Crushing and Humbling

† [רָצַץ] vb. crush (NH = BH; Arabic رَضَّ bruise, bray, crush; Aramaic רְעַע, ܪܰܥ crush, shatter);— Qal Pf. 2 ms. sf. רַצּוֹתָנוּ 1 S 12:4; 1 s. רַצּוֹתִי v 3; Impf. 3 ms. יָרוּץ (Ges§ 67 q) Is 42:4 (Cod. Bab. יֵרוֹץ, Niph., so SS here and Ec 12:6 a), 3 fs. תָּרוּץ Ec 12: 6 a, 1 s. אָרֻץ ψ 18:30 = אָרוּץ 2 S 22:30 (v. רוּץ); Pt. act. fpl. רֹצְצוֹת Am 4:1; pass. רָצוּץ Is 42:3 +, cstr. רְצוּץ Ho 5:11; pl. רְצוּצִים Is 58:6;—crush: 1. lit., a. pt. pass. in (הַ)קָּנֶה (הַ)רָצוּץ 2 K 18:21; = Is 36:6, Is 42:3 (all metaph. of weak pers.). b. impf. intrans.get crushed (read תֵּרוֹץ?), of bowl Ec 12:6 a (in metaph.). 2. fig. crush, oppress, acc. pers. 1 S 12:3, 4; Am 4:1; pt. pass. Dt 28:33, as subst. the oppressed Is 58:6; רְצוּץ מִשְׁפָּט Ho 5:11 (We Now רֹצֵץ, i.e. suppressing judgment, but dub.); intrans. get crushed (read יֵרוֹץ?), of servant of י׳, under fig. of wick, Is 42:4 (+ יִכְהֶה) he shall not grow dim or be crushed out. Niph. be crushed, broken: Pf. 3 ms. consec. וְנָרֹץ (Ges§ 67 t) Ec 12:6 b (of wheel at cistern); Impf. 2 ms. תֵּרוֹץ Ez 29:7 (of Pharaoh as reed, cf. Qal 1 a); Jb 20:10 read perhaps יֵרֹצּוּ (for יְרַצּוּ, v. רצה Pi.), are crushed (as) poor men, Bu, cf. Hoffm SS Gerber.—Is 42:4 Ec 12:6 a v. Qal. Pi. crush in pieces: 1. lit. (in metaph.) Pf. 2 ms. רִצַּצְתָּ ψ 74:14 c. acc. rei 2. fig. = grievously oppress, 3 ms. רִצַּץ Jb 20:19; Impf. 3 ms. וַיְרַצֵּץ מִן הָעָם 2 Ch 16:10. Pōʿēl Impf. 3 mpl. וַיְרֹצְצוּ Ju 10:8, acc. pers. (= Pi. 2; ‖ רעץ; רצץ here perhaps doublet, so GFMHpt, cf. Bu Now). Hiph. Impf. 3 fs. וַתָּ֫רִץ (Köi. 352; BaZMG xliii (1889), 181 thinks Qal) Ju 9:53 she crushed his skull. Hithpōʿ. recipr., Impf. 3 mpl. וַיִּתְרֹצֲצוּ הַבָּנִים בְּקִרְבָּהּ (ץְ Gi) Gn 25:22 (J) the children crushed one another within her.

† [דָּכָא] vb. crush, poet. (Assyrian dakû, crush, Muss-ArnoltHbr Oct. 1890, 66) not in Qal ;— Niph. Pt. נִדְכָּאִים Is 57:15;—crushed, fig. = contrite ones. Pi. Pf. דִּכָּא ψ 143:3; 2 ms. דִּבִּאתָ ψ 89:11; Impf. וִידַכֵּא ψ 72:4; 2 ms. תְּדַכֵּא Pr 22:22 (juss.); יְדַכְּאוּ ψ 94:5, תְּדַכְּאוּ Is 3:15; sf. וִידַכְּאֵנִי Jb 6:9, יְדַכְּאוּם Jb 4:19; 2 mpl. וּתְדַכּאוּנַּנִי Jb 19:2 (so Baer, v. his ed. p. 44, cf. Norzi); Inf. לְדַכֵּא La 3:34; sf. דַּכְּאוֹ Is 53:10;—crush, (fig.) c. acc. one’s life to the earth ψ 143:3, Egypt ψ 89:11 (cf. De Che; י׳ subj.), servant of Yahweh Is 53:10 (י׳ subj.), Jb 6:9 וְיֹאֵל אֱלוֹהַּ וִיד׳; oppressor ψ 72:4, God’s people ψ 94:5 (‖ יְעַנּוּ), Is 3:15, cf. Pr 22:22 illegally in tribunal, La 3:34 ד׳ תחת רגליו (in all human oppressor subj.); crush me בְּמִלִּים Jb 19:2 (Job’s friends, subj.; ‖ תּוֹגְיוּן נַפְשִׁי); never lit., not even Jb 4:19 (יְדַכְּאוּם, with indef. subj.), for suff. ref. not to בָּֽתֵּי־חֹמֶר, but rather to שֹׁכְנֵי, i.e. men inhabiting the clay houses, bodies, cf. Di. Pu. Pf. דֻּכְּאוּ Je 44:10; Impf. יְדֻכָּא Jb 22:9; Pt. מְדֻכָּא Is 53:5, מְדֻכָּאִים Is 19:10;—crushed, broken in pieces, shattered Jb 22:9 c. obj. fem. זרועות; Is 19:10 subj. שָׁתוֹת (here metaphor. for nobles); fig. of servant of י׳ Is 53:5; made humble, contrite Je 44:10. Hithp. Impf. יִדַּכְּאוּ Jb 5:4, יִדַּכָּ֑אוּ Jb 34:25;—must let themselves be crushed, i.e. maltreated Jb 5:4 (in court בשׁער, cf. Pi. Pr 22:22); are crushed Jb 34:25 (the mighty, by God).

