Destruction and Decay

I. כָּלָה206 vb. be complete, at an end, finished, accomplished, spent (NH id., Pi.; Ph. כלה; Assyrian kalû, put an end to, and cease, vanish Dl HWB 329; late Aramaic כְּלָא cease, perish (not 𝔗); on root-meaning enclose cf. כלא and Ba ZMG 1887, 605)— †Qal Pf. כ׳ 1 K 6:38 +; 3 fs. כָּֽלְתָה 1 S 20:7 +; 1 s. כָּלִיתִי ψ 39:11; 3 pl. כָּלוּ Jb 19:27 +; 2 mpl. כְּלִיתֶם Mal 3:6; וּכְלִיתֶם consec. Ez 13:14; 1 pl. כָּלִינוּ ψ 90:7, etc.; Impf. יִכְלֶה Pr 22:8; juss. יִ֫כֶל Jb 33:21 (v. Dr§ 171–173 Ges§ 109. 2 b Anm. Da Synt. § 51 R. 5; 64 R. 6); 3 fs. תִּכְלָה 1 K 17:14; וַתֵּ֫כֶל Ex 39:32 + 2 S 13:39 (v. infr.); 3 mpl. יִכְלוּ Is 1:28 +, יִכְלָי֑וּן Is 31:3, etc.; Inf. cstr. כְּלוֹת Ru 2:23 +, etc.;— 1. a. be complete, at an end, of a period of time Gn 41:53 (E; opp. iii. חלל Hiph. begin v 54), Je 8:20 (‖ עבר); so of action or event, with emphasis on time Is 10:25; 24:13; Ru 2:23; 2 Ch 29:28 (opp. הֵחֵל v 27), v 34 Dn 12:7 (‖ קֵץ v 6, 9);—vid. also 2 b infr. b. be completed, finished, of a work: temple 1 K 6:38 1 Ch 28:20; 2 Ch 8:16 (‖ שָׁלֵם), tabernacle Ex 39:32 (P). c. be accomplished, fulfilled, only of purposed wrath, or prediction of י׳, Ez 5:13 (‖ כַּלּוֹתִי v b see Pi.), Dn 11:36 2 Ch 36:22 = Ezr 1:1. d. be ideally complete, be determined, always in bad sense, plotted, subj. הָרָעָה: sq. מֵעִם of agent 1 S 20:7, also v 9 (+ לָבוֹא עַל), + v 33 (read כָּֽלְתָה, for MT כָּלָה הִיא, 𝔊 We Dr Kit Bu); כ׳ הָרָעָה אֶל־אֲדֹנֵינוּ וְעַל־כָּל־בֵּיתוֹ 25:17; sq. מֵאֵת of agent Est 7:7 (+ אֵלָיו). 2. a. be spent, used up (proposes come to an end), of water Gn 21:15 (E) meal 1 K 17:14, 16. b. waste away, be exhausted, fail, lit. of fading grass Is 15:6 (‖ יָבֵשׁ, לֹא היה), of vintage 32:10 (opp. בּוֹא), of vanishing cloud Jb 7:9 (in sim., ‖ הלך); fig. of fleeting days of life v 6 (‖ קלל), cf. ψ 102:4 and כָּלוּ בְיָגוֹן חַיַּי ψ 31:11, Je 20:18; v. also 1 a supr.; of flesh Jb 33:21, cf. of vital strength ψ 71:9, בָּשָׂר וּשְׁאֵר Pr 5:11, כ׳ שְׁאֵרִי וּלְבָבִי ψ 73:26, subj. רוּחִי 143:7; once of י׳’s compassion לֹא־כָלוּ רִחֲמָיו La 3:22 (‖ תמם, on text. see VB); especially of eyes exhausted by weeping La 2:11, strained by looking (fig.) for relief or refreshment, fail, languish 4:17 ψ 69:4; Jb 11:20; 17:5; Je 14:6 (of wild asses); sq. אֶל La 4:17; sq. לְ in spiritual sense ψ 119:82, 123; similarly (sq. לִ) of נפשׁ exhausted by longing ψ 84:3 (‖ נכסף), 119:81, כָּלוּ כִלְיֹתַי בְּחֵקִי Jb 19:27; so also 2 S 13:39 where read וַתֵּכֶל רוּחַ הַמֶּלֶךְ (for MT וַתְּכַל דָּוִד הַמּ׳) and the spirit of the king pined to go forth unto Absalom, cf. 𝔊L We Klo Dr Kit Bu. c. come to an end, vanish = perish, be destroyed, by י׳’s judgment Is 1:28 (‖ שֶׁבֶר), 16:4 (‖ אָפֵם, תָּמַם), 29:20 (‖ אָפֵם, נִכְרַת), 31:3 (‖ כשׁל, נפל), וּבַחֶרֶב וּבָרָעָב יִכְלוּ Je 16:4, cf. 44:27 (‖ תָּמַם), Ez 5:12 (‖ מוּת, נָפַל), 13:14 Mal 3:6 ψ 37:20(×2) (‖ אבד), Jb 4:9 (‖ id.), ψ 71:13 (‖ בּוֹשׁ); hyperbol., of severe discipline 39:11; 90:7 (‖ נבהל); of prosperity of a people Is 21:16; שֵׁבֶט עֶבְרָתוֹ יִכְלֶה Pr 22:8 the rod of his wrath perishes (> Ew al. is accomplished, of God’s wrath).—Dn 12:7 read perhaps וְכִכְלוֹת יַד נֹפֵץ עַם קֹדֶשׁ and when the power of the shatterer of the holy people should come to an end, so Bev after 𝔊 (for difficult MT וּכְכַלּוֹת נַפֵּץ יַד־עַם־קֹדֶשׁ)†. Pi.140 Pf. כִּלָּה Gn 18:33 +, כִּלָּא Pr 16:30 Baer (van d. H. כִּלָּה), sf. כִּלָּנוּ 2 S 21:5, כִּלָּם La 2:22; 3 fs. וְכִלְּתָה consec. Ho 11:6, sf. וְכִ֫לַּתּוּ consec. Zc 5:4; 1 s. כִּלִּיתִי Nu 25:11, כִּלֵּיתִי Is 49:4, וְכִלֵּיתִ֫י Ez 6:12 + 2 times; sf. כִּלִּיתִים Ez 22:31, וְכִלִּיתִיךָ consec. Ex 33:5; 3 pl. כִּלּוּ Gn 24:19 +, etc.; Impf. יְכַלֶּה Is 10:18; וַיְכַל Gn 2:2; 3 fs. וַתְּכַל Gn 24:19 + 2 S 13:39 (but read וַתֵּכֶל We Dr al., and v. Qal 2 b); 1 s. אֲכַלֶּה Gn 24:25 + 4 times; וָאֲכַל Ez 43:8; sf. אֲכֶלְךָ Ex 33:3 (Kö i 545); 3 mpl. יְכַלּוּ Jb 36:11 + 21:13 Qr (Kt יבלו; v. בלה p. 115 supr.), + etc.; Imv. כַּלֵּה ψ 59:14(×2) + 74:11 (but text dub., v. infr., 2); mpl. כַּלּוּ Ex 5:13; Inf. abs. כַּלֵּה 1 S 3:12 + 5 times; cstr. לְכַלֵּא Dn 9:24 (metapl. form), כַּלּוֹת 1 S 2:33 +, etc.; Pt. מְכַלֶּה Je 14:12; Jb 9:22; fpl. מְכַלּוֹת Lv 26:16;— 1. †a. complete, bring to an end, finish a thing, task, work, etc., c. acc. rei Ex 5:13, 14 (+ inf.; both J), 1 K 6:9, 14; 7:1; Ez 42:15, Gn 2:6; 6:16; Ex 40:33 (P), Ru 2:21; 2 Ch 31:1; 2 Ch 7:11; Ezr 9:1, so לְכַלֵּא הַפֶּשַׁע Dn 9:24 to make an end of the transgression (cf. VB Bev); Lv 23:22 (modified from 19:9 q.v. infr.); acc. om. 2 Ch 31:7 (opp. הֵחֵל לְ), 24:10, 14; Ne 3:34. †b. complete a period of time יָמִים Ez 4:6, 8; complete one’s days, enjoy the full measure of human life Jb 21:13; 36:11, or bring one’s years to an end ψ 90:9, with added idea of transitoriness. c. finish doing a thing, usually sq. ל inf. Gn 18:33; 24:15, 19(×2), 22 (all J), 17:22; Ex 31:18; Nu 4:15 (all P), Am 7:2 1 K 1:41; 2 Ch 29:29; Ru 3:3 + 31 times incl. 2 S 11:19, where obj. of infin. precedes it, v. Dr, so Lv 19:9 (cf. 23:22 supr.); + 1 Ch 27:24 (לְ inf. om.; opp. הֵחֵל לְ), 2 Ch 29:17; + Dn 12:7 (inf. without לְ; but see Qal 2 c ad fin.); sq. מִן inf., 1 S 10:13 2 S 6:18 = 1 Ch 16:2, Ex 34:33; Lv 16:20; Jos 19:51 (all P), Ez 43:23. †d. make an end, end, sq. בְּ make an end with, finish dealing with 2 Ch 20:23; Ezr 10:17; abs., opp. הֵחֵל, בַּגָּדוֹל הֵחֵל וּבַקָּטֹן כִּלָּה Gn 44:12 (J) he began with the eldest and with the youngest he ended; so inf. abs. adverb. הָחֵל וְכַלֵּה 1 S 3:12 a beginning and an ending, i.e. doing it thoroughly (v. Dr); also עַד־כַּלֵּה = utterly 2 K 13:17, 19, to extremity Ezr 9:14 (of י׳’s anger), עַד־לְכַלֵּה (late) = completely 2 Ch 24:10 (until all had given), 31:1 (until all were destroyed). †e. accomplish, fulfil, bring to pass, a thing Ru 3:18; c. acc. of י׳’s wrath (חֲמָתוֹ) La 4:11; so (חֲמָתִי, אַפִּי) + ב pers. Ez 5:13; 6:12; 7:8; 13:15; 20:8, 21. †f. accomplish in thought, determine (cf. Qal 1 d) sq. רָעָה Pr 16:30 (‖ חשׁב). †2. a. put an end to, cause to cease Nu 17:25 (+ מֵעָלַי); וַיְכַל־בַּהֶבֶל יְמֵיהֶם ψ 78:33 and he consumed (caused to vanish) in vanity their days. b. cause to fail, exhaust, use up, spend, חִצַּי אֲכַלֶּה־בָּם Dt 32:23 my arrows will I exhaust against them; exhaust one’s strength כֹּחַ Is 49:4 (‖ יָגַע); the eyes (by weeping; cf. Qal 2 b) 1 S 2:33; Jb 31:16; of a disease, consume the eyes Lv 26:16 (H). c. destroy, sometimes exterminate: (1) men subj., c. acc. pers. 2 S 21:5; 22:39 (‖ מחץ), Dt 7:22 2 Ch 8:8; Je 10:25 (‖ אכל), La 2:22 ψ 119:87; especially in phr. עַד כַּלּוֹתָם 1 S 15:18 (on text. v. Dr), 2 S 22:38 (‖ השׁמיד) = ψ 18:38, 1 K 22:11 = 2 Ch 18:10; (2) God subj., c. acc. pers. Jos 24:20 (E), Is 10:18 (Assyrian host, under fig. of forest); Je 5:3; Ex 32:10; 33:3, 5 (JE), Nu 16:21; 17:10; 25:11 (all P), Lv 26:44 (H), Ez 20:13; 22:31; 43:8 Jb 9:22; עַד כַּלֹּתוֹ אֹתְךָ Dt 28:21, עַד כַּלּוֹתִי אוֹתָם Je 9:15; 49:37; abs. ψ 59:14(×2); so also (si vera l.) 74:11 (see VB; Bi Che בְּקֶרֶב חֵקְךָ תִּכְלָא and thy right hand (why) keepest thou in thy bosom); acc. + ב instr. Je 14:12 (by sword, famine, and pestilence); sometimes the instrument of י׳’s judgment becomes grammat. subj.; subj. הַחֶרֶב Ho 11:6 (obj. בַּדָּיו, of city; ‖ אכל), subj. עֵגֶל Is 27:10 (obj. סְעִפֶֿיהָ; ‖ רָעָה), subj. flying roll Zc 5:4 (obj. house). †Pu. Pf. 3 pl. כָּלּוּ ψ 72:20 be finished, ended; Impf. 3 mpl. וַיְכֻלּוּ Gn 2:1 be completed (P).

