Fighting and Warfare

מַחֲנֶה214 n.m. Gn 33:8 + 16 times and f. ψ 27:3; 1 Ch 11:15 (on Gn 32:9a v. Di) encampment, camp—abs. מ׳ Gn 32:9(×2) + 126 times (incl. Ez 1:24, del. Co); cstr. מַחֲנֵה Gn 32:3 + 56 times; sf. מַחֲנֵהוּ Nu 1:52 + 5 times; מַחֲנֶיךָ Dt 23:15; 29:10, מַחֲנֶךָ Dt 23:15, מַחֲנֵיכֶם Am 4:10, מַחֲנֵיהֶם Nu 5:3 Ju 8:10 (cf. infr., and on form of noun c. sf. vid. Ges§ 93, 3, R 3); pl. abs. מַחֲנוֹת Gn 32:8 + 9 times; cstr. 1 Ch 9:18 + 2 times, מַחֲנִים Nu 13:19; sf. (appar. pl. n.) מַחֲנֵיהֶם Jos 10:4 + 5 times;—on du. v. מ׳ n.pr. infr. 1. camp, place of encampment: a. of caravan of travellers Gn 32:22 (J), especially of Isr. at Exod. and in wildern. Ex 16:13(×2) 19:16, 17 (all P; disting. from עַם); שַׁעַר מ׳ Ex 32:26 (JE); especially מִחוּץ המ׳ in connexion with uncleanness, etc., Ex 29:14; Lv 4:12 (P) + often, of position of tent of meeting Ex 33:7(×2) (JE), contr. Nu 2:17 (P), where of encampments of several tribes, cf. 1:52; 2:3; 10:2, 5, 6, 25 etc., (all P), already passing over to 3 (cf. הַחֹנִים 10:5, 6); b. specif. of camp of Levites, surrounding tabernacle, so that P can say אֹהֶל־מוֹעֵד מַחֲנֵה הַלְוִיִם Nu 2:17; and so (late) of temple הַשֹּׁעֲרִים לְמַחֲנוֹת בְּנֵי לֵוִי 1 Ch 9:18, as well as שַׁעֲרֵי מַחֲנוֹת י׳ 2 Ch 31:2; pl. (opp. מִבְצָרִים = fortresses) Nu 13:19. 2. camp of armed host Jos 6:11(×2), 14 (JE), 1 S 4:3, 5, 6(×2), 7; 17:53; 2 K 7:16 etc. 3. a. those who encamp Nu 10:5, 6; 1 Ch 11:5 ψ 27:3 (all c. vb. חנה), cf. (prob.) Is 37:36 = 2 K 19:35, etc. b. company, body of people; people and beasts Gn 32:8, 9(×2), 11; 33:8, funeral company of Jacob Gn 50:9; of Isr. on march Ex 14:19, 20 cf. Nu 10:5, 6. c. army, host Jos 8:13; 10:5; 11:4 Ju 4:15, 16(×2) 7:1, 8; 8:10(×2), 11(×2) 12 1 S 17:1, 46 2 K 3:9 even while in the thick of the fight; 1 K 22:34 = 2 Ch 18:33 etc.

