H7561 H7561
Be wicked, act wickedly; in the Hifil, condemn as guilty or actively do evil — covering moral corruption and legal verdict.
This verb moves between inner moral state and outward judicial declaration. In the Qal, it describes being wicked or acting corruptly — Solomon's confession 'we have acted wickedly' (1 Kgs 8:47) and David's claim of innocence 'I have not departed wickedly from my God' (2 Sam 22:22). The Hifil splits into two distinct functions: a forensic-declarative sense where a judge 'condemns' or 'pronounces guilty' (Deut 25:1; Exod 22:9), and an elative sense of intensified wrongdoing (Dan 9:5; Neh 9:33). Spanish distinguishes these neatly — 'condenar' for the legal verdict versus 'obrar maldad' for deliberate evil. The tension between being wicked and being declared wicked runs through the entire Old Testament theology of justice.
1. condemn, declare guilty (Hifil) — Hifil declarative: to condemn or pronounce guilty in a judicial setting. Deuteronomy 25:1 establishes the paradigm — judges shall 'justify the righteous and condemn the wicked.' In Exodus 22:9, the one whom judges 'condemn' must pay double. Spanish 'condenar' and French 'condamner' clearly mark the forensic function. Proverbs 17:15 warns that 'he who justifies the wicked and he who condemns the righteous' are both abominations — the verb here is purely about legal verdict, not personal morality. 17×
AR["تُجَرِّمُنِي","تُدينُ","تُدِنْني","تُدِينِينَ","لِـ-تُذْنِبَ","وَ-أَدانوا","وَ-مُدينٌ","وَيُدِينُونَ","يَسْتَذْنِبُونَ","يُدينُ","يُدينُني","يُدينُهُ","يُدِينُ","يُدِينُكَ","يُدِينُنِي"]·ben["আমাকে-দোষী-করবে","আমাকে-দোষী-করুন","আর-দোষী-সাব্যস্ত-করেছে","এবং-দোষী-করে","এবং-যে-দোষী-সাব্যস্ত-করে","তারা-দোষী-করে","তুমি-আমাকে-দোষী-করবে","তুমি-দোষী-করবে","দোষী-করত","দোষী-করবে","দোষী-করবেন","দোষী-করবেন-তাকে","দোষী-করে","দোষী-সাব্যস্ত-করতে","দোষী-সাব্যস্ত-করে"]·DE["[וירשיעו]","[ומרשיע]","[ירשיע]","[ירשיעך]","[ירשיעני]","[ירשע]","[תרשיע]","[תרשיעי]","[תרשיעני]","declares-guilty","er-condemned","handelte-gottlos","und-sie-declare-guilty","zu-condemn"]·EN["He-condemns","and-condemning","and-they-condemned","and-they-declare-guilty","can-condemn","condemn-me","condemns-me","condemns-you","declares-guilty","he-condemned","they-condemn","to-condemn","who-will-condemn-me","will-condemn-him","will-you-condemn","will-you-condemn-me","you-will-condemn"]·FR["[ירשיעני]","[תרשיעי]","condamner","declares-coupable","et-ils-declare-guilty","et-être-méchant","il-condemned","à-condemn","être-méchant","être-méchant-moi","être-méchant-toi"]·heb["ו-הרשיעו","ו-ירשיעו","ו-מרשיע","ירשיע","ירשיע-אותו","ירשיעו","ירשיעון","ירשיעך","ירשיעני","ל-הרשיע","תרשיע","תרשיעי","תרשיעני"]·HI["और-दोषी-ठहराएंगे","और-दोषी-ठहरानेवाला","और-दोषी-ठहराया","तुझे-दोषी-ठहराता-है","तू-मुझे-दोषी-ठहराएगा","दोष-लगाएगा","दोषी-ठहराए","दोषी-ठहराएगा","दोषी-ठहराएगा-उसे","दोषी-ठहराएगा-तू","दोषी-ठहराओगी","दोषी-ठहराता-था","दोषी-ठहराने-को","मुझे-दोषी-ठहरा","मुझे-दोषी-ठहराएगा","वे-दोषी-ठहराते-हैं"]·ID["Dia-menghukum","dan-mempersalahkan","dan-mereka