† בְּלִי subst. wearing out (بِلًى, ܒܠܳܝ wearing out of a garment), hence 1. fig. destruction Is 38:17 שַׁחַת בְּלִי pit of destruction (of She’ôl). 2. defect, failure, hence adv. of negation (cf. אֶפֶס), chiefly poet. for לֹא, אֵין— a. with finite vb. rare and only once in prose, Gn 31:20 (E) עַל־בְּלִי הִגִּיד לוֹ because he told him not, Is 14:6; 32:10 Ho 8:7; 9:16 (Kt) Jb 41:18. b. used to negative an adj. or ptcp. 2 S 1:21 בְּלִי מָשִׁיחַ not anointed, ψ 19:4 Ho 7:8: more freq., especially in Job, joined with a subst. in sense of without, Jb 8:11 will the reed-grass grow בְּלִי־מָ֑יִם without water? 24:10 they go about naked בְּלִי לְבוּשׁ without clothing, 31:39; 33:9; 34:6; 38:2 words בְּלִי־דַעַת without knowledge, 39:16; 42:3 ψ 59:5 בְּלִי־עָוֹן יְרוּצוּן without (my) iniquity they run (against me), cf. v 4 לֹא, 63:2 a dry land בְּלִי מָ֑יִם without water, Is 28:8; Jb 30:8 בְּנֵי בְלִי־שֵׁם children of (men of) no name. With preps. a. †בִּבְלִי, in בִּבְלִי דַעַת Dt 4:42; 19:4 Jos 20:3, 5 D (= unawares: all in D’s law of homicide); without knowledge Jb 35:16; 36:12. b. †לִבְלִי in a state of (v. sub לְ) no …, i.e. without, Is 5:14 לִבְלִי־חֹק regardless of, without measure, Jb 38:41; 41:25 that is made לִבְלִי־חָֽת (to be) in a state of no fear, i.e. to be fearless. c. †מִבְּלִי (α) from want of, followed by a subst. or infin., מִן expressing causation, Dt 9:28 מִבְּלִי יְכֹלֶת י׳ on account of Jehovah’s not being able … (in Nu 14:16 מִבִּלְתִּי), 28:25 (Ew238 d; but also RSJPh. xvi.72), Is 5:13 unawares (= suddenly); Ho 4:6 Ez 34:5 La 1:4 מִבְּלִי בָּאֵי מוֹעֵד for lack of comers to the stated feast. Followed by a pleon. אֵין in the phrase הֲמִבְּלִי אֵין … is it on account of there being no …? (lit. is it from the deficiency of no …? cf. ܡܶܢ ܒܠܰܝ ܕܠܰܝܬ in Syriac; PS528), Ex 14:11 2 K 1:3, 6, 16. (β) so that there is no … (lit. away from there being no …, מִן expressing negation, and בְּלִי being pleon., as in מֵאֵין, v. sub אַיִן 6 d β); Je 2:15 its cities are burnt מִבְּלִי יוֹשֵׁב so that there is no inhabitant, 9:9–11 Ez 14:15 Zp 3:6. Once as a conj. מִבְּלִי אֲשֶׁר, with pleon. לֹא, so that not … Ec 3:11. In Job מִבְּלִי is used more freely = without, the connexion with a preceding verb being no longer distinctly felt: 4:20 without any heeding, they perish for ever, 6:6; 24:7, 8; prob. also 4:11; 31:19 (though here the sense) (α) would be admissible). (γ) in Jb 18:15 תִּשְׁכּוֹן בְּאָהֳלוֹ מִבְּלִי־לוֹ, מִן is prob. partitive (so Hi): there shall dwell in his tent what is naught of his: Ew§ 323 a De less probably even naught, cf. sub אַ֫יִן⁴" dir="rtl" >אַיִן 6 d γ; Ges ‘t error (supplied from v 14) shall dwell in his tent so that it is no more his.’ d. †עַד־בְּלִי till there be no … ψ 72:7 Mal 3:10.

