לֹא H3808
No; partícula negativa objetiva que niega verbos, cláusulas y aserciones; también retórica y como rechazo independiente.
La partícula fundamental de la negación hebrea, לֹא niega la realidad y no la voluntad (a diferencia de אַל, que prohíbe). Con más de 5.000 apariciones, niega verbos ('no hizo'), adjetivos ('no es bueno') y cláusulas enteras. Su fuerza retórica se manifiesta en los centenares de preguntas con הֲלֹא — '¿Acaso no...?'— que esperan una respuesta afirmativa y poseen fuerza persuasiva (Gn 4:7; 13:9). Combinada con preposiciones forma 'sin' (Nm 35:22), y usada de manera independiente se convierte en el rotundo rechazo '¡No!' (Gn 18:15; 19:2). Toda lengua refleja este abanico: español 'no', francés 'pas/non', alemán 'nicht/nein'.
1. negación simple (no) — Partícula negativa estándar para negar verbos, adjetivos y cláusulas: la simple aserción de que algo no es el caso. Comprende la inmensa mayoría de las ocurrencias (4.839), desde 'aún no había llovido' (Gn 2:5) hasta 'no tuvo en cuenta' (Gn 4:5). Equivale al 'no' español en su función proposicional básica. 4839×
AR["لا", "لَا", "لَم", "لَمْ", "لَيْسَ"]·ben["না"]·DE["nicht", "nicht-"]·EN["not"]·FR["pas"]·heb["לא"]·HI["नहि", "नही̃", "नहीं", "नहीं-"]·ID["Jangan", "bukan-", "tidak"]·IT["non"]·jav["Sampun", "boten", "dereng", "dèrèng", "mboten"]·KO["아니", "아니-", "아니냐", "아니다", "아니라면", "아니한다", "않다", "않으면", "않을-것이다", "않을-것이다-"]·PT["Não", "não", "não-"]·RU["не", "нет"]·ES["no"]·SW["Sitaharibu", "ata", "haikuwa-", "haitakuwepo", "haitakuwepo-", "hakuikubali", "hakuwa", "hamtaondoka", "hapana", "hata", "hatuku", "kondoo", "kwa-ajili-ya", "msifanye", "si", "sikufikiria", "sikujulikana", "wala"]·TR["Değil", "değil"]·urd["نہیں"]
Gen 2:5, Gen 4:5, Gen 18:28, Gen 21:26, Gen 24:21, Gen 26:29, Gen 29:7, Gen 34:17, Gen 37:32, Gen 43:5, Gen 44:23, Gen 48:11 (+38 más)
▼ 4 sentido(s) más abajo
Sentidos
2. negación interrogativa retórica — Negación interrogativa retórica, típicamente como הֲלֹא, que espera respuesta afirmativa: '¿Acaso no...?' Con 275 ocurrencias, es un recurso persuasivo fundamental del discurso hebreo. '¿No saqué yo a Israel de Egipto?' (Am 9:7) exige asentimiento. La negación paradójicamente afirma. 275×
AR["ألَيسَ", "أَ-لَيْسَ", "أَلَا", "أَلَمْ", "أَلَيسَ", "أَلَيْسَ", "أَلَيْسَتْ"]·ben["কি", "কি-নয়", "কি-না", "না-কি"]·DE["Did-nicht", "habe-nicht", "hat-nicht", "ist-es-nicht", "ist-es-nicht-", "ist-nicht", "nicht", "nicht-auch", "tat-nicht"]·EN["Did-not", "Is-not", "are-they-not", "did-not", "have-I-not", "have-not", "is-it-not", "is-not", "not", "not-also", "shall-I-not"]·FR["Est-pas", "Fit-ne-pas", "ai-pas", "devra-je-ne-pas", "est-cela-pas", "est-ne-pas", "est-pas", "fit-ne-pas", "ne-pas-aussi", "ne...pas", "n’est-ce-pas", "pas"]·heb["ה-לא", "הֲ-לֹא", "הלא", "לא"]·HI["क्य-नहि", "क्या-नही̃", "क्या-नहीं", "हलो"]·ID["Bukankah", "Bukankah-", "Tidakkah", "bukankah", "tidakkah"]·IT["Did-non", "Is-non", "avere-non", "dovere-io-non", "fece-non", "non", "non-anche", "non-e-forse", "non-è", "è-esso-non", "è-non"]·jav["Menapa-boten", "Menapa-mboten", "Punapa-boten", "Punapa-mboten", "Punapa-sanes", "Punapa-sanès", "menapa-boten", "menapa-mboten", "menapa-sanès", "punapa-boten", "punapa-mboten", "punapa-sanes", "sanès", "sanès-ta"]·KO["(의문)아니", "(질문)아니하여", "아니", "아니-", "아니-냐", "아니-하였느냐", "아니냐", "아니냐-", "안-", "하지-않았느냐"]·PT["Acaso-não", "Não", "Não-é", "Porventura-não", "acaso-não", "não"]·RU["Разве-не", "не", "разве-не"]·ES["Acaso-no", "acaso-no", "no-están", "¿Acaso-no", "¿No", "¿No-es-así?", "¿No?", "¿acaso-no", "¿no", "¿no-es"]·SW["Je", "Je-", "je", "je-haku-", "je-hamkuwauliza", "je-si", "je-si-hivyo", "kwamba", "si"]·TR["Değil-mi", "degil-mi", "değil-mi"]·urd["کیا-نہ", "کیا-نہیں"]
3. sin (privativo) — Sentido privativo: 'sin, carente de', formado con preposiciones בְּלֹא o לְלֹא. Números 35:22-23 emplea esta construcción para matar 'sin enemistad' y 'sin ver'. La partícula negativa se combina con preposiciones para crear una categoría gramatical distinta que expresa ausencia o privación. 51×
AR["بِ-غَيْرِ", "بِ-لاَ", "بِ-لَا", "بِدُونِ", "بِلا", "بِلا-", "بِلَا", "بِلَا-", "تَمُوتُ", "فِي-غَيْرِ-", "وَبِ-لاَ"]·ben["-তার-আগে-", "-বিনা", "আর-ছাড়া-না", "ছাড়া", "ছাড়া-", "ছাড়া-না", "না", "না-থাকতে", "বিনা", "বিনা-"]·DE["in-nicht", "nicht", "ohne", "ohne-", "und-zu-nicht", "zu-nicht"]·EN["and-without", "for-lack-of", "for-no", "in-not", "in-not-", "not", "so-that-not", "with-no", "with-no-", "with-not", "without", "without-"]·FR["dans-ne...pas", "et-zu-ne-pas", "in-ne-pas", "ne-pas", "sans", "sans-", "zu-ne-pas"]·heb["ב-לא", "ב-לא-", "ב-לא־", "ו-ל-לא", "ל-לא", "לא"]·HI["और-के-नहीं", "के-नहीं", "नहीं", "बिना", "बिना-", "में-बिना"]·ID["bukan-di", "dan-tanpa", "sebelum", "sehingga-tidak", "tanpa", "tanpa-"]·IT["a-non", "e-a-non", "in-non", "non", "senza", "senza-"]·jav["boten", "lan-tanpa", "mboten", "mboten-", "saderengipun", "tanpa", "tanpa-"]·KO["-없이", "그리고-없이-", "아니하여-", "없다", "없음-으로", "없이", "없이-", "없이-에-의", "에-없이"]·PT["Antes-de", "e-sem", "por-falta-de", "sem", "sem-"]·RU["без", "без-", "и-без", "не", "не-", "не-в", "прежде-", "так-что-не"]·ES["Antes-de", "antes-de", "de-modo-que-no", "fuera-de", "sin", "sin-", "y-sin"]·SW["bila", "bila-", "kabla-ya", "kwa-kukosa", "na-bila"]·TR["-siz", "-siz-düşmanlık", "-sız", "değil", "değil-", "olmadan", "olmadan-", "pusu", "ve-olmadan"]·urd["اور-بغیر", "بغیر", "بغیر-", "نہیں"]
Lev 15:25, Lev 25:30, Num 35:22, Num 35:22, Num 35:23, 1 Sam 20:2, 2 Sam 16:18, 2 Sam 23:4, 1 Chr 12:18, 1 Chr 12:34, 2 Chr 15:3, 2 Chr 15:3 (+38 más)