I. [לָחַם171] vb. fight, do battle (NH Hithp.; ואלתחם MI11.15.19; perhaps = order the battle, cf. NöZMG xl. 1886, 721; Arabic لَحَمَ fit close together, so NH לחם Pi., Syriac ܠܚܡ Pa. unite, ܠܳܚܶܡ fit; also threaten; GerberVerb. Denom. 59 thinks vb. in Heb. denom. from מִלְחָמָה battle-line, but dub.);— †Qal (poet.) only Imv. ms. and Pt. act.—fight, do battle with, rare, only ψψ, appar. later usage:—לְחַם אֶת־לֹחֲמָ֑י ψ 35:1 do battle with those battling with me (dub. whether את is acc. sign or prep. with, cf. Ol; ‖ רִיבָה אֶת־יְרִיבַי); לֹחֲמִים לִי 56:3 doing battle against me; לֹחֵם v 2 as subst. fighter. †Niph.167 Pf. נִלְחַם Ju 9:17 +, וְנִלְחַמְתָּ֫ 11:8 1 S 15:18, וְנִלְחַמְנוּ Dt 1:41 consec., etc.; Impf. יִלָּהֵם Ex 14:14 Dt 1:30; יִ֫לָּחֶם לָ֑נוּ Ne 4:14, וַיִּ֫לָּחֶם Ex 17:8 + 19 times; 3 fs. תִּלָּחֵם Zc 14:14; 3 mpl. וַיִּלָּֽחֲמוּ Ju 1:5 + 13 times; sf. וַיִּלָּֽחֲמוּנִי ψ 109:3; 2 mpl. תִּלָּֽחֲמוּ 1 K 22:31 + 4 times; תִּלָּֽחֲמוּן 1 K 12:24, etc.; Imv. הִלָּחֵם Ex 17:9 1 S 18:17; הִלָּ֫חֶם בּוֹ Ju 9:38; pl. הִלָּֽחֲמוּ 2 K 10:3 Ne 4:8; Inf. abs. נִלְחֹם Ju 11:26; cstr. הִלָּחֵם 1:9 + 35 times; הִלָּ֫חֶם בּוֹ etc., Nu 22:11 + 6 times; sf. הִלָּחֲמוֹ 2 K 8:29 + 3 times; Pt. נִלְחָם Ex 14:25 + 10 times; pl. נִלְחָמִים Jos 10:25 + 10 times (but 1 S 31:1 read rather נִלְחֲמוּ, so ‖ 1 Ch 10:1 We Klo Bu, cf. Dr);—engage in battle (recipr.), sometimes wage war (Jos 10:5; Ju 11:5; 1 K 14:19; 22:46; 2 K 6:8; 14:28 etc.), often c. בְּ of enemy (60 times) Ex 1:10; 17:9, 10; Nu 21:23, 26; 22:11 (all E), Ju 11:8, 25; 1 S 15:18; 2 S 8:10 + (49 times); less often c. בְּ of city attacked, besieged †Ju 9:45; 1 S 23:1; 2 S 12:26, 27, 29 Is 20:1; Jos 10:31 (D), 1 K 20:1 2 Ch 35:20 Ne 4:2; of tower Ju 9:52; sq. בְּאַרְצִי 11:12†; c. עִם of enemy (26 times): Ju 5:20; 11:4, 5, 20 Jos 11:5 (JE), 1 S 13:5; 17:19, also 1 S 17:32, 33 (of single combat), Dt 20:4; Jos 9:2 (both D), 2 K 13:12; 14:15; 2 Ch 11:1; 17:10; 27:5; Dn 10:20; 11:11 +; c. עִם of city †Jos 10:29 (D), 19:47 (JE)†; c. אֶת־ = with, of enemy, †Jos 24:8 (E), 1 S 17:9 (single combat), Je 21:5; 1 K 20:23; 2 K 19:9 = Is 37:9, Je 37:10; also Ju 12:4; 2 S 11:17; 21:15; 1 K 22:31;2 K 8:2; 9:15; Je 21:4; 32:5; 33:5; 2 Ch 18:30; 22:6, and c. אוֹתָם (= אִתָּם) Jos 10:25 (D), 1 K 20:25 (KöLgb. ii. 296)†; c. עַל, against, of enemy only Je 21:2; elsewhere (16 times) of city: †Jos 10:5 (JE), Is 7:1; 2 K 12:18; 19:8 = Is 37:8; especially D and Je: Dt 20:10, 19 Jos 10:34, 36, 38 (all D), Je 32:24, 29; 34:1, 7, 8, 22†; c. אֶל־ of enemy †Je 1:19; 15:20†; c. sf. וַיִּלָּֽחֲמוּנִי †ψ 109:3 and they have fought against me†; c. יָ֑חַד i.e. fight together = with (against) one another †1 S 17:10; abs. c. acc. cogn. מִלְחָמוֹת fight battles †1 S 8:20; 18:17; 25:28; 2 Ch 32:8†; abs. elsewhere Ju 5:19(×2), 20 Dt 1:41; Zc 10:5 + 26 times + וַוָּסֻרוּ עָלָיו לְהִלָּחֵ֑ם 1 K 22:32; †c. עַל for, in behalf of, Ju 9:17; 2 K 10:3; Ne 4:8; c. לְ = id., Ex 14:14 (J), v 25 (J; + בְּ of enemy), Dt 1:30; 3:22; 20:4 (+ עִם of enemy, vid. supra), Jos 10:14, 42; 23:3, 10 (all D), Ne 4:14†; יָכֹל לְהִלּ׳ be able to fight, c. את of enemy 1 S 17:9, c. בְּ of enemy Nu 22:11, = be successful in fighting, prevail against; so c. עַל of city Is 7:1, and abs. 2 K 16:5 (after וַיָּצֻרוּ עָל besiege).