† שָׁוְא n.[m.] emptiness, vanity;—שׁ׳ abs. Ex 23:1 + 51 times, שָׁו Jb 15:31 (Kt);— 1. emptiness, nothingness, vanity: שׁ׳ תְּשׁוּעַת אָדָם ψ 60:13 vain (is) man’s deliverance, = 108:13; שׁ׳ לָכֶם 127:2 it is vain (useless) for you; 89:48 for (עַל) what nothingness hast thou created man? cf. שׁ׳ יַרְחֵי Jb 7:3; הַבְלֵי שׁ׳ ψ 31:7 (idols) = Jon 2:9, cf. Je 18:15; מִנְחַת שׁ׳ Is 1:13 of ineffective offering to י׳; נשׂא לַשּׁ׳ (לֹא) Ex 20:7(×2) take up name of God in vain (to no good purpose) = Dt 5:11(×2), cf. ψ 24:4; 139:20 [MT lifted up in vain are thy foes; היה שׁ׳ Ho 12:12 become nothing (We עשׂה שׁ׳, and so 3); ראה שׁ׳ ψ 119:37; adv. לַשּׁ׳ in vain Je 2:30; 4:30; 6:29; 46:11; שׁ׳ ψ 127:1(×2); Mal 3:14; Jb 35:13. 2. emptiness of speech, שׁ׳ וּדְבַר כָּזָב Pr 30:8; דבּר שׁ׳ ψ 12:3; 41:7; 144:8, 11; Is 59:4; Ez 13:8; אָלוֹת שׁ׳ Ho 10:4 + 12:2 𝔊 We al. (for שֹׁד); הָלַךְ עִם־שׁ׳ Jb 31:5 (‖ מִרְמָה); עֵד שׁ׳ Dt 5:17 = עֵד שָֽׁקֶר Ex 20:16); cf. שֵׁמַע שׁ׳ Ex 23:1 (E); of false (empty) prophecy חֲזוֹן שׁ׳ Ez 12:24, חָזוּ שׁ׳ La 2:14; v. also Ez 13:6, 7, 9, 23; 21:34; 22:28; Jb 35:13 (or empty complaint) La 2:14(×2); קסם שׁ׳ Ez 21:28; חֲלמוֹת הַשּׁ׳ Zc 10:2. 3. of conduct, worthlessness (Buhl sub 1, 2); מְתֵי שׁ׳ worthless men ψ 26:4; Jb 11:11; worthless motives (in fig.) חֵבְלֵי הַשּׁ׳ Is 5:18; נָפַת שׁ׳ 30:28 (i.e. sifting out the worthless; al. sieve of (bringing) disappointment); play on meanings in Jb 15:31(×2), cf. DrJob, Psalt. 464.

† I. שֶׁ֫בֶר, שֵׁ֫בֶר n.m. Je 4:5 breaking, fracture, crushing, breach, crash;—abs. שֶׁבֶר Is 51:19 +, שָׁ֑בֶר La 3:47; Pr 17;19, cstr. שֶׁבֶר Is 1:28 +, שֵׁבֶר Am 6:6 +; sf. שִׁבְרִי Je 10:19, etc.; pl. שְׁבָרִים Jos 7:5 Jb 41:17 (dub., v. infr.), sf. שְׁכָרֶיהָ ψ 60:4;— 1. breaking of pottery Is 30:14, fracture of member, limb Lv 21:19; 24:20 (H), especially fig. of people personif. שׁ׳ יוֹסֵף Am 6:6, cf. Is 30:26 (‖ מַחַץ מַכָּתוֹ), Je 8:21; 10:19; 14:17; 30:12 (‖ מַכָּה), v 15 (‖ מַכְאֹב), La 2:11; 3:48; 4:10, also (c. רפא, רפה heal) Je 6:14; 8:11 La 2:13 ψ 60:4, cf. Na 3:19; of sinners Is 1:28; shattering, crushing, of wall (in fig.) Is 30:13; שׁ׳ גָּדוֹל (‖ רָעָה) Je 4:6; 6:1, שׁ׳ עַל־שׁ׳ 4:20; שֹׁד וָשׁ׳ Is 59:7; 60:18; Je 48:3, cf. Is 51:19; הַשֵּׁאת וְהַשּׁ׳ La 3:47; זַעֲקַת שׁ׳ Is 15:5, cf. Je 48:5; of individ. Pr 16:18; 17:19; 18:12; fig., שׁ׳ רוּחַ of spirit Is 65:14, cf. Pr 15:4; so (רוּחַ om.) מִשְּׁבָרִים Jb 41:17 from terror, Di De, cf. Bi, but dub.; Buhl Bu conj. מִשְׁבְּרֵי יָם, Gie מִשִּׁנָּיו גִּבֹּרִים, Du מִשְׁמָרִים. 2. crashing, Zp 1:10 (‖ קוֹל צְעָקָה, יְלָלָה), Je 50:22 (‖ מִלְחָמָה), 51:54 (‖ קוֹל זְעָקָה). 3. breaking of a dream, i.e. its interpretation (solution of mystery) Ju 7:15 (cf. GFM). 4. הַשְּׁבָרִים Jos 7:5, perhaps (Di Benn Steuern) the quarries, as n.pr.loc., 𝔙 Sabarim (הִשָּֽׁבְרָם).—שִׁבְרִי Ez 32:9, read שִׁבְיְךָ 𝔊 Co Sta Berthol Krae (not Toy).

