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H5079 H5079
Art | N-fs  |  29× in 2 senses
Impurity, uncleanness; especially menstrual impurity, but extending to broader ritual defilement and metaphorical moral pollution
Rooted in the idea of something abhorrent or shunned, niddah is one of the key purity terms in Levitical legislation. Its most specific application is menstrual impurity -- Lev 15:19-33 details the laws governing a woman's period and its ritual consequences. Yet the term extends well beyond menstruation: the 'waters of niddah' (mei ha-niddah) in Num 19:9-21 purify corpse contamination, and Ezekiel and Zechariah use niddah metaphorically for the moral filth of idolatry and sin (Ezek 36:17; Zech 13:1). Spanish 'impureza/inmundicia,' French 'impureté,' and the consistent cross-linguistic rendering as uncleanness show how translators wrestle with a term that is simultaneously physiological, ritual, and moral.

Senses
1. menstrual impurity Menstrual impurity specifically: the state of ritual uncleanness associated with a woman's period. Lev 12:2 compares postpartum impurity to 'the days of her niddah,' and Lev 15:19-33 provides the fullest legislation. Ezek 18:6 prohibits approaching a menstruating woman. Spanish 'en su menstruación' and French 'dans sa impureté' both render this physiological sense directly. The term governed practical social separation in ancient Israelite life. 15×
RELIGIOUS_LIFE Religious Activities Ritual Moral Impurity
AR["الطَّمْثِ", "بِ-طَمْثِهَا", "بِ-فَتْرَةِ", "حَائِضٍ", "طَمْثُهَا", "طَمْثِهَا", "فِي-طَمْثِهَا", "كَنِجَاسَتِهَا", "نِجَاسَةِ", "ٱلْحَائِضِ"]·ben["অশুচিতায়", "ঋতুমতীর", "ঋতুস্রাবার", "তার-ঋতু", "তার-ঋতুতে", "তার-ঋতুর", "তার-বিলাপের-মতো", "বিলাপের", "মাসিকের"]·DE["[הנדה]", "[נדה]", "ihr-impurity", "impurity-von", "in-ihr-impurity", "in-impurity-von", "wie-ihr-impurity"]·EN["as-her-impurity", "her-impurity", "impurity-of", "in-her-impurity", "in-impurity-of", "menstruating", "the-menstruation"]·FR["comme-sa-impureté", "dans-impureté-de", "dans-sa-impureté", "impureté", "impureté-de", "sa-impureté"]·heb["ב-נדת", "ב-נדתה", "ה-נידה", "כ-כנדתה", "נדת", "נדתה", "נידה"]·HI["अपनी मासिक धर्म", "अशुद्धता", "अशुद्धता-में", "उनके", "उसकी", "उसके लिए", "के दिनों के अनुसार", "पर", "मासिक-धर्म", "में-अशुद्धता", "रजस्वला-के-समय", "होगी"]·ID["dalam-haid", "dalam-kenajisannya", "kain-haid", "kekotoran", "kenajisannya", "kenajisannya.", "pada-waktu-kecemaran", "sedang-najis", "seperti-kekotorannya"]·IT["[הנדה]", "[נדה]", "come-lei-impurita", "impurita-di", "in-impurita-di", "in-lei-impurita", "lei-impurita"]·jav["ing-pajang-", "ing-pajangipun", "ing-wulan", "ingkang-nggarap", "kados-kapisahan-panjenenganipun", "kapisah", "pajangipun", "tiyang-èstri-ingkang-nifas"]·KO["그-월경의", "그녀-의-불결함", "그녀-의-불결함-에", "그녀-의-불결함-이", "그녀-의-불결함-처럼", "불결함-의", "에-불결함-의", "월경의"]·PT["a-menstruada", "como-separação-sua", "em-imundice-de", "em-niddah-sua", "menstruada", "menstruação", "niddah-sua", "separação-de"]·RU["в-отделении", "в-отделении-её", "как-менструация-её", "менструации", "месячная", "нечистой", "отделение-её", "отделения-её"]·ES["como-su-impureza", "en-menstruación-de", "en-su-menstruación", "impura", "impureza-de", "la-menstruación", "la-menstruante", "su-menstruación"]·SW["hedhi", "hedhi-yake", "kama-hedhi-yake", "katika-hedhi-yake", "katika-uchafu-wa-", "wa-hedhi"]·TR["adet", "adet-gören-i", "adet-gören-kadının", "adeti", "adeti-gibi", "adeti-olan", "adetinde", "adetinin", "adetinin-ötesinde", "ayrılık-zamanında"]·urd["اُس-کی-ماہواری", "اُس-کی-ماہواری-کا", "اُس-کی-ماہواری-کی", "اُس-کی-ماہواری-کے", "اپنی-ماہواری-میں", "ایام-میں", "جیسے-ناپاکی-اُس-کی", "حیض-والی", "حیض-والی-کے", "حیض-کی", "ناپاکی-کے"]
2. ritual or moral impurity Broader ritual or moral impurity extending beyond menstruation. The 'waters of niddah' (Num 19:9, 13, 20-21) cleanse corpse defilement -- a wholly different ritual context. Lev 20:21 applies niddah to the abomination of marrying a brother's wife. Prophetically, Ezek 36:17 compares Israel's conduct to menstrual uncleanness, and Zech 13:1 promises a fountain for niddah and sin. Spanish 'la inmundicia' and French 'l'impureté' reflect this generalized pollution sense. 14×
RELIGIOUS_LIFE Religious Activities Ritual Moral Impurity
AR["النَّجَاسَةَ", "النَّجَاسَةِ", "النِّجَاسَةِ", "بِ-نَجاسَة", "لِـ-نَجاسَةٍ", "لِنَجَاسَةٍ", "نَجاسَة", "نَجَاسَةٌ", "وَ-لِ-النَّجَاسَةِ"]·ben["-অপবিত্রতার", "-অশুচিতা", "অশুচি", "অশুচি-বস্তু", "অশুচিতায়", "অশুচিতার", "এবং-অশুদ্ধতার-জন্য", "নিদ্দার", "পৃথকীকরণের"]·DE["[בנדת]", "[הנדה]", "[ולנדה]", "[לנדה]", "[נדה]", "der-impurity", "impurity"]·EN["and-for-impurity", "for-impurity", "impurity", "the-impurity", "with-the-impurity-of"]·FR["[בנדת]", "[הנדה]", "[לנדה]", "[נדה]", "et-impureté", "impureté", "le-impureté"]·heb["ב-נדת", "ה-נדה", "ו-ל-נידה", "ל-נידה", "נדה"]·HI["अशुद्ध", "अशुद्धता", "अशुद्धता-के-साथ", "अशुद्धता-दूर-करने-का", "अशुद्धता-दूर-करने-के", "अशुद्धि-के", "और-के-लिए-अशुद्धता", "को-अशुद्धता"]·ID["dan-untuk-kenajisan", "dengan-kenajisan", "kecemaran", "kenajisan", "menjadi-najis", "najis", "pentahiran", "penyucian"]·IT["[בנדת]", "[הנדה]", "[ולנדה]", "[לנדה]", "[נדה]", "il-impurita", "impurita"]·jav["barang-najis", "dhateng-najis", "kalawan-najis", "kanajisan", "lan-tumrap-najis", "najis", "panyucian", "pasucinan"]·KO["그-더러움을", "그-정결-의", "그리고-~을-위한-부정함", "부정한-것으로", "부정한-것이", "불결한-것-으로", "불결함", "불결함-의", "에-불결함", "정결-의", "정결의"]·PT["a-impureza", "e-para-impureza", "impureza", "para-impureza", "pela-impureza-de"]·RU["в-нечистоту", "для-нечистоты", "и-для-нечистоты", "нечистота", "нечистоту", "нечистоты", "очищения", "по-нечистоте"]·ES["impureza", "la-impureza", "la-inmundicia", "para-inmundicia", "por-inmunda", "por-la-impureza-de", "y-para-impureza"]·SW["kama-uchafu", "kitu-cha-kuchukiza", "kutakasa", "kwa-uchafu", "na-kwa-unajisi", "uchafu", "utakaso", "ya-uchafu"]·TR["arınmanın", "murdar-şey-olarak", "murdarligiyla", "murdarlik", "murdarlık", "murdarlığı", "onlara", "temizlemenin", "ve-kirlilik-için"]·urd["اور-ناپاکی-کے-لیے", "ناپاکی", "ناپاکی-سے", "ناپاکی-کی-چیز", "ناپاکی-کے", "نجاست", "پاکیزگی-کا", "پاکیزگی-کے"]

