The Greek term combines notions of insolence, arrogance, and sensual self-indulgence. Classical sources use it for both prideful arrogance and wanton luxury. In Revelation's prophetic judgment against Babylon, merchants mourn because the city's excessive luxury and wanton consumption have ended. The term appears in the context of economic judgment—the great commercial system that fed Babylon's insatiable appetite for luxury collapses. All translations emphasize the luxury/excess dimension (luxury, lujo, Luxus), though the term carries moral overtones of excessive, shameless self-indulgence that provokes divine judgment.