† [כָּבַשׁ] vb. subdue, bring into bondage (NH id., press, oppress; Aramaic כְּבַשׁ, ܟܒܰܫ tread down, beat or make a path, subdue; Arabic كَبَسَ press, squeeze, knead (body or limb, as in the bath, massage), also attack, assault)— Qal Pf. 3 pl. וְכָֽבְשׁוּ consec. Zc 9:15; Impf. יִכְבּוֹשׁ Mi 7:19; וַיִּכְבְּשׁוּם Je 34:11 Qr (Kt Hiph), etc.; Imv. pl. sf. כִּבְשֻׁהָ Gn 1:28; Inf. כְּבוֹשׁ 2 Ch 28:10 Est 7:8; Pt. כֹּבְשִׁים Ne 5:5;— 1. bring into bondage, sq. acc. + לַעֲבָדִים Je 34:11, 16 2 Ch 28:10 Ne 5:5. 2. (late) subdue, force, a woman Est 7:8 (= earlier עִנָּה). 3. subdue, dominate, the earth Gn 1:28 (P), Zc 9:15 (of conquest); tread down, sq. אַבְנֵי־קֶלַע; fig. subdue, sq. עֲוֹנֹתֵינוּ Mi 7:19. Niph. Pf. 3 fs. נִכְבְּשָׁה Jos 18:1 + 3 times; Pt. fpl. נִכְבָּשׁוֹת Ne 5:5;—pass. of Qal 1, subj. בְּנוֹתֵינוּ Ne 5:5; of Qal 3, subj. הָאָרֶץ (of conquest) Nu 32:22, 29 Jos 18:1 (all P), 1 Ch 22:18. Pi. Pf. כִּבֵּשׁ subdued 2 S 8:11, obj. גּוֹיִם. Hiph. Impf. bring into bondage sq. acc. + לַעֲבָדִים Je 34:11 Kt (Qr Qal).

† מָחַץ vb. smite through, wound severely, shatter (poet.) (Assyrian maḫâṣu, smite, wound, DlHWB 398; Arabic مَخَضَ churn; beat or agitate the milk, etc.; Sab. מחֿץֿ DHMZMG xxx. 1876, 684; xxxvii. 1883, 338; Burgen u. Schlösser (SB. xcvii. 1881), 965 (of stone-cutter’s work), HomChrestom. 127; Ethiopic መሐጸ: );— Qal Pf. 3 ms. מ׳ Jb 26:12 + 3 times וּמָֽחֲצָה Ju 5:26 etc.; Impf. יִמְחַץ Jb 5:18 ψ 68:22; 1 s. sf. אֶמְחָצֵם ψ 18:39; וָא׳ 2 S 22:39;—smite through, sq. רֹאשׁוֹ, of Jael, Ju 5:26 (‖ הָלַם, מָחַק, חָלַף); of Isr., shattering enemies, חִצָּיו יִמ׳ Nu 24:8 (obj. om.; ‖ עַצְמֹתֵיהֶם יְגָרֵם) cf. v 17 (obj. פַּֽאֲתֵי מוֹאָב); cf. ψ 18:39 = 2 S 22:39; of י׳, smiting through or shattering his foes, ψ 110:5, their heads v 6 68:22 Hb 3:13, loins Dt 33:11; cf. Jb 26:12 obj. רַהַב, q.v.; abs., Dt 32:39 (opp. רָפָא; ‖ cl. אָמִית וַאֲחַיֶּה) cf. Jb 5:18 (opp. רָפָא, ‖ cl. יַכְאִיב וְיֶחְבָּ֑שׁ). For תִּמְחַץ (רגלך בְּדָם) ψ 68:24, read תִּרְחַץ (58:11), Ol Br Che Bae We.