† חָרְבָּה n.f. waste, desolation, ruin;—abs. ח׳ Lv 26:31 + 15 times + Ez 38:8 (del. 𝔖 Co) + Ez 38:12 חרבה 𝔊 Co for חרבות; pl. חֳרָבוֹת ψ 9:7 + 11 times (Ez 38:12, cf. supr.); cstr. חָרְבוֹת Is 5:17 + 7 times; sf. חָרְבֹתַיִךְ Is 49:19; חָרְבֹתָיו Ezr 9:9; חָרְבֹתֶיהָ Is 51:3; חָרְבוֹתֶיהָ Is 44:26; חָרְבוֹתֵיהֶם ψ 109:10 + 2 Ch 34:6 (cf. חֶרֶב and infr.); (chiefly mid. and late Heb. Is 2 8 times; Je 10 times Ez 14 times—incl. 38:8, q. del. Co);— 1. waste, ruin, of cities of Israel Lv 26:31, 33 (H); Judah Is 44:26; 49:19 (‖ שֹׁמְמֹת), 58:12 (בנה), Je 25:18; 27:17; 44:2, 6 Ez 5:14; ruins of Jerusalem Is 52:9 Dn 9:2; also Ez 35:4; cf. Mal 1:4 (c. בנה), Ez 36:10 (c. בנה) v 33 (id.); Egypt Ez 29:9, 10 (in both ‖ שְׁמָמָה; חרבות חֹרֶב in v 10); ruin of temple Ezr 9:9; = ruined dwellings ψ 109:10; cf. 2 Ch 34:6, where read perhaps בְּחָרְבֹתֵיהֶם for בּחר בתיהם (v. חֶרֶב sub III. חרב); Je 22:5; in gen. ruins (si vera l., v. Di; obj. of בנה) Jb 3:14; כוס ח׳ ψ 102:7 an owl of a ruin. 2. of land: waste place amid ruins Is 5:17, cf. 51:3 (‖ מִדְבָּר, עֲרָבָה); land a desolation Je 7:34; 44:22 Ez 25:13 (Edom) Je 25:11 Is 64:10 and Ez 33:24, 27 (of Judah), cf. Ez 13:4, כְּשֻׁעָלִים בח׳ sim. of the prophets; הח׳ הַשֹּׁמֵמוֹת Ez 36:4 (of Israel); of desolation of enemies of Isr. ψ 9:7 (ח׳ לָנֶ֫צַח); ח׳ עולם = old ruins Is 61:4 (c. בנה); elsewhere perpetual ruin, desolation Je 25:9; 49:13 (cities of Bosra); ה׳ מעולם Ez 26:20 (sim. of Tyre) pl. חֲרָבוֹת deserts (?) Is 48:21.

† I. שֹׁד, שׁוֹד (v. infr.) n.m. violence, havoc, devastation, ruin;—שׁ׳ abs. Ho 7:13 +; cstr. Is 22:4 +;— 1. violence, havoc, as social sin: חָמָס וָשֹׁד Am 3:10; Je 6:7; 20:8; Ez 45:9, שׁ׳ וְח׳ Hb 1:3, כָּזָב וָשׁ׳ Ho 12:2 (l. וָשָׁוְא, 𝔊 We Marti al.), שׁ׳ יָשֶׁבֶר Is 59:7; 60:18; Pr 24:2 (‖ עָמָל; שׁ׳ רְשָׁעִים Pr 21:7; c. genit. obj. שׁ׳ עֲנִיִּים ψ 12:6. 2. devastation, ruin, for nation Ho 7:13, כְּשֹׁד מִשַּׁדַּי יָבוֹא Is 13:6 (sim. of יוֹם י׳) = Jo 1:15; Is 16:4; (Lo Gr CheHpt Marti שֹׁדֵד; ‖ רֹמֵס), 22:4, שׁ׳ וְשֶׁבֶר 51:19; Je 48:3; more gen. Am 5:9(×2); for individ. Jb 5:21 (van d. H. שׁוֹד), v 22; for beasts Hb 2:17 (+ חֲמַס לְבָנוֹן).—Ho 10:14 v. שָׁדַד" dir="rtl" >שׁדד Inf.—מִשֹּׁר (הָֽלְכוּ) Ho 9:6 read אַשּׁוּר We Now Marti.—ii. שֹׁד, v. שׁדה" dir="rtl" >שׁדה.

† שַׁ֫חַת n.f. pit;—abs. שׁ׳ ψ 7:16 +; שָׁ֑חַת 16:10 +; cstr. שַׁ֫חַת Is 38:17 ψ 35:7; sf. שַׁחְתָּם Ez 19:4, 8 (+ שַׁחְתֹּה ψ 35:8b We);— 1. pit, for catching lion (in fig.) Ez 19:4, 8; fig. פעל שׁ׳ ψ 7:16; c. עשׂה 9:16; c. חפר 35:7 (transp. שׁ׳ to v b); c. כרה 94:13 Pr 26:27; + ψ 35:8b 𝔖 We (for שׁוֹאָה); טָבַל בּשׁ׳ Jb 9:31. 2. pit of She’ôl, ירד שׁ׳ Jb 33:24; ראה (ה)שׁ׳ ψ 16:10 (‖ שְׁאוֹל), 49:10; לשׁ׳, c. הוֹרִיד Ez 28:8, and ψ 55:24 (לִבְאֵר שׁ׳); קָרֵב Jb 33:22; יָמוּת Is 51:14; עָבַר בַּשּׁ׳ Jb 33:28; יָרַד אֶל־שׁ׳ ψ 30:10; מִשּׁ׳, c. חשׁק Is 38:17 (poem), c. חְשׂךְ Jb 33:18 (מִנִּי־); c. העלה Jon 2:7; c. הֵשִׁיב Jb 33:30 (מִנִּי־); c. גאל ψ 103:4; personif. Jb 17:14 (‖ רִמָּה).—שׁ׳ here either = שְׁאוֹל (hollow place, cavern), or שְׁאוֹל (cf., from Ezek. on, בּוֹר 5; also אֲבַדּוֹן, p. 2, and עִמְקֵי שְׁאוֹל Pr 9:18. This distinction of two parts of שְׁאוֹל became important in Jewish and Christian theology).

† כָּלָה n.f. completion, complete destruction, consumption, annihilation; always this form;— 1. completion, but only as adv., and dubious: completely, altogether Gn 18:21 (J; read כֻּלָּם Ol Kau Buhl), Ex 11:1 (si vera l.) 2. complete destruction, consumption, annihilation: a. almost always by God, especially עָשָׂה כ׳ Is 10:23 (+ וְנֶחֱרָצָה), Na 1:8 (2 acc., si vera l.; Buhl ZAW 1885, 181 proposes בְּקָמָיו for מְקוֹמָהּ v. Id.HWB 12 KauAT, Text Krit. Erläut. p. 65; v. also מָקוֹם sub קום), v 9 Je 4:27 Ne 9:31 (2 acc.); + אֵת pers. = with, pergn. sense, = in dealing with (cf. II. אֵת 1 d), Zp 1:18 (כ׳ אַךְ נִבְהָלָה), Je 5:18; 30:11 = 46:28 (אֹתְךָ = אִתְּךָ), Ez 11:13; 20:17 (אוֹתָם = אִתָּם); + בְּכָל־גּוֹיִם Je 30:11; 46:28; without עשׂה: כ׳ וְנֶחֱרָצָה שָׁמַעְתִּי Is 28:22, עַד־כ׳ וְנ׳ Dn 9:27 (on both cf. Is 10:23; Zp 1:18); לְכָלָה for annihilation Ez 13:13 (si vera l., v. Co), וְלֹא לְהַשְׁחִית לְכ׳ 2 Ch 12:12. b. by men, וְכ׳ אַל־תַּעֲשׂוּ Je 5:10; וְכ׳ בְיָדוֹ Dn 11:16 and (i.e. with) annihilation in his hand.

ἀπώλεια, ἡ, destruction, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II loss, Refs; opposed to τήρησις, Refs 2nd c.BC+; τῶν χρόνων ἀ.Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.2 perdition, NT __II.3 thing lost, LXX

† שָׁאוֹן n.m. Ho 10:14 roar (of waters, etc.), din, crash, uproar;—abs. שׁ׳ Ho 10:14 +; cstr. שְׁאוֹן Is 13:4 +; sf. שְׁאוֹנָהּ 5:14;— 1. roar of water (waves), Is 17:12 (‖ הָמָה), sim. of noise of invading host, so v 13, but del. Du CheHpt. Marti, as doublet; roar of this host v 12 (‖ הָמוֹן), cf. שְׁאוֹן קוֹלָם Je 51:55; of waves also ψ 65:8(×2); of din or crash of battle Am 2:2 Ho 10:14 ψ 74:23; בְּנֵי שׁ׳ Je 48:45 (i.e. warriors); of battle in which י׳ beats down his foes Je 25:31, cf. Is 66:6; of gathering hosts Is 13:4; שׁ׳ זָרִים 25:5 (Du Marti, plausibly, גְּאוֹן זֵדֵים, as 13:11); read שׁ׳ also prob. (for שַׁאֲנָן, q.v.) 2 K 19:28 = Is 37:29; in mocking appell. of Pharaoh (Necho), Je 46:17 פ׳ (𝔊 𝔖 𝔙) קִרְאוּ שֵׁם call ye the name of Ph. a Crash. 2. uproar of revellers Is 5:14; 24:8.—בּוֹר שׁ׳ ψ 40:3, pit of roaring (of waters? fig., cf. מַעֲמַקֵּי־מַיִם 69:3, where also ‖ יָוֵן); Thes al. of destruction (v. √ 2), but against usage of שָׁאוֹן; > Du proposes בּוֹר שָׁוְא (cf. נָפַת שָׁוְא Is 30:28).

† הַוָּה n.f. 1.desire; 2. chasm, fig. destruction (cf. هَوًى desire, هَوَاءٌ atmosphere, emptiness, هَاوِيَةٌ a deep pit, hell (cf. sub הָוָה); Aramaic ܗܰܘܬܴܐ gulf, chasm (Lu 16:26 𝔖)) cstr. הַוַּת Mi 7:3 +, sf. הַוָּתִי Jb 6:2 +, pl. הַוּוֹת ψ 5:10 +;— 1. desire (in bad sense) Mi 7:3 דֹּבֵר הַוַּת נַפְשׁוֹ speaketh the desire of his soul, Pr 10:3 הַוַּת רְשָׁעִים, 11:6 ה׳ בֹּגְדִים, ψ 52:9 יָעֹז בְּהַוָּתוֹ became strong through his (evil) desire (but read rather with 𝔖 𝔗 Lag Gr Bi Che Now בְּהוֹנוֹ: ‖ בְּעָשְׁרוֹ). 2. engulfing ruin, destruction Jb 6:2 Qr 30:13 (cf. Baer’s note) הַוָּתִי of Job’s great calamity; pl. (intens.) הַוּוֹת, especially as wrought, or meditated, by one against another, ψ 5:10 קִרְבָּם הַוּוֹת their inward part is windy chasm (‖ קבר), 38:13 דִּבְּרוּ הַוּוֹת, 52:4 ה׳ תַּחְשֹׁב לְשׁוֹנְךָ (cf. Pr 17:4 לְשׁוֹן הַוּוֹת), 55:12 ה׳ בְּקִרְבָּהּ, 57:2 עַד יַעֲבֹר ה׳ till the storm of ruin (Che) pass by, 91:3 דֶּבֶר ה׳ destructive pestilence, 94:20 כִּסֵּא ה׳ the seat (tribunal) of destruction (i.e. which ruins the innocent by injustice), Pr 19:13 a foolish son is הַוּוֹת לְאָבָיו, Jb 6:30 (cf. v 2 supr.)

† שׁוֹאָה, שֹׁאָה n.f. devastation, ruin, waste;—abs. שׁו׳ Is 10:3 +, שֹׁאָה 47:11; Zp 1:15; Jb 30:14 (+ 38:27 van d. H. Gi, but v. Baer’s n.); cstr. שֹׁאַת Pr 3:25;— 1. devastation, ruin, as coming on pers., Is 10:3; 47:11 (Babylon personif.), ψ 35:8a; 63:10; שֹׁאַת רְשָׁעִים Pr 3:25 (obj. genit.; ‖ פַּחַד); (יוֹם) שׁ׳ וּמְשׁוֹאָה Zp 1:15; prob. = devastating storm, in sim. Ez 38:9 (‖ עָנָן), Pr 1:27 (Qr; Kt שׁאוה; ‖ סוּפָה).—ψ 35:8b read prob. שַׁחְתֹּה his pit, 𝔖 We (cf. v 7). 2. concretely, ruin, waste, of the desert, Jb 30:3 (reading אֶרֶץ for אֶמֶשׁ Ol; otherwise sub 1), שׁ׳ וּמְשׁוֹאָה 38:27 (‖ מִדְבָּר v 26); = ruins Jb 30:14.