mempersalahkan","dihukum bersalah","engkau mempersalahkan","engkau mempersalahkan-Ku","engkau-akan-menyatakan-salah","ia-mengalahkan","mempersalahkan","menghukumku","menyalahkanmu","mereka-menyalahkan","untuk-mempersalahkan","yang-menyatakan-bersalah-Aku"]·IT["[ירשיעני]","[תרשיעי]","a-condemn","condannare","condannare-mio","condannare-tuo","declares-guilty","e-condannare","e-essi-declare-guilty","egli-condemned","fu-malvagio"]·jav["Punapa-Panjenengan-badhé-nganggep-lepat-Kawula","badhe-nyalahaken-piyambakipun","dipun-ukum","dipunsalahaken","ingkang-badhé-ngukum-Ingsun","kanggé-ngukum","lan-ngadili-lepat","lan-nyalahaken","lan-tiyang-kang-ngukum","ngadili-lepat","nyalahaken-kawula","nyalahaken-panjenengan","panjenengan-badhe-ngadili-lepat","panjenengan-badhé-ngukum-lepat","piyambakipun-ngukum","sami-ngukumi"]·KO["그들-이-정죄하리라","그리고-그들이-악하다-하면","그리고-그들이-정죄하였다","나를-정죄하겠느냐","나를-정죄하리라","나를-정죄하시오","네가-정죄하겠느냐-나를","네가-정죄하리라","네가-정죄하리오","유죄라-하면","이겼다","정죄하는-자는","정죄하는구나","정죄하리오","정죄하시도다-그-를","정죄하시되","정죄한다"]·PT["Me-condenarás","Te-condena","condenam","condenará","condenarás","declararem-culpado","e-condenaram","e-condenarão","e-o-que-condena","ele-condenará","me-condenará","me-condenes","o-condenará","para-condenar","vencia"]·RU["и-обвинили","и-обвинят","и-осуждающий","обвинит","обвинит-его","обвинишь","обвинишь-Меня","обвиняй-меня","обвинят-меня","обвиняют-тебя","обвиняя","осудит","осудит-Меня","осуждают","побеждал","признают-виновным"]·ES["Te-condena","condenaba","condenan","condenará","condenarás","condenen","lo-condenará","me-condenará;","me-condenará?","me-condenarás","me-condenes;","para-declarar-culpable","y-condenaren","y-condenaron","y-el-que-condena"]·SW["aliwashinda","anahukumiwa","atahukumu","atanihukumu","kinakuhukumu","kitanihukumu","kumhukumu","mwenye-hatia","na-anayemhukumu","na-walimhukumu","na-watamhukumu","usinihukumu","utamhukumu","utanihukumu","utaushutumu","wanahukumu","watamhukumu"]·TR["mahkum-edeceksin","mahkum-eder","mahkûm-eder-seni","mahkûm-etme-beni","suclu-bulacak-beni","suçlar-mısın-beni","suçlar-onu","suçlarsn","suçlayabilir","suçlayacak-beni","suçlu-bulur","suçlu-çıkarmak-için","suçlu-çıkarıyorlar","ve-suçladılar","ve-suçlayan","ve-suçlu-bulurlarsa","yenerdi"]·urd["اور-قصوروار ٹھہرایا","اور-مجرم-ٹھہرائیں","اور-مجرم-ٹھہرانے-والا","تو قصوروار ٹھہرائے گا","جو-مجھے-مجرم-ٹھہرائے-گا","سزا-دیتا","قصوروار ٹھہرائے گا","مجرم-ٹھہرا-مجھے","مجرم-ٹھہرائے","مجرم-ٹھہرائے-گا-اُسے","مجرم-ٹھہرائے-گا-مجھے","مجرم-ٹھہرائے-گی-تو","مجرم-ٹھہراتا-ہے-تجھے","مجرم-ٹھہرانے-کو","مجرم-ٹھہرے-گا","وہ-مجرم-ٹھہراتے-ہیں","کیا-تو-مجھے-مجرم-ٹھہرائے-گا"]
