֲמֶיךָ מִמֶּ֑נּי ψ 40:12, Hg 1:10b, prob. also v a (read מָ֑ל for MT 𝔊 מִטָּ֑ל, We); abs. אַל־תִּכְלָאִי (sc. exiles) Is 43:6 (‖ תְּנִי). Niph. Impf. וַיִּכָּלֵא הַגֶּשֶׁם מִן־הַשָּׁמַיִם Gn 8:2 (J), and the rain from heaven was restrained, cf. וַיִּכָּֽלְאוּ מַיִם רַבִּים Ez 31:15 (in fig.; ‖ מנע); וַיִּכָּלֵא הָעָם מֵהָבִיא Ex 36:6 (P). Pi. [Pf. כִּלָּא and] Inf. cstr. לְכַלֵּא v. כלה" dir="rtl" >כלה Pi.

συνέχω, aorist συνέσχον:—middle, future συνέξομαι in passive sense, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, aorist συνεσχέθην Refs 4th c.BC+: future infinitive συσχεθήσεσθαι Refs 1st c.BC+ W.:—hold or keep together, confine, secure, ὅθι ζωστῆρος ὀχῆες χρύσειοι σύνεχον [θώρηκα] Refs 8th c.BC+; ἵνα τε ξυνέχουσι τένοντες ἀγκῶνος where the sinews of the elbow hold [it] together, Refsmeet, see below Refs; Ὠκεανός.. συνεῖχε σάκος enclosed, compassed it, Refs 8th c.BC+; Αἴτνα σ. [Τυφῶνα] Refs 5th c.BC+; τὼ μηρὼ σ. hold them together, Refs 5th c.BC+; συνέσχον τὰ ὦτα αὐτῶν closed or stopped their ears, NT; μηδὲ συσχέτω ἐπ᾽ ἐμὲ φρέαρ τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ let not the pit close its mouth upon me, LXX; τὸ δέρμα σ. [τὰ ὀστᾶ] Refs 5th c.BC+; Ἄτλας ἅπαντα σLXXpassive, τὸ λεγόμενον ἐν φρέατι συσχόμενος” trapped in a well, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁ καρπὸς.. ἂν μὴ πλυθῇ.. συνέχεται sticks together, Refs 4th c.BC+; τὸ στόμα οὐ συνεσχέθη ἔτι my mouth was no longer closed, LXX __2 keep together, keep from dispersing, στράτευμα, δύναμιν, Refs 5th c.BC+; continue, keep on, μὴ πλείους πέντε ἡμερῶν σύσχῃς τὸ ὕδωρ (the flooding) Refs 3rd c.BC+; keep, τοὺς πολίτας σ. ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις Refs 1st c.AD+; preserve, οἱ ἅλες ἐπὶ πλεῖστον [τὰ σώματα] συνέχοντες Refs 1st c.AD+; maintain, σ. τοὺς στρατιώτας ἐκ τῶν ἱεροσυληθέντων λειψάνων Refs 1st c.BC+:—passive, to be continuous, Refs 4th c.BC+; to be maintained, πᾶσα ἕξις.. ὑπὸ τῶν καταλλήλων ἔργων συνέχεται καὶ αὔξεται Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2.b of social and political order, σ. πόλεις keep states together, keep them from falling to pieces, maintain them, Refs 5th c.BC+; καὶ θεοὺς καὶ ἀνθρώπους ἡ κοινωνία σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν οἴνῳ τὰς ἀρχὰς συνεῖχε conducted the government over wine, LXX+5th c.BC+; ξ. τὴν εἰρεσίαν keep the rowers together, make them pull in time, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, μετ᾽ ἀλλήλων συνέχεσθαι Refs 5th c.BC+ __2.c keep together in friendship, ἁμέ Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, τὸ ὂν συνέχεται.. φιλίᾳ Refs 5th c.BC+ __2.d passive also, engage in close combat, ἐγχειριδίοισι Refs 5th c.BC+; of sexual intercourse, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2.e occupy or engage, ἑαυτὸν ἐν γυναιξὶ καὶ θιάσοις Refs 1st c.AD+ __3 contain, comprise, embrace, εἷς λόγος πάσας τὰς αἰσθήσεις σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ συνέχον the chief matter, Refs 2nd c.BC+ the chief reason for.. , Refs 2nd c.BC+; τῆς σωτηρίας the chief means of.. , Refs; τὰ σ. τῶν ἐγγράπτων the chief clauses, Refs —passive, τὸν πρὸς τῇ ὑπεκλύσει πυρετὸν ὑπ᾽ ἄλλης αἰτίας συνέχεσθαι is chiefly caused (compare συνεκτικός) by.., Refs 2nd c.AD+ __4 detain, τὰς καμήλους ἐν τῇ Νεχθενίβιος (i.e. κώμῃ) Refs 3rd c.BC+; sequestrate, Refs 3rd c.BC+; keep under arrest, NT+3rd c.BC+:—passive, συνέχομαι ἐμ φυλακῇ Refs 3rd c.BC+, etc.; of things held as security, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __5 constrain or force one to a thing, ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ σ. ἡμᾶς NT; oppress, NT+2nd c.AD+passive, συνέχεσθαί τινι to be constrained, distressed, afflicted, and, generally, to be affected by anything whether in mind or body, πατρὶ συνείχετο.. χαλεπῷ Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. πολέμῳ, δουληΐῃ, Refs 5th c.BC+; δίψῃ, πόνῳ, NT+5th c.BC+; τῷ λόγῳ (variant{πνεύματι}) NT+1st c.BC+; συνεχομένη τῇ συνειδήσειLXX __6 constrain, hinder, hold back, Refs 5th c.BC+; σύσχῃ τὸν οὐρανόν shut up the heaven, LXX; συνεσχέθη ὁ ὑετὸς ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦLXX; συνεσχέθη ἡ θραῦσις ἐπάνωθεν Ἰσραήλ the plague was stayed from Israel,LXX+2nd c.AD+ __7 hold at the same time, δύο σχολάς Refs 1st c.BC+ __8 buy up and withhold, make a corner in, σῖτον LXX __9 Grammars, σ. τὸ ἄρθρον to be accompanied by the article, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __10 συνέσχον I also received.. , Refs 3rd c.AD+ __II intransitive, meet, seeRefs 4th c.BC+; πρός τι to be connected with, Refs 2nd c.AD+