στρᾰτῐώτ-ης, ου, ὁ: vocative στρατιῶτα Refs 4th c.BC+: (στρατιά):— soldier, Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. μισθωσάμενος, of Pisistratus, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἄνδρες σ., in a speech, Refs 5th c.BC+; collectively, in singular, ὁ πολὺς ὅμιλος καὶ σ. Refs; also of soldiers serving on ship-board, Refs __2 later, professional soldier,= μισθοφόρος, Refs 4th c.BC+; soldier in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, Refs 3rd c.BC+; Κάσσανδρος τῶν Ἀπολλωνίου στρατιωτῶν Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II water-lettuce (σ. ἔνυδρος Refs 2nd c.AD+, Pistia Stratiotes, Refs 4th c.BC+; σ. χιλιόφυλλος, Achillea Millefolium, yarrow or milfoil, Refs

† [גָּרָה] vb. only Pi. stir up strife, Hithp. engage in strife (cf. NH Pi. stir up, excite, against (בְּ) Hithp.; Aramaic Pa. גָּרֵא ܓܰܪܺܝ; especially Assyrian garû, Qal attack, be at war with, gârû, gîrû, enemy, etc. Asrb.Annals iv. 49, 50 (KBii. 190) also SASmithAsrb. i. ii. Gloss.; Arabic جَرَى is run, especially of water, flow, etc.)— Pi. Impf. 3 ms. יְגָרֶה Pr 15:18; 28:25; 29:22, all c. obj. מָדוֹן excite, stir up, strife.—On גֵּרָה Dt 14:8 v. i. גֵּרָה²" dir="rtl" >גֵּרָה sub גֵּרָה²" dir="rtl" >גרר. Hithp. Pf. 2 fs. הִתְגָּרִית Je 50:24; Impf. 3 ms. יִתְגָּרֶה Dn 11:25, וְיִתְגָּרֶ֯ו v 10; 2 ms. תִּתְגָּרֶה 2 K 14:10 2 Ch 25:19; juss. apoc. תִּתְגָּר Dt 2:9, 19; 3 mpl. יִתְגָּרוּ Pr 28:4 Dn 11:10, cf. Dn 11:10 Kt., v. supr.; 2 mpl. תִּתְגָּרוּ Dt 2:5 (juss.); Imv. ms. הִתְגָּר Dt 2:24;— 1. excite oneself against (בְּ pers.), engage in strife with, lit. Dt 2:5, 19, Je 50:24, 2 K 14:10 = 2 Ch 25:19 (sq. בְּרָעָה;—רעה personif. as challenged opponent); also + acc. of manner, מִלְחָמָה Dt 2:9, 24; fig. וְשֹׁמְרֵי תוֹרָה יִתְגָּרוּ בָם Pr 28:4 while they that keep the law are at strife with them, i.e. with those that forsake it. 2. abs., excite oneself (against foe), wage war, only Dn 11; יִתְגָּרוּ וְאָֽסְפוּ הֲמוֹן חֲיָלִים רַבִּים v 10 they shall wage war, etc.; וְיָשֹׁב וְיִתְגָּרֶ֯ו עַד־מָעֻזֹּה v 10 and he shall return and war, even to his stronghold; v 25 sq. לַמִּלְחָמָה + בְּחַיִל גָּדוֹל (instr.)

† [צָבָא] vb. wage war, serve (Sab. צֿבא wage war with, also n. army, campaign HomChrest. 125 CIS iv. 299, 1. 2 DHM VOJ i. 28; Ethiopic ጸብአ: (> ፀብአ:) wage war; Assyrian ṣâbu, man, soldier; NöZMG xl (1886), 726 al. cp. (on account of Sab. Ethiopic ץֿ) Arabic ضَبَأَ conceal oneself, hence lie in wait; this is phonetically suitable, but better in meaning would be صَبَأَ go or come forth (against one), etc., so Thes LagBN 21; Frä232 cp. صَبِىٌّ young man);— Qal Pf. 3 mpl. צָֽבְאוּ Ex 38:8 Zc 14:12; Impf. 3 mpl. יִצְבְּאוּ Nu 31:7; Inf. cstr. לִצְבֹּא Is 31:4; לִצְבֹא Nu 4:23; 8:24; Pt. pl. צֹבְאִים Nu 31:42; Is 29:7, 8; sf. צֹבֶיהָ Is 29:7 (Ges§ 75 oo; Di צָרֶיהָ); fpl. צֹבְאֹת Ex 38:8; צֹבְאוֹת 1 S 2:22;— 1. wage war, fight, c. עַל against, Nu 31:7 (P) Is 29:7, 8; 31:4; Zc 14:12, c. sf. Is 29:7 (?); abs. Nu 31:42 (P). 2. serve at sacred tent, Levites, c. acc. צָבָא Nu 4:23; 8:24 (P); women Ex 38:8(×2) (P) 1 S 2:22. Hiph. Pt. הַמַּצְבִּא אֶת־עַם וגו׳ 2 K 25:19 = Je 52:25 muster.