† מְחִתָּה n.f. terror, destruction, ruin, poet. (especially Pr)—abs. מ׳ Pr 10:14 + 8 times; cstr. מְחִתַּת Pr 10:15; 14:28;— 1. a. terror, Is 54:14 (‖ עֹשֶׁק), Je 17:17; = obj. of terror, 48:39 (‖ שְׂחֹק). b. dismay, Pr 21:15 (opp. שִׂמְחָה). 2. ruin, of strongholds ψ 89:41; בְּאֶפֶם לְאֹם מ׳ רָזוֹן Pr 14:28 without people is ruin to a prince (opp. הַדְרַת־מֶלֶךְ); מ׳ דַּלִּים רֵישָׁם 10:15 the ruin of the poor (is) their poverty; as consequence of evil-doing מ׳ לְפֹעֲלֵי אָוֶן Pr 10:29 (opp. מָעוֹז); of fools פִּי כְסִיל מ׳־לוֹ 18:7, cf. 13:3 (opp. שֹׁמֵר נַפְשׁוֹ); פִּי אֱוִיל מ׳ קְרֹבָה 10:14 the mouth of a fool is imminent ruin.

† מַשְׁחִית n.[m.] ruin, destruction;—מ׳ abs. Je 5:26 + 10 times;—physical destruction Ez 5:16; 9:6; 21:36; 25:15; Ex 12:13 (P), 2 Ch 20:23; 22:4; בַּעַל מ׳ Pr 18:9 = destroyers; Dn 10:8 (disfigurement); הַר־מ׳ Je 51:25 (fig. of Bab. as destroyer), in 2 K 23:13 = mt. of corruption (where bamoth were, S. end of Mt. of Olives, poss. adapted from הַר־מִשְׁחָה so HoffmZAW ii (1882), 175 Benz Kit Bur; 𝔙 mons offensionis).—v. [שָׁחַת] Hiph. 1. Pt.

φθορ-ά, Ionic dialect φθορή, ἡ, (φθείρω) destruction, ruin, Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.; of persons, death, especially by some general visitation, as pestilence, Refs 5th c.BC+ __b of animals, loss by death, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 Philos., passing out of existence, ceasing to be, γενομένῳ παντὶ φ. ἐστι Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ φ. μεταβολή τίς ἐστι τῶν φθειρομένων εἰς τοὐναντίον ἑκάστῳ Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 deterioration, εἰς καρπογονίαν in respect of.. Refs 4th c.BC+ __3.b loss by deterioration, ἐκφορίου.. ἀνυπολόγου πάο ης φθορᾶς Refs 2nd c.BC+; damage, ἐκτεῖσαι τὴν γεγονυῖαν ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν τοῦ χόρτου.. φ. Refs 1st c.BC+ __4 seduction, ἐλευθέρων Legal cited in Refs 4th c.BC+; παρθένων, γυναικῶν, Refs 1st c.BC+; rape, Refs 1st c.BC+ __5 abortion or miscarriage, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __6 gradation of colours in painting, Refs 1st c.AD+ __7 ={φθόη}, Refs 5th c.BC+ __8 storm-tossings or shipwrecks, τί τοι λέγοιμ᾽ ἂν τὰς ἐν Αἰγαίῳ φθορά; Refs 5th c.BC+

† כָּאַב vb. be in pain (Aramaic כְּאֵב, ܟܶܐܒ id.; Arabic كَىِٔبَ be sorrowful, sad; Assyrian in deriv., ikkibu, pain ZimBP 67, kêbtu, ruin Hpt in KAT2 Gloss. i.)— Qal Impf. יִכְאָב־ Pr 14:13; יִכְאָ֑ב Jb 14:22; Pt. כּוֹאֵב ψ 69:30; כֹּאֲבִים Gn 34:25;— 1. be in pain, physical Gn 34:25 (J, as result of circumcision); Jb 14;22 (subj. בָּשָׂר; poet. of body in grave ‖ נַפְשׁוֹ תֶּאֱבָ֑ל). 2. of mental pain Pr 14:13 (subj. לֵב); prob. also ψ 69:30 (‖ עָנִי). Hiph. Pf. 1 s. sf. הִכְאַבְתִּיו Ez 13:22; 2 fpl. הִכְאַבְתֶּן v 22 𝔊 𝔗 Co (MT הַכְאוֹת v. כָּאָה); Impf. יַכְאִיב Jb 5:18; תַּכְאִ֫בוּ 2 K 3:19; Pt. מַכְאִב Ez 28:24;—pain, mar; 1. of enemies of Isr. under fig. of thorn causing pain (no object expr.) קוֹץ מַכ׳ Ez 28:24 (‖ סִלּוֹן מַמְאִיר); of שַׁדַּי, no obj. expr., Jb 5:18 (opp. חָבַשׁ, ‖ מָחַץ). 2. of mental pain, obj. לֵב, Ez 13:22 (subj. false prophetesses, v. supr.); cf. v 22 (subj. י׳). 3. (si vera l.) of marring good land with stones 2 K 3:19, 𝔊 ἀχρειώσετε (Klo תְּאַבְּדוּ).

† אֲבַדּוֹן n.f.? Pr 27:20 abstr. nearly = n.pr. (place of) Destruction, Ruin, ʾAbaddôn (cf. ܐܰܒܕܳܢܳܐ 𝔊 Jb 28:22 etc.)—אֲבַדּוֹן Jb 26:6 (+ 4 times); abbrev. אבדה Kt אֲבַדּוֹ(ן) Qr †Pr 27:20.—Place of ruin in Sheʾôl for lost or ruined dead, as development of earlier distinction of condition in Sheʾôl (v. שְׁאוֹל). Only in WisdLt; Jb 31:12; ‖ שׁאול Jb 26:6 Pr 15:11; 27:20; ‖ מות Jb 28:22; ‖ קבר ψ 88:12.

διαφθορ-ά, Ionic dialect διαφθορή, ἡ, (διαφθείρω) destruction, ruin, ἐπὶ -φθορᾷ τῆς πόλεως Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 destruction, blight, of things, ὀμμάτων διαφθοραί Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 in moral sense, corruption, seduction, νέων Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 miscarriage, abortion, Refs 5th c.BC+, Melanges Holleaux Refs 2nd c.BC+ __5 stomachic disorder, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II concrete, ἰχθύσιν δ. a prey for fishes, of a corpse, Refs 5th c.BC+

ὄλεθρ-ος, ὁ, ruin, destruction, death, αἰπὺς ὄ. Refs 8th c.BC+; ὀλέθρου πείρατα, like{τέλος θανάτοιο}, the consummation of death, Refs; ὄ., opposed to γένεσις, Refs 4th c.BC+; οὐκ εἰς ὄλεθρο; as an imprecation, plague take thee! Refs 5th c.BC+; χρημάτων ὀλέθρῳ by destruction of property. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II that which causes destruction, pest, plague, Refs 8th c.BC+; contemptuously of persons, γεγονὼς κακῶς καὶ ἐὼν ὄ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ὄ. Μακεδών, of Philip, Refs 4th c.BC+; ὄ. γραμματεύς a pestilent scribe, of Aeschines, Refs; τὸν βάσκανον, τὸν δ᾽ ὄ. the cheat, the pest! Refs 5th c.BC+ __III seduction, Ἑλένης Refs 5th c.BC+

† עִי n.[m.] ruin, heap of ruins;—ע׳ abs. Jb 30:24, cstr. Mi 1:6; pl. עִיִּין (Aramaic form) 3:12, but עִיִּים in the quotation Je 26:18, and ψ 79:1.