† I. [צוּק] vb. Hiph. constrain, bring into straits, press upon (NH צוּק be distressed (rare), Hiph. = BH; Arabic ضَاقَ (ى) be narrow, tight, so Ethiopic ጦቀ:; Aramaic עִיק, ܥܳܩ; Chr. Pal. ܨܘܩ );—Pf. 3 fs. הֵצִיקָה Ju 16:16, sf. הֱצִיקַתְהוּ 14:17, -נִי Jb 32:18 (Gi v 19); 1 s. וַהֲצִיקוֹתִ֫י consec. Is 29:2; Impf. 3 ms. יָצִיק Dt 28:53 + 2 times; 3 mpl. יָצִיקוּ Je 19:9, Pt. מֵצִיק Is 51:13(×2) pl. מְצִיקִים 29:7;—bring into straits, by importunity c. ל pers. Ju 16:16, c. sf. pers. 14:17; constrain (to speak) Jb 32:18 (sf. pers.); elsewhere of bringing into straits a city or people, c. ל, Is 29:2, 7, so 7:6 (reading וּנְצִיקֶנָּה for MT וּנְקִיצֶנָּה), Thes Che Du Gr Marti, cf. formula בְּמָצוֹר וּבְמָצוֹק אֲשֶׁר יָצ׳ לְ Dt 28:53, 55, 57 Je 19:9; pt. abs. הַמֵּצִיק Is 51:13(×2) the oppressor.

ἔνοχος, ον, ={ἐνεχόμενος}, held in, bound by, τοιαύταις δόξαις Refs 4th c.BC+; [ἔθεσι γεροντικοῖς] Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 with genitive, connected with, κοιλίης Refs 5th c.BC+ __II as law-term, liable to, subject to, νόμοις, δίκαις, NT+5th c.BC+; τοῖς ἐπιτιμίοις τοῦ φόνου Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔ. ἀνοίαις liable to the imputation of it, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 ἔνοχος ψευδομαρτυρίοις liable to action for.., Refs 5th c.BC+; βιαίων, λιποταξίου (i.e. δίκῃ, γραφῇ), LXX+5th c.BC+; ἔ. θανάτου liable to the penalty of death, NT+1st c.BC+: with infinitive, ἔ. ἔστω ἀποτῖσαι Refs __II.3 less frequently with Preps., ἔ. ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς Decrees cited in Refs 6th c.BC+ __II.4 guilty, liable to the penalty for, ἔ. τῷ φόνῳ Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.4.b of property, subject to liability, Refs 6th c.AD+