† [דָּקַק] vb. crush, pulverise, thresh; be fine (Arabic دَقَّ be or become thin, minute; Ethiopic ደቀቀ Assyrian daḳâḳu Pa. break in pieces COTGloss; Ph. דק id., Aramaic דַּקֵּק Pa. id., ܕܰܩ )— Qal Pf. 3 ms. דַּק Dt 9:21, דָּ֑ק Ex 32:20; Impf. 3 ms. sf. יְדֻקֶּ֑נּוּ Is 28:28; 2 ms. תָּדֹק Is 41:15;— 1. crush (trans.) sq. acc. לֶחֶם bread-stuff, corn Is 28:28; of threshing ‖ דּוּשׁ Is 41:15 (fig. of pulverizing mts.) 2. only Pf.; be fine, of state to wh. Moses reduced the golden calf by grinding וַיִּטְחַן עַד אֲשֶׁר־דָּ֑ק Ex 32:20; וָאֶכֹּת אֹתוֹ טָחוֹן הֵיטֵב עַד אֲשֶׁר־דַּק לְעָפָר Dt 9:21. Hiph. Pf. הֵדַק 2 K 23:15; 2 Ch 34:4; 2 fs. וַהֲדִקּוֹת consec. Mi 4:13; Impf. וַיָּ֫דֶק 2 K 23:6; 2 Ch 15:16; 1 s. sf. אֲדִקֵּם 2 S 22:43 (but אֲרִיקֵם ‖ ψ 18:43); Inf. abs. הָדֵק Ex 30:36; cstr. לְהֵדַק 2 Ch 34:7 (form anomalous cf. Ew§ 238 d Ol§ 258 b Be; read perhaps לְהָדֵק Ki; or לָדַק [v. כַּדַּק Is 40:15] cf. Öt);—make dust of, pulverize וַיָּ֫דֶק לְעָפָר 2 K 23:6 (i.e. the Ashera), ‖ 2 Ch 34:4, 7 (כִּתַּת לְהֵדַק); so of the bamah הֵדַק לְעָפָר 2 K 23:15; of the מִפְלֶצֶת 2 Ch 15:16; fig. Mi 4:13 (obj. עַמִּים רַבִּים); Ex 30:36 (P) has וְשָׁחַקְתָּ֫ מִמֶּנָּה הָדֵק and thou shalt beat some of it fine i.e. the incense); 2 S 22:43 read אֲרִיקֵם (‖ ψ 18:43) for אֲדִקֵּם (v. ריק). Hoph. Impf. יוּדָ֑ק Is 28:28 be crushed, subj. לֶחֶם bread corn (cf. supr. Qal);—on sense cf. Che Di.

† [דְּקַק] vb. be shattered, fall to pieces (BH);— Pe. Pf. 3 mpl. דָּקוּ Dn 2:35. Haph. break in pieces: Pf. 3 fs. הַדֶּ֫קֶת 2:34, 45, 3 mpl. הַדִּ֑קוּ 6:25 (all sq. acc.); Impf. 3 fs. תַּדִּק 2:40 (abs.), v 44 (acc.); sf. תַּדֱּקִנַּהּ 7:23; Pt. act. מְהַדֵּק 2:40 (acc.), f. מַדֱּקָה (K§ 46, 3b)) abs. 7:7, 19.

† [דָּכָה] vb. crush (only ψ);— Qal ודכה (יָשֹׁחַ) ψ 10:10 Kt is read as Qal Pf. וְדָכָה consec. by RobGes Ol De al., i.e. and he is crushed, or and he croucheth (Qr יִדְכֶּה Impf. so AV RV he croucheth); others read וְדָכֶה יָשֹׁחַ (adj. intrans. or passive) and crushed he sinketh down, cf. VB Che; possible wd. be יִדָּכֶה Niph. (‖ יָשֹׁחַ and ונפל). Niph. Pf. וְנִדְכֵּ֫יתִי ψ 38:9; Pt. נִדְכֶּה ψ 51:19;—be crushed, broken, of physical distress ψ 38:9 (‖ נְפוּגֹתִי); be contrite (לֵב נִדְכֶּה) ψ 51:19 (‖ נִשְׁבָּר). Pi. Pf. דִכִּיתָ ψ 51:10; sf. דִּכִּיתָנוּ ψ 44:20; crush down, of divine wrath; c. acc. ψ 44:20, and crush to pieces, obj. ref. to עצמות, in metaph. ψ 51:10.—דָּכוּ֨ Nu 11:8 v. דּוּחַ" dir="rtl" >דוך.