ἐρήμ-ωσις, εως, ἡ, making desolate, LXX+2nd c.AD+

καθαίρ-εσις, εως, ἡ, pulling down, demolition, NT+5th c.BC+; ἀναστήσωμεν τὴν κ. τοῦ λαοῦ ἡμῶν LXX the débris, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __2 generally, overthrow, subjugation, Refs 2nd c.AD+; killing, Refs 1st c.AD+ __3 reduction, diminution, opposed to πρόσθεσις, Refs 4th c.BC+: in Medicine texts, bringing down superfluous flesh, lowering, reducing, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 eclipse of sun or moon (with reference to the magical process of drawing down those bodies), Refs 3rd c.BC+

† III. [נָצָה] vb. fall in ruins;— Qal Impf. 3 fpl. עָרַיִךְ תִּצֶּינָה מֵאֵין יוֹשֵׁב Je 4:7 thy cities shall fall in ruins (read prob. תִּנָּצֶינָה Niph.). Niph. Pt. pl. גַּלִּים נִצִּים ruined heaps, i.e. ruin-heaps, 2 K 19:25 = Is 37:26.—On Je 2:15; 9:9, 11; 46:19 v. יָצַת" dir="rtl" >יצת.

† I. עַוָּה n.f. distortion, ruin;—עַוָּה עַוָּה עַוָּה אֲשִׂימֶנָּה Ez 21:32 (cf. √ Pi. Is 24:1).

† קֶ֫טֶב [קֹ֫טֶב] n.m. Dt 32:24 destruction;—of pestilence, abs. ק׳ Dt 32:24 (‖ רֶשֶׁף), ψ 91:6 (‖ דֶּבֶר), so sf. (of She’ôl) קָֽטָבְךָ (Ges§ 93 q) Ho 13:14 (‖ of מָוֶת, דְּבָרֶיךָ); more gen., שַׂעַר קָ֑טֶב Is 28:2.

† [שְׁחַת] vb. corrupt (𝔗J (once), Syriac ܫܰܚܶܛ; BH[שָׁחַת]);— Pe. Pt. pass. fs. שְׁחִיתָה Dn 2:9 corrupt word; as n. = fault 6:5(×2) (cf. 𝔗 ψ 17:3 Ru 4:22).

καταστροφ-ή, ἡ, overturning, Refs 5th c.BC+ (Lyric poetry, plural). __2 subjugation, reduction, Refs 5th c.BC+: plural, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 return of vibrating string to axial position, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II end, close, conclusion, Refs 5th c.BC+; κ. βίου, i.e. death, Refs 5th c.BC+ the event of their life's end, Refs 2nd c.BC+; τὴν κ. τῆς βίβλου ποιεῖσθαι εἰς.. Refs; in the drama, dénouement, ending, Refs 4th c.BC+. __III ruin, undoing, κ. γῆς (of a person) Refs 4th c.BC+ __IV crane, Refs 6th c.AD+

† אֹבֵד n.[m.] destruction, עֲדֵי א׳ Nu 24:20, 24 (JE; on form with abstract sense v. BaNB 149).

הַיָּה n.f. destruction, sf. הַיָּתִי Jb 6:2 Kt, i.q. הַוָּתִי (Qr), and prob. an error for it: v. הַוָּה 2.

† מַפֵּלָה n.f. id.;—abs. מ׳ of city Is 23:13; 25:2.

† מַשּׁוּאוֹת n.f.pl. deceptions ψ 73:18; 74:3, but meaning not suitable; read prob. מְשׁוֹאוֹת, v. מְשׁוֹאָה sub שׁוא (so Klo Now Hup Bae).

† שִׁבָּרוֹן n.[m.] breaking, crushing;—fig.; cstr. שִׁבְרוֹן מָתְנַיִם Ez 21:11 (emotional distress; ‖ מְרִירוּת), read שִׁבָּ׳ also (for MT שִׁכָּרוֹן) 23:33 Co Berthol Krae; crushing of opponents Je 17:18.

Ἀβαδδών (Heb. אֲבַדּוֹן, destruction; LXX, ἀπώλεια, only in Wisdom Lit., of the place of the ruined dead: Job.26:6, 28:22, 31:12, Psa.88:12, Pro.15:11*), indecl.; in NT, Abaddon, the angel of the Abyss: Rev.9:11.† (From Abbott-Smith. LSJ has no entry)

Ἀπολλύων, -οντος, ὁ (present ptcp. of ἀπολλύω), Apollyon, i.e. the Destroyer: Rev.9:11 (cf. Ἀβάδδων). (Cremer, 453; DB, i, 125, 172.) † (From Abbott-Smith. LSJ has no entry)

ἀφᾰν-ισμός, ὁ, extermination, destruction, LXX+2nd c.BC+ __II =Refs 4th c.BC+; occultation, Refs H.; Περὶ ἀ. ἡλιακῶν, title of work by Eudoxus, on occultations of stars by the sun, NT+1st c.BC+

ἐδᾰφ-ίζω, beat level and firm like a floor or pavement, Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II provide with a floor, οἶκον Refs 3rd c.BC+ __III dash to the ground, LXX+NT

καταφθείρω, future - φθερῶ Refs 1st c.AD+:—destroy, bring to naught, στρατόν, πόλιν, ἔθνη, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐπεὶ δέ χ᾽ εἵκω οἴκαδις καταφθερείς in sorry plight, Refs 5th c.BC+; δένδρα -εφθαρμένα Refs 3rd c.BC+ __2 corrupt, τινα Plu.[same place]

κατῑόομαι, passive, become rusty, tarnished, LXX+1st c.BC+

Included with: ὀλοθρ-εύω, destroy, variant for{ὀλεθρεύω} in LXX+1st c.AD+; compare ἐξολοθρεύω:—hence ὀλοθρ-ευτής, οῦ, ὁ, destroyer, NT:—feminine ὀλοθρ-εύτρια, gloss on{λοιγίστρια}, Refs 5th c.AD+

ὀλοθρ-εύω, destroy, variant for{ὀλεθρεύω} in LXX+1st c.AD+; compare ἐξολοθρεύω:—hence ὀλοθρ-ευτής, οῦ, ὁ, destroyer, NT:—feminine ὀλοθρ-εύτρια, gloss on{λοιγίστρια}, Refs 5th c.AD+