Related Senses
H3548 1. priest, cultic officiant (750×)G5547 1. Christ, Messiah, Anointed One (540×)H5030 1. Prophet, divine spokesperson (317×)H5930a 1. burnt offering (sacrifice) (286×)H3881 1. Levites (priestly class) (283×)G4396 1. prophet, spokesperson of God (146×)H6944 1. sanctuary, holy place (129×)G0749 1. high priest, chief priest (123×)H6944 2. holiness, sacredness (abstract quality) (123×)G5330 1. Pharisee (99×)G4336 1. pray to God (86×)H6944 3. holy things, sacred offerings (plural) (86×)H3722a 1. make ritual atonement (Piel) (85×)H6912 1. bury (Qal active) (82×)H6419 1. pray (Hitpael) (80×)H6944 4. holiness (with possessive pronoun) (77×)H6942 1. sanctify, consecrate (Piel factitive) (76×)H2930a 1. Qal: be/become unclean (75×)H7819a 1. slaughter an animal (Qal active) (72×)H1486 1. lot (object cast for decisions) (71×)

BDB / Lexicon Reference
נִדָּה n.f. impurity (as abhorrent, shunned);—abs. נ׳ Ez 18:6 +; cstr. נִדַּת Lv 12:2 +; sf. נִדָּתָהּ v 5 +;—impurity (especially P and Ezek.): 1. of ceremonial impurity, as union with brother’s wife, Lv 20:21; especially of menstruation Ez 18:6 (read אִשָּׁה בְּנִדָּתָהּ for MT א׳ נִדָּה 𝔖 Co), טְמֵאַת הַנּ׳ 22:10, cf. 36:17, נִדַּת דְּוֹתָהּ Lv 12:2, cf. v 5; 15:19, 20, 24, 25 (עֶת־נִדּ׳),