† [שָׁסַע] vb. divide, cleave (NH Pi. tear apart; 𝔗 Jer Pa. La 3:11 tear in pieces (for ℌ פִּשֵּׁחַ));— Qal Pt. (c. acc. cogn. שֶׁ֫סַע): ms. וְשֹׁסַע שֶׁסַע פַּרְסָה Lv 11:7 (P; on שֹׁ׳ cf. LagBN 84) cleaving the cleft of the hoof, i.e. having cloven hoof, so fs. שֹׁסַ֫עַת v 3, cf. Dt 14:6; שֶׁסַע אֵינֶנָּה שֹׁסַ֫עַת Lv 11:26 (P); pass. הַפַּרְסָה הַשְּׁסוּעָה Dt 14:7. Pi. tear in two, a lion, kid, Impf., Inf. cstr. וַיְשַׁסְּעֵהוּ כְּשַׁסַּע הַגְּדִי Ju 14:6; a bird (by, or at, its wings), Pf. 3 ms. consec. וְשִׁסַּע אֹתוֹ Lv 1:17 (P); Impf. 3 ms. (אֶת־אֲנָשָׁיו בַּדְּבָרִים) וַיְשַׁסַּע 1 S 24:8 gives too violent a meaning; prob. crpt. for word = restrain, or the like Dr HPS, cf. Bu Now (hesitantly).

φῑμ-όω, muzzle, οὐ φιμώσεις βοῦν ἀλοῶντα LXX; shut up as with a muzzle, φ. τῷ ξύλῳ τὸν αὐχένα to make fast his neck in the pillory, Refs 5th c.BC+; close, seal up, στόμα [ἄγγους] Refs 3rd c.BC+: metaphorically, muzzle, put to silence, τινα NT:— passive, to be put to silence, be silent, φιμώθητι, πεφίμωσο, NT+2nd c.AD+; τινι by or because of a thing, Refs 1st c.AD+; φιμοῦσθαι πρός τι to be mute in a matter,Refs 2nd c.AD+

ἐνέχω, hold or keep fast within, χόλον ἐνέχειν τινί harbour a grudge against one, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II passive, with future and aorist middle (see. below), to be held, caught, entangled in, with dative, τῇ πάγῃ Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 metaphorically, ἐ. ἀπορίῃσι Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν θώματι ἐνέσχετο was seized with wonder, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 to be liable or subject to, οὐ δικαίοις Ζεὺς ἐνέξεται λόγοις Refs 5th c.BC+; πράγμασιν, λειτουργίαις, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.3.b in legal formulae, ἐν ἐπιάρῳ κ᾽ ἐνέχοιτο Refs 6th c.BC+; ἐ. ἀρᾷ Διός Refs 5th c.BC+; ζημίᾳ, αἰτίᾳ, Refs 5th c.BC+; νοθείᾳ in an imputation of bastardy, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II.4 in good sense, ἐνέχεσθαι ἀγγελίᾳ meet with a message, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.5 in aorist, come to a standstill, ἔν τινι Refs 5th c.BC+ __III intransitive, enter in, pierce, εἴς τι Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 to be urgent against, τινί LXX+NT

χᾰλῑνᾰγωγ-έω, guide with or as with bit and bridle, γλῶσσαν, σῶμα, NT+2nd c.AD+

† [חָסַם] vb. stop up, muzzle (NH id., חסום muzzle; Aramaic חֲסַם bind up fast)— Qal Impf. לֹא תַחְסֹם שׁוֹר בְּדִישׁוֹ Dt 25:4 thou shalt not muzzle an ox when it is treading (i.e. threshing); Pt. וְחֹסֶמֶת היא Eze 39:11 and it shall stop (the way of) the passers-by; but read וְחָֽסְמוּ את־הַגַּיְא and they shall stop up the valley, Co v. 𝔊 𝔖 Hi.

† [בָּלַם] vb. curb, hold in (NH id., Aramaic בְּלַם, ܒܠܰܡ )— Qal Inf. לִבְלוֹם ψ 32:9, cf. Che.

† חָטַם vb. hold in, restrain (Arabic خَطَمَ strike the nose, attach the خِطَامٌ = camel-halter, خَطْمٌ n. muzzle, nose of beast; NH חֲטָם nose-ring of camel, חוֹטָם; Aramaic חוּטְמָא nose; cf. חטם, Inscr. Zinj.; according to DHMSendsch. 34, of taming wild beasts)— Qal Impf. אֶחֱטָם־לָ֑ךְ לְבִלְתִּי הַכְרִיתֶֽךָ׃ Is 48:9 I will restrain for thee (mine anger), not to cut thee off (‖ אַאֲרִיךְ אַפִּי).