ῥῆγ-μα, ατος, τό, (ῥήγνυμι) breakage, fracture, joined with σπάσμα, Refs 5th c.BC+; with στρέμμα (a strain), Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 laceration, rupture, Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 rent, tear, in clothes, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 cleft, chasm, ῥ. τῆς γῆς Refs 4th c.BC+; chink, ἐν τοίχοις Refs 2nd c.BC+; breach in a dyke, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II lesion or rupture of tissue, ὅταν ὑπὸ βίης διαστέωσιν αἱ σάρκες ἀπ᾽ ἀλλήλων Refs 5th c.BC+:hence ῥηγμᾰτίας, ου, ὁ, one who has such a rupture, Refs 1st c.AD+; but ῥηγματίας πλεύμονος perhaps = pleurisy, Refs 5th c.BC+; ῥηγμᾰτώδης, ες, Refs

σύν-τριμμα, ατος, τό, fracture, LXX+4th c.BC+; abrasion, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II affliction, ruin, LXX __III collection, ἁμαρτωλῶν ἀνθρώπων (variant{σύστρεμμα}, which see)LXX

† אַבְדָ֑ן & אָבְדַן (cstr.) n.[m.] destruction (Syriac ܐܰܒܕܳܢܳܐ ) Est 9:5 (מַכַּת־חֶרֶב וְהֶרֶג וְא׳), 8:6; (on form v. BeRy; Ol§ 215 b.1 BaNB 49, 487).

† אַבְדָ֑ן & אָבְדַן (cstr.) n.[m.] destruction (Syriac ܐܰܒܕܳܢܳܐ ) Est 9:5 (מַכַּת־חֶרֶב וְהֶרֶג וְא׳), 8:6; (on form v. BeRy; Ol§ 215 b.1 BaNB 49, 487).

† [בְּלָא] vb. Pa. wear away, out (BH בלה);—Impf. 3 ms. יְבַלֵּא Dn 7:25, fig. for harass continually (acc. pers.).

† עִי n.[m.] ruin, heap of ruins;—ע׳ abs. Jb 30:24, cstr. Mi 1:6; pl. עִיִּין (Aramaic form) 3:12, but עִיִּים in the quotation Je 26:18, and ψ 79:1.

† הֲפֵכָה n.f. overthrow (cf. especially Assyrian abiktu DlW), of the cities (of the plain) Gn 19:29; cf. [מַהְפֵּכָה" dir="rtl" >מַהְפֵּכָה] and הָפַךְ" dir="rtl" >הָפַךְ 1 b.

† [הֲרִיסָה] n.f. ruin (concr.);—וַהֲרִסֹתָיו אָקִים Am 9:11 and its ruins (i.e. of סֻכַּת דָּוִיד) will I raise up (‖ פִּרְצֵיהֶן).

† [הֲרִיסוּת] n.f. overthrow, destruction, ruin;—אֶרֶץ הֲרִסֻתֵךְ Is 49:19 the land of thine over-throw, i.e. thy ruined land (‖ חָרְבֹתַיִךְ וְשֹׁמֲמֹתַיִךְ).

† הֶ֫רֶס n.[m.] overthrow, destruction, only Is 19:18 one shall be called עִיר הַהֶרֶס city of destruction, i.e. (as usually explained) with punning allusion to On-Heliopolis: it shall be called no longer עִיר הַחֶרֶס city of the sun, but עיר ההרס city of destruction, city whose temples, etc., of the sun have been destroyed; but perh. πόλις ασεδεκ = עִיר הַצֶּדֶק city of righteousness, so GeiUrschrift 79 Brd Di (change intentional? cf. id.); on other views v. id. & De Che.

† II. חֶ֫בֶל n.m. destruction—חֶבֶל נִמְרָץ Mi 2:10; cf. ii. חָבַל Pi.

† [כִּיד] n.[m.] only sf. כִּידוֹ Jb 21:20, meaning unknown; read prob. פִּידוֹ his misfortune (as 12:5 etc.)

† [מְגַר] vb. Pa. overthrow (𝔗, Syriac (Lexx.); v. BH (late, rare));—Impf. 3 ms. יְמַגַּר כָּל־מֶלֶךְ Ezr 6:12 (of God).

† מִדְחֶה n.m. means or occasion of stumbling, Pr 26:28 פֶּה־חָלָק יַעֲשֶׂה מ׳ (‖ לְשׁוֹן־שֶׁקֶר יִשְׂנָא דַכָּו).

† I. [מָלַח] vb. tear away, fig. dissipate (cf. Arabic مَلَخَ pull out eye, tooth, &c.; especially Dozy tear off branch to plant it, &c. so Ethiopic መልኀ evellere);— Niph. fig. be dispersed in fragments, dissipated, Pf. שָׁמַיִם כֶּעָשָׁן נִמְלָ֑חוּ Is 51:6.

† מַפָּלָה n.f. a ruin;—abs. מ׳ of city Is 17:1.

† [מִשְׁבָּת] n.[m.] cessation, annihilation;—pl. sf. עַל־מִשְׁבַּתֶּ֑הָ La 1:7 (𝔊 ἐπὶ κατοικεσίᾳ αὐτῆς = עַל־שִׁבְתָּהּ; Marti LCB 1895, Mar. 2, 282 עַל־שְׁבִיתָהּ her captivity).

† מַשְׁחֵת n.[m.]id.;—כְּלִי מַשְׁחֵתוֹ Ez 9:1.

† II. [סְתַר] vb. destroy (Syriac ܣܬܰܪ; v. BH שׂתר);— Pe. Pf. 3 ms. sf. סַתְרֵהּ Ezr 5:12. (acc. of temple).

† קֶ֫טֶב [קֹ֫טֶב] n.m. Dt 32:24 destruction;—of pestilence, abs. ק׳ Dt 32:24 (‖ רֶשֶׁף), ψ 91:6 (‖ דֶּבֶר), so sf. (of She’ôl) קָֽטָבְךָ (Ges§ 93 q) Ho 13:14 (‖ of מָוֶת, דְּבָרֶיךָ); more gen., שַׂעַר קָ֑טֶב Is 28:2.

† שְׁאִיָּה n.f. ruin;—Is 24:12 (late).

† שֵׁאת n.f. doubtful word; perhaps (for* שֶׁאֶת) din of battle (= שָׁאוֹן); Thes al. devastation, cf. שְׁאִיָּה; either meaning suits הַשּׁ׳ La 3:47 (‖ הַשָּׁ֑בֶר; but WeComp. Hex. 2, 351, from II. שׁוא, desolation); contr. (according to Thes and most) שֵׁת, in בְּנֵי שֵׁת Nu 24:17 (J) sons of (battle-)din (warriors, = בְּנֵי שָׁאוֹן in ‖ Je 48:45); Vrss take שֵׁת here as n.pr.; Gray proposes שֵׂת = שְׂאֵת, pride, or reading as Je, cf. WeComp. 351.

† [תַּבְלִית] n.f. destruction: c. sf. Is 10:25 וְאַפִּי עַל־תַּבְלִיתָם and mine anger for their destruction.