† נָגַח vb. push, thrust, gore (NH id.; Arabic نَجَحَ succeed, attain, make progress; 𝔗 as BH);— Qal Impf. יִגַּח Ex 21:28, 31, 32 (E), יִגָּ֑ח v 31;—gore, subj. שׁוֹר, sq. acc. pers. Pi. Impf. יְנַגַּח Dt 33:17; 2 ms. תְּנַגַּח 1 K 22:11 2 Ch 18:10; תְּנַגְּחוּ Ez 34:21; נְנַגֵּחַ ψ 44:6; Pt. מְנַגֵּחַ Dn 8:4;—push or thrush at, sq. acc.: of Joseph under fig. of wild ox Dt 33:17, cf. 1 K 22:11 = 2 Ch 18:10 ψ 44:6 (‖ בּוּס); v. also Ez 34:21 (of Isr. under fig. of sheep), cf. Dn 8:4 (of ram in vision; obj. not expr.). Hithp. Impf. יִתְנַגַּח עִמּוֹ מֶלֶךְ הַנֶּגֶב Dn 11:40 engage in thrusting with, wage war with.

ἀγων-ίζομαι, future -ῐοῦμαιRefs 5th c.BC+, etc. (in passive sense, see infr. B); -ίσομαι only in late writers, as Refs 3rd c.AD+ -ισθήσομαι Refs 2nd c.AD+: aorist ἠγωνισάμηνRefs 5th c.BC+, etc.: perfect ἠγώνισμαι (in active sense) Id Refs 5th c.BC+ (passive, see infr. B): aorist ἠγωνίσθην in passive sense, infr. B: active form ἀγωνίσαςRefs — __A contend for a prize, especially in the public games, Refs 5th c.BC+; περί τινος about a thing, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀγῶνα.. τόνδ᾽ ἠγωνίσω thou didst provoke this contest, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 fight, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 contend for the prize on the stage, of the rhapsode, Refs 5th c.BC+; of the playwright, Refs 5th c.BC+; of the actor, Refs 4th c.BC+; of the choragus, Refs 4th c.BC+: generally, contend for victory, καλῶς.. ἠγώνισαιRefs 5th c.BC+; argue, ὅλῳ τῷ πράγματι about the question as a whole, Refs; especially argue sophistically, opposed to διαλέγομαι, Refs __4 of public speaking, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II contend in court, as law term, Refs 5th c.BC+ fight a cause to the last, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. ψευδομαρτυριῶν (i.e. γραφήν) Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ, φόνον fight against a charge of murder, Refs 5th c.BC+; αὐτοῖς ἀ. τοῖς πράγμασιν grapple with the facts of the case, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III generally, struggle, exert oneself, with infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B passive, to be decided by contest, brought to issue, mostly in perfect, πολλοὶ ἀγῶνες ἀγωνίδαταιRefs 5th c.BC+; τὰ ἠγωνισμένα points at issue, Refs 5th c.BC+present, ὁ ἀγωνιζόμενος νόμος the law on trial, Refs 4th c.BC+; or aorist, δεινὸς.. κίνδυνος ὑπὲρ τῆς.. ἐλευθερίας ἠγωνίσθηRefs 5th c.BC+; ἠγωνίσθη λαμπρῶς (impersonal) Refs 1st c.AD+future middle in passive sense, ἀγωνιεῖται καὶ κριθήσεται τὸ πρᾶγμα shall be brought to issue and determined, Refs 4th c.BC+

† II. [נָצָה] vb. Niph. Hiph. struggle (NH id., Hithp. (Jastrow928); Aramaic נְצָא, ܢܨܳܐ quarrel; Arabic نَصَا apprehendit, arripuit aliquem antiis suis, Ethiopic ነጸየ vellere, evellere, are perhaps denom. from نَاصِيَةٌ (v. נוֹצָה), so Thes);— Niph. recipr. struggle with each other: Impf. 3 mpl. יִנָּצוּ Ex 21:22 (E), Lv 24:10 (H), 2 S 14:6; יִנּ׳ יַחְדָּו Dt 25:11; Pt. נִצִּים Ex 2:13 (E); all of physical struggle, wrestling, and the like. Hiph. engage in a struggle against: Pf. 3 pl. הִצּוּ Nu 26:9 (עַל); Inf. cstr. sf. הַצֹּתָם v 9 (עַל); הַצּוֹתוֹ אֶת ψ 60:2 (title); only here of war, hence Klo’s suggestion (cf. Buhl 13) הַכּוֹתוֹ is plausible (cf. 2 S 8:3, 5, 9).