Exod 22:9, Deut 25:1, 1 Sam 14:47, 1 Kgs 8:32, Job 9:20, Job 10:2, Job 15:6, Job 32:3, Job 34:17, Job 34:29, Job 40:8, Ps 37:33 (+5 more)
▼ 3 more senses below
Senses
2. be wicked, act wickedly (Qal) — Qal: to be wicked or act in moral corruption — describing the subject's own sinful state. David protests in 2 Samuel 22:22 that he has not 'departed wickedly' from God; the communal confessions in 1 Kings 8:47 and Daniel 9:15 use this form for national acknowledgment of sin. Spanish 'obré mal' and 'hicimos maldad' capture the active-yet-reflexive quality. Job 9:29 and 10:7 use this form in Job's anguished wrestling — 'I am already counted guilty' — blurring the line between being wicked and being treated as such. 9×
AR["أَأْثَمْ","أَسَأْتُ","أَشْرَرْتُ","أَشْرَرْنَا","أُدانُ","تَكُنْ","شَرُرْنَا","شِرّيرًا","وَ-أَسَأْنَا"]·ben["আমি-দুষ্ট","আমি-দুষ্ট-করেছি","আমি-দুষ্ট-হই","আর-দুষ্টতা-করেছি","দুষ্ট-হও","দুষ্ট-হব","দুষ্টতা-করেছি","পাপ-করেছি"]·DE["[ארשע]","[ורשענו]","[רשענו]","[רשעתי]","[תרשע]","handelte-gottlos","ich-handelte-wickedly","wir-handelte-wickedly"]·EN["I-acted-wickedly","I-am-wicked","acted-wickedly","am-guilty","and-we-acted-wickedly","be-wicked","we-acted-wickedly","we-have-done-wickedly"]·FR["[ורשענו]","condamner","je-agit-wickedly","nous-agit-wickedly","être-méchant"]·heb["ארשע","ו-רשענו","רשענו","רשעתי","תרשע"]·HI["और-दुष्टता-की-हमने","दुष्ट-हो","दुष्टता-की-मैंने","दुष्टता-की-हमने","दोषी-ठहरूँगा","मैं-दुष्ट-हूँ","मैं-दुष्ट-होता"]·ID["aku-berbuat-jahat","aku-bersalah","bersalah","dan-kami-berbuat-fasik","kami-telah-fasik","kami-telah-jahat","terlalu-fasik"]·IT["[ורשענו]","[רשענו]","condannare","fu-malvagio","io-agì-wickedly","noi-agì-wickedly"]·jav["badhé-dipun-salahaken","dados-duraka","kawula-duraka","kawula-sampun-tumindak-awon","kula-duraka","lan-kawula-sampun-tumindak-duraka","nindakaken-piawon"]·KO["그리고-우리가-악을-행했습니다","내가-악하리라","내가-악했다면","악하게-행하였나이다","악하게-행하지","악하게-행했나이다","악하게-행했다-나는","악하라","악하리라"]·PT["agimos-impiamente","e-agimos-impiamente","fui-ímpio","me-apartei-impiamente","procedemos-perversamente","sejas-ímpio","sou-ímpio"]·RU["будь-нечестивым","виновен","и-нечестиво-поступали-мы","нечестив-я","нечестиво-поступал","нечестиво-поступили-мы","нечестивы-мы","отступал-нечестиво"]·ES["hicimos-maldad","me-aparté-impíamente","obré-mal","seas-malvado","seré-declarado-culpable;","soy-culpable,","y-actuamos-malvadamente"]·SW["mwenye-hatia","mwovu","na-tumetenda-uovu","nimekuwa-mwovu","nitahukumiwa","sikutenda-uovu","tumefanya-uovu","tumetenda-uovu","uovu"]·TR["kotu-ol","kötü-davrandım","kötüluk-ettim","kötülük-yaptık","kötülük-yaptım","kötüyüm","suçluyum","ve-kötülük-ettik"]·urd["اور-ہم-نے-شرارت-کی","شرارت-کر","شرارت-کی-ہم-نے","شریر-ہوں","مجرم-ٹھہروں-گا","میں-نے-شرارت-کی","ہم-نے-شرارت-کی"]
