This noun describes disturbance or upheaval in various contexts: physical (water stirring), mental (confusion), or social (tumult). In John 5:4, it refers to the troubling or stirring of the pool at Bethesda (though this verse is textually disputed). Classical usage ranged from physiological disturbance to political turmoil to military confusion. The term implies disruption of normal order. French 'trouble' and German 'Unruhe' both capture the sense of agitation and disorder.