H1654 H1654
Geshem (Gashmu); an Arab opponent of Nehemiah who opposed the rebuilding of Jerusalem's walls.
A proper name identifying an Arabian adversary of Nehemiah during the post-exilic reconstruction of Jerusalem. Called 'the Arab' (ha-Aravi), Geshem joined Sanballat and Tobiah in mocking and opposing the wall-building project. The alternate form Gashmu appears in Nehemiah 6:6, possibly reflecting an Aramaic or Nabataean pronunciation. Spanish and English glosses preserve both spellings (Geshem/Gashmu, Gesem/Gasmu), highlighting the scribal variation attested in the Hebrew text.
Senses
1. sense 1 — The personal name of an Arab leader who opposed Nehemiah's rebuilding of Jerusalem's walls, appearing as both Geshem and Gashmu. He is consistently paired with Sanballat and Tobiah as part of a three-fold opposition (Neh 2:19; 6:1–2, 6). The variant Gashmu in 6:6 may reflect the original Arabic or Nabataean form of the name, as BDB notes parallels with Nabataean inscriptions. 4×
AR["وَ-جَشَمُ", "وَ-جَشْمو", "وَ-لِ-جَشَمَ"]·ben["আর-গশ্মূ", "আর-গেশমকে", "এবং-গেশেম", "ও-গেশম"]·DE["[וגשמו]", "[ולגשם]", "und-Geschem"]·EN["and-Gashmu", "and-Geshem", "and-to-Geshem"]·FR["[וגשם]", "[וגשמו]", "[ולגשם]"]·heb["ו-גשם", "ו-גשמו", "ו-ל-גשם"]·HI["और-गेशेम", "और-गेशेम-ने"]·ID["dan-Gasmu", "dan-Gesyem", "dan-oleh-Gesyem"]·IT["e-Gheshem"]·jav["lan-Gasmu", "lan-Gesem", "lan-Gesyem", "lan-dhateng-Gesyem"]·KO["그리고-가슈가", "그리고-게셔이", "그리고-게션에게", "그리고-게쐌이"]·PT["e-Gashmu", "e-Geshem", "e-por-Geshem"]·RU["и-Гашму", "и-Гешем", "и-у-Гешема"]·ES["y-Gasmu", "y-Gesem", "y-a-Gesem"]·SW["na-Gashmu", "na-Geshemu", "na-na-Geshemu"]·TR["ve-Gaşmu", "ve-Geşem", "ve-Geşem'e"]·urd["اور-جشم", "اور-جشم-کو", "اور-جشمو", "اور-گشم"]
Related Senses
G3588 1. definite article (18298×)H0853 1. definite direct object marker (10915×)G2532 1. (8312×)H3068 1. YHWH (the divine name) (6522×)H0834a 1. relative pronoun (who/which/that) (4839×)H3588a 1. causal: because, for (3498×)G1161 1. and (2806×)H3478 1. Israel (proper name and nation) (2507×)G4771 1. you (plural address) (1853×)H1931 1. personal pronoun he/she/it (1431×)G3739 1. relative pronoun who/which/that (1149×)H1732 1. David (proper name) (1075×)H2088 1. this, this one (demonstrative) (1059×)G1063 1. (1047×)G3778 1. this thing, these things (1003×)H???? 2. (1002×)G2424 1. (924×)G3754 1. that (content clause) (881×)H2009 1. presentative particle: behold, look (881×)H0589 1. I (first person singular pronoun) (874×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† I. גֶּ֫שֶׁם n.pr.m. an opponent of Nehemiah Ne 2:19; 6:1 (in both called הָעַרְבִּי); v 2; also גַּשְׁמוּ 6:6; וּ as in Nab. n.pr. cf. Nö in Eut Nab 73.