† [רָטַשׁ] vb. Pi. dash in pieces (cf. 𝔗 רְטַשׁ cast away, reject; but possibly akin to לָטַשׁ);— Pi. Impf. 2 ms. תְּרַטֵּשׁ 2 K 8:12 their children thou wilt dash in pieces; 3 fpl. קְשָׁתוֹת נְעָרִים תְּרַטַּשְׁנָה Is 13:18, but prob. crpt., Du conj. נְעָרוֹת תְּרֻטַּשְׁנָה, cf. Che. Pu. Pf. 3 fs. אֵם על־בָּנִים רֻטָּ֑שָׁה Ho 10:14; Impf. 3 mpl. יִרֻטְּשׁוּ Is 13:16; Na 3:10, י֫֒רֻטָּ֑שׁוּ Ho 14:1, all of children.

λικμ-άω, future -ήσω Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐλίκμησα Refs 5th c.BC+:— part the grain from the chaff, winnow, ἀνδρῶν λικμώντων Refs 8th c.BC+; καρπὸν ἀπ᾽ ἀσταχύων B.[same place]: metaphorically, scatter like chaff, LXX; make away with,LXX; crush, destroy, ἐλίκμησάν μου τὸ λάχανον Refs 3rd c.AD+; ἐφ᾽ ὃν δ᾽ ἂν πέσῃ (i.e. ὁ λίθος) λικμήσει αὐτόν NT

συν-θλάω, crush together, Refs 3rd c.BC+:—passive, [ποτήριον] ὦτα συντεθλασμένον Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, to be crushed, NT+4th c.BC+

† [גָּרַס] vb. be crushed (Aramaic ܓܪܶܣ [be crushed,] perish)— Qal Pf. 3 fs. גָּֽרְסָה ψ 119:20 fig. ג׳ נַפְשִׁי לְ my soul is crushed (i.e. perisheth: cf. Syriac) with longing for (cf. כָּלָה לְ). Hiph. Impf. וַיַּגְרֵס בֶּחָצָץ שִׁנָּ֑י La 3:16 and he hath crushed my teeth with gravel, fig. of divine chastisement.

† [רָשַׁשׁ] vb. Pōʿēl beat down, shatter (Syriac ܪܰܫ bruise, grind);—Impf. 3 ms. יְרשֵׁשׁ Je 5:17 one shall beat down thy fortified cities. Pu. Pf. 1 pl. רֻשַּׁשְׁנוּ Mal 1:4 we are beaten down.

† [דּוּךְ] vb. pound, beat (in mortar) (NH & Aramaic id., Arabic دَاكَ; cf. also Assyrian dâku, kill COTGloss.).— Qal Pf. 3 pl. דָּכוּ֨ בַּמְּדֹכָה (milraʿ) Nu 11:8 (‖ טָֽחֲנוּ בָרֵחַיִם).

† דַּכָּה n.f. crushing, פְּצוּעַ־דַּכָּה Dt 23:2 one wounded by crushing (viz. of testicles).

† [כָּפָה] vb. prob. subdue (NH overturn, hold under, compel; Aramaic כְּפָא, id.; ܟܦܳܐ incline (as face to ground), overturn; Assyrian Kipû perhaps id., DlHWB 346; cf. Arabic كَفَأَ overturn, turn back);—only Qal Impf. מַתָּן בַּסֵּתֶר יִכְפֶּה־אָ֑ף Pr 21:14 a gift in secret subdueth anger (so Thes RobGes; Ew beugt: Fl De averteth, from the Arabic, is more remote; 𝔊 ἀνατρέπει, cf. NH).

† [כָּתַשׁ] vb. pound, pound fine, bray (NH id.; Aramaic כְּתַשׁ; Syriac ܟܬܰܫ is strive, contend; Zinj. כתש break in pieces, shatter, DHMSendsch. 58);— Qal Impf. אִם־תִּכְתּוֹשׁ אֶת־הָאֱוִיל בַּמַּכְתֵּשׁ Pr 27:22 if thou shouldest bray the fool in the mortar.

† [מְכִתָּה] n.f. the crushed or pulverized = coll. crushed fragments;—sg. sf. מְכִתָּתוֹ Is 30:14 (result of כָּתוּת, v a).