3. act wickedly, do evil (Hifil) — Hifil elative or intransitive: to act wickedly with deliberate, intensified wrongdoing. Distinguished from Sense 2 by the Hifil stem signaling heightened agency. Nehemiah 9:33 confesses 'we have acted wickedly' using this intensified form; 2 Chronicles 20:35 describes Ahaziah who 'acted wickedly' in alliance with wicked kings; 2 Chronicles 22:3 notes Athaliah counseling her son 'to do wickedly.' Daniel 12:10 prophesies 'the wicked shall act wickedly.' The Hifil here emphasizes willful, persistent evil rather than a passive state of guilt. 9×
AR["(وَ-أَشْرَرْنَا)","أَسأنا","أَسَأْنَا","أَسَاءَ","أَشْرَرْنَا","لِلإِثْمِ","وَ-مُذْنِبِي","وَ-يَشَرُّونَ","يُسيءُ"]·ben["(দুষ্টতা-করেছি)","-দুষ্টতা-করতে","[এবং-দুষ্টতা-করেছি]","আমরা-দুষ্টতা-করেছি","ও-দুষ্টতা-করবে","ও-যারা-দোষী-করে","দুষ্টতা-করেছি","দুষ্টতা-করেছিল","দোষী-করেন"]·DE["[הרשיע]","[הרשענו]","[והרשיעו]","[והרשענו]","[ומרשיעי]","[ירשיע]","[להרשיע]","handelte-gottlos"]·EN["(qere:we-have-done-wickedly)","[ketiv:and-we-have-done-wickedly]","acted-wickedly","and-shall-act-wickedly","and-those-acting-wickedly-against","does-wickedly","have-acted-wickedly","to-do-wickedly","we-have-acted-wickedly"]·FR["[הרשיע]","[הרשענו]","[להרשיע]","condamner","et-condamner","le-condamner","être-méchant"]·heb["[ו-הרשענו]","הרשיע","הרשענו","ו-הרשיעו","ו-מרשיעי","ירשיע","ל-הרשיע"]·HI["(दुष्टता-की-हमने)","[और-दुष्टता-की-हमने]","और-दुष्ट-करनेवालों-को","और-दुष्टता-करेंगे","दुष्टता-करता-है","दुष्टताकी","बुराई-की-है","बुराईकरनेको।","हमने-दुष्टता-की"]·ID["(kami-telah-fasik)","Dan-yang-bersalah-terhadap","[dan-memberontak]","berbuat jahat","berbuat-jahat","dan-akan-berlaku-jahat","kami-berbuat-jahat","melakukan-kejahatan","untuk-melakukan-kejahatan"]·IT["[הרשיע]","[הרשענו]","[והרשיעו]","[והרשענו]","[ומרשיעי]","[להרשיע]","condannare","fu-malvagio"]·jav["kanggé-nindakaken-piawon","kawula-sampun-tumindak-awon","kula-sampun-tumindak-duraka","lan-tiyang-ingkang-tumindak-awon-nglawan","nanging-badhé-tumindak-awon","nindakaken-awon","sami-awon","tumindak-awon"]·KO["(악하게-행했으며)","[그리고-악하게-행했으며]","그러나-악하게-행하리라","그리고-악하게-하는-자들을","악을-행하지","악하게-하기-위하여","악하게-행하였나이다","악하게-행하였다","악하게-행했다"]·PT["(e-procedemos-perversamente)","E-aos-que-violam","[e-procedemos-perversamente]","age-perversamente","agimos-impiamente","agiu-impiamente","e-agirão-impiamente","fizemos-maldade","para-agir-impiamente"]·RU["(и-творили-зло)","[и-творили-зло]","И-нечестивые","и-будут-нечестивы","на-нечестие","нечестив","нечестиво-поступали","поступал-нечестиво","поступили-нечестиво"]·ES["Y-