H4749 H4749
Hammered metalwork, especially beaten gold used for tabernacle furnishings; possibly turned or shaped work
A technical term from Israel's sacred craftsmanship, referring to metalwork produced by hammering rather than casting. Nearly all occurrences describe the beaten gold of the tabernacle: the cherubim hammered from a single piece (Exod 25:18; 37:7), the lampstand forged as one continuous hammered work from base to blossoms (Exod 25:31, 36; 37:17, 22; Num 8:4), and the silver trumpets beaten into shape (Num 10:2). The emphasis is on the artisan's skill in shaping precious metal through repeated blows. A solitary occurrence in Jeremiah 10:5, comparing idols to 'a scarecrow in a cucumber field,' may reflect an unrelated homonym or a distinct semantic development.
Senses
1. hammered work, wrought metalwork — Hammered or wrought metalwork, specifically beaten gold or silver crafted by skilled hammering for tabernacle furnishings. The golden cherubim atop the mercy seat were miqshah -- hammered from a single piece rather than cast in a mold (Exod 25:18; 37:7). The menorah was entirely miqshah, beaten from one talent of gold, from its base to its flower-shaped cups (Exod 25:31, 36; 37:17, 22; Num 8:4). The silver clarions of Numbers 10:2 were likewise hammered work. Spanish 'labrada-a-martillo' (hammer-wrought) and German 'getrieben-Werk' (driven/beaten work) preserve the artisanal technique implied by the Hebrew. 9×
AR["مَسْكُوكَةً", "مَطروقاً", "مَطروقَةً", "مَطروقَةٌ", "مَطْرُوقَةٌ"]·ben["পেটানো", "পেটানো-কাজ", "পেটানো-কাজের"]·DE["getrieben-Werk", "hammered-Werk", "hammered-Werk-von"]·EN["hammered-work", "hammered-work-of"]·FR["hammered-oeuvre", "hammered-oeuvre-de", "martelé-travail"]·heb["מקשה"]·HI["गढ़ाई-कारीगरी", "गढ़ाई-कारीगरी-से", "गढ़ी-हुई", "गढ़े-हुए", "पीटा-हुआ", "पीटे-हुए"]·ID["tempaan"]·IT["hammered-opera", "hammered-opera-di", "martellò-opera"]·jav["dipun-tempa", "tèmpaan"]·KO["두드려-만든-것", "두드려-만든-것으로", "두드린", "쳐서-만든-것", "쳐서-만든-것으로"]·PT["batida", "batidas", "batido", "obra-batida", "ouro-batido"]·RU["чеканная-работа", "чеканное", "чеканной-работой", "чеканной-работы", "чеканными"]·ES["de-obra-batida", "labrada-a-martillo", "labradas", "labrado-a-martillo", "obra-batida"]·SW["kilichofuwa", "vya-kufua", "ya-kufua", "ya-kufuliwa", "za-kufuliwa"]·TR["dövme", "dövme-işi"]·urd["گھڑ-کر", "گھڑائی", "گھڑائی-ہوئی", "گھڑے-ہوئے-کام-سے"]
2. turned/polished work (or cucumber field) — A distinct or possibly homonymous usage in Jeremiah 10:5, where the context differs entirely from the tabernacle metalwork passages. English follows the LXX/Baruch tradition in rendering 'in a cucumber field,' comparing voiceless idols to a scarecrow. Spanish 'de-obra-torneada' ('of turned/lathed work') preserves an alternative interpretation suggesting shaped or polished craftsmanship applied to idol-making. The divergence between translations suggests either a separate lexical root (from qishu, 'cucumber') or a rare extension of the 'shaped work' meaning to non-precious materials. 1×
AR["مَصْقُولَةٍ"]·ben["গোলাকার"]·DE["[מקשה]"]·EN["in-a-cucumber-field"]·FR["[מקשה]"]·heb["מקשה"]·HI["गढ़े-हुए"]·ID["tukul"]·IT["[מקשה]"]·jav["sawah-timun"]·KO["단단한-것이라"]·PT["de-obra-torneada"]·RU["точёная"]·ES["de-obra-torneada"]·SW["uliochongwa"]·TR["dövülmüş"]·urd["خراد-کا-کام"]
Related Senses
H3808 1. simple negation (not) (4839×)G1722 1. locative: in, within (2442×)H1004b 1. house, dwelling, building (2015×)G3756 1. not (negation particle) (1635×)H4480a 1. source or separation (1198×)H5892b 1. city, town (1093×)G1519 1. direction: into, to, toward (1061×)H3427 1. Qal: to dwell, inhabit (937×)G1537 1. from, out of (source/origin) (886×)H8034 1. Name (designation / identifier) (856×)G3361 1. subjective negation (not) (834×)G1909 1. on, upon (spatial surface) (757×)H0369 1. existential negation: there is not (738×)H5869a 1. in the eyes/sight of (evaluative) (734×)H5650 1. Servant, attendant, subject (723×)H0408 1. prohibitive negation do-not (712×)G2443 1. so that, in order that (purpose/result) (665×)G0575 1. from (649×)G1223 1. through, by means of (582×)H3541 1. thus, so, in this manner (569×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† II. מִקְשָׁה n.f. perhaps hammered work, only of metals (orig. turner’s work?);—abs. מ׳, of cherubim in tabern. Ex 25:18; 37:7, lamp-stand 25:31, 36; 37:17, 22 Nu 8:4(×2), clarions 10:2.—i. מ׳ v. קשׁא.