4. ¡no! (rechazo independiente) — '¡No!' como enunciado completo de rechazo o negación. Sara dice '¡No!' al ser descubierta riendo (Gn 18:15), los ángeles rechazan la hospitalidad de Lot con '¡No!' (Gn 19:2), y los hermanos de José protestan 'No, señor mío' (Gn 42:10). Funciona como negativa exclamativa independiente, distinta del papel sintáctico a nivel de cláusula. 28×
AR["(لَا)", "لا", "لا-", "لاَ", "لَا", "لَا-"]·ben["(না)", "কি", "না", "না-"]·DE["nein", "nein-"]·EN["no"]·FR["non"]·heb["לא"]·HI["नहि", "नहीं"]·ID["Tidak", "tidak", "tidak-ada-"]·IT["no"]·jav["Mboten-", "boten", "boten-wonten-", "mboten"]·KO["아니", "아니-있다", "아니다", "아니라", "아닙니다"]·PT["(não)", "Não", "não"]·RU["Нет", "нет"]·ES["(no)", "No", "no", "no-hay"]·SW["Hapana", "ata", "hakuna-", "hapana", "kwa-sababu", "na-huyu", "si"]·TR["(hayır)", "Hayır", "Hayır-", "değil-", "hayır"]·urd["(نہیں)", "نہ-", "نہیں", "نہیں۔"]
Gen 18:15, Gen 19:2, Gen 23:11, Gen 42:10, Gen 42:12, Num 22:30, Num 23:23, Josh 5:14, Josh 24:21, Judg 12:5, Judg 15:13, 1 Sam 1:15 (+16 más)
5. ni (negación en serie) — Negación conjuntiva en serie: 'ni, y tampoco', enlazando elementos negados adicionales en una cadena. En Sal 115:17, 'los muertos no alaban al Señor, ni cuantos descienden al silencio', la combinación waw + לֹא extiende una negación previa, coordinando negaciones sucesivas en una serie negativa acumulativa. 1×
AR["وَ-لا"]·ben["কিন্তু-না"]·DE["nicht"]·EN["nor"]·FR["et-ne...pas"]·heb["ו-לא"]·HI["और-नहीं"]·ID["dan-bukan"]·IT["e-non"]·jav["lan-sanes"]·KO["그리고-아니"]·PT["nem"]·RU["и-не"]·ES["ni"]·SW["wala-si"]·TR["ve-değil"]·urd["اور-نہ"]
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G1722 1. locative: in, within (2442×)H1004b 1. house, dwelling, building (2015×)G3756 1. not (negation particle) (1635×)H4480a 1. source or separation (1198×)H5892b 1. city, town (1093×)G1519 1. direction: into, to, toward (1061×)H3427 1. Qal: to dwell, inhabit (937×)G1537 1. from, out of (source/origin) (886×)H8034 1. Name (designation / identifier) (856×)G3361 1. subjective negation (not) (834×)G1909 1. on, upon (spatial surface) (757×)H0369 1. existential negation: there is not (738×)H5869a 1. in the eyes/sight of (evaluative) (734×)H5650 1. Servant, attendant, subject (723×)H0408 1. prohibitive negation do-not (712×)G2443 1. so that, in order that (purpose/result) (665×)G0575 1. from (649×)G1223 1. through, by means of (582×)H3541 1. thus, so, in this manner (569×)G1519 2. purpose: for, in order to (561×)
Referencia BDB / Léxico
לֹא or לוֹא adv. not (Arabic لَا, Aramaic לָא, ܠܴܐ, Sab. לא, Assyrian lâ; not in Ethiopic: cf. Köii. 1. 236 Walker AJSL 1896, 237 ff.)—לוֹא, according to Mass. (FrMM 248), 35 times, besides בְּלוֹא 6 times, and הֲלוֹא, the orthogr. of which varies much (ib.p. 251), e.g. in S always הֲלוֹא, in Chr always הֲלֹא, on the whole הֲלוֹא 141 times, הֲלֹא 128 times; twice, according to Mass, written לו…