a-los-que-obran-maldad-contra","[e-hicimos-maldad]","actuamos-perversamente","e-hicimos-maldad","hace-mal","hicimos-el-mal","hizo-mal","para-hacer-mal","y-obrarán-maldad"]·SW["(tumetenda-udhalimu)","[na-tumetenda-udhalimu]","alitenda-uovu","anafanya-uovu","kufanya-uovu","na-waovu-watafanya-uovu","na-watendao-uovu","tumetenda-uovu"]·TR["(kötülük-yaptık)","[kötülük-yaptık]","kötülük-ettik","kötülük-için","kötülük-yapar","kötülük-yaptı","kötülük-yaptık","ve-ihlal-edenler","ve-kötülük-yapacaklar"]·urd["اور-برائی-کریں-گے","اور-خطاکاروں-کو","بدی-کرنے-کے-لیے","برائی کرتا","برائی-کی","شرارت-کی-ہم-نے","شریر","ہم-نے-شرارت-کی"]
4. sense 4 — An isolated occurrence in 1 Samuel 24:13 where the form appears in the proverbial saying 'from the wicked comes wickedness.' The multilingual evidence ('de malvados,' 'de le méchant,' 'von der wicked') consistently treats this as a substantive or nominalized use — 'the wicked one' as a category of person. David quotes this ancient proverb to Saul, distancing himself from those whose nature produces wicked deeds, contrasting it with his own demonstrated restraint. 1×
AR["مِن-الأشرارِ"]·ben["দুষ্টদের-থেকে"]·DE["von-der-wicked"]·EN["from-the-wicked"]·FR["de-le-méchant"]·heb["מ-רשעים"]·HI["दुष्टों-से"]·ID["dari-orang-jahat"]·IT["da-il-empio"]·jav["saking-tiyang-awon"]·KO["악한-자들에게서"]·PT["dos-ímpios"]·RU["от-злых"]·ES["de-malvados"]·SW["kutoka-kwa-waovu"]·TR["-den-kötüler"]·urd["شریروں-سے"]
Related Senses
H2896a 1. good (quality or moral) (305×)H7563 1. wicked person (259×)H7451c 1. moral evil or wickedness (234×)H5771 1. iniquity, sin, wrongdoing (222×)H6662 1. righteous person (substantive) (195×)G0266 1. sin, failure, transgression (173×)H2403b 1. sin, transgression (170×)H2617a 1. Covenant faithfulness, steadfast love (167×)H2398 1. Qal: to sin, commit sin (165×)H6666 1. righteousness, moral uprightness (145×)G5485 1. grace, divine favor (141×)H4941 1. justice, righteousness (134×)H7451a 1. morally evil, wicked (129×)H2403b 2. sin-offering, sacrifice for sin (120×)H4941 2. judgment, judicial decision (119×)H6664 1. righteousness, justice (116×)H4941 3. ordinances, statutes (plural) (110×)G2570 1. good, right, excellent (98×)H8199 1. to judge, adjudicate (98×)G1343 1. (92×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† [רָשַׁע] vb. denom. be wicked, act wickedly;— Qal Pf. 1 s. רָשַׁעְתִּי 2 S 22:22 +, רָשָׁ֑עְנוּ 1 K 8:47 +; Impf. 2 ms. תִּרְשַׁע Ec 7:17; 1 s. אֶרְשָׁ֑ע Jb 9:29; 10:7;— 1. be wicked, act wickedly, 1 K 8:47 = 2 Ch 6:37; Dn 9:15; Ec 7:17; + מֵאֱלֹהָי 2 S 22:22 (in departing) from my God = ψ 18:22. 2. be guilty, Jb 9:29; 10:7, 15. Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הִרְשִׁיעַ 2 Ch 20:35; 3 mpl. הִרְשִׁיעוּ Dt 25:1;…