πολεμέω, Ionic dialect Iterat. πολεμέεσκε Refs 5th c.BC+: future -ήσωRefs 5th c.BC+: perfect πεπολέμηκα Refs 4th c.BC+ —middle, aorist ἐπολεμησάμην (κατ-) Refs 2nd c.BC+:—passive, πολεμηθήσομαι Refs; πολεμήσομαι in passive sense, Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐπολεμήθην Refs 5th c.BC+perfect πεπολέμημαι (κατα-) Refs: (πόλεμος):— to be at war or make war, Refs; opposed to εἰρήνην ἄγειν, Refs; τινι with one, Refs 5th c.BC+; μετά τινος or σύν τινι in conjunction with.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 fight, do battle, ἀπὸ τῶν ἵππων Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀπὸ [καμήλων] Refs 5th c.BC+; but ἀφ᾽ ὅτου πολεμήσωμεν what our means of war are, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 generally, quarrel, wrangle with one, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II later with accusative, make war upon, τὴν πόλιν LXX+4th c.BC+:—passive, also in early writers, have war made upon one, to be treated as enemies, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 with accusative cognate, πόλεμον π. Refs 5th c.BC+, Arist.[same place], etc.:—passive, [πολέμους] τοὺς ἐπὶ Θησέως πολεμηθέντας Refs 5th c.BC+; ὅσα ἐπολεμήθη whatever hostilities took place, Refs 5th c.BC+ —The form used by Poets is πολεμίζω.

στρατ-εύω, (στρατός) advance with an army or fleet, wage war, or rulers, offcers, or men, Κροῖσος ἐνένωτο -εύειν ἐπὶ τοὺς Πέρσας Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι -εύσαντες ἐς Πλάταιαν Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐστράτευσαν πρὸς ἌβυδονRefs 5th c.BC+; metaphorically, ἑνὸς δ᾽ ἐπ᾽ ἀνδρὸς δώματα στρατεύομεν (Iris et Lyssa loq.) Refs 5th c.BC+:—so in middle, στρατεύομαι Refs 5th c.BC+future -εύσομαιRefs 4th c.BC+: aorist ἐστρατευσάμην Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect ἐστράτευμαι Refs 4th c.BC+; Boeotian dialect 3rd.pers. plural perfect middle ἐστροτεύαθη Refs 4th c.BC+; -εύσονται ἐπὶ τὴν ἡμετέρην [Ἀθηναῖοι] Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐστρατευμένοι γάρ εἰσι they have been soldiers, have seen war-service, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὁπλίτης σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; πρὸς τὴν τῶν Ὀλυνθίων πόλιν Refs 5th c.BC+; μισθοῦ σ. Refs; πανδημεὶ ἔξω σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἐπιδημεῖν, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to δημηγορεῖν, Refs 5th c.BC+; στρατευσάμενος,= a militiis, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 middle, serve in the army, τυΐ πρᾶτον ἐστροτεύαθη the following have joined the army for the first time, Refs; μηδεὶς ἐαθῇ -εύσασθαι to join the army, Refs 2nd c.BC+; οἱ -ευόμενοι Ἕλληνες the Greeks who are in the army, Refs 5th c.BC+active and middle, as in Refs; in Attic dialect and later Gr. Refs 2nd c.BC+middle is much the more frequently __II later, in active, take or receive into the army, enroll, enlist, Refs 1st c.BC+:— passive, τῶν νεολέκτων τῶν -ευθέντων ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν Refs 4th c.AD+; ὁ νῦν -ευθεὶς τίρων Refs 4th c.AD+ __III see at {στραγγεύομαι}.

μάχομαι [ᾰ], Ionic dialect present optative μαχέοιτο Refs 8th c.BC+; participle μαχεόμενος variant in Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect μαχειόμενος Refs 8th c.BC+: Epic dialect imperfect μαχέσκετο Refs 8th c.BC+: future μαχήσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+; μαχέσομαι, δια-μαχεσόμεθα (as variant) Refs; also in late Prose, Refs 8th c.BC+: aorist ἐμαχεσάμην Refs 8th c.BC+; infinitive μαχέσασθαι Refs 3rd c.BC+; participle μαχεσσαμένω Refs 8th c.BC+: perfect μεμάχημαι Refs 5th c.BC+: late aorist ἐμαχέσθην Refs 1st c.AD+future μαχεσθήσομαι only Refs 4th c.BC+:—fight, Refs 8th c.BC+; μάχην μ. Refs 8th c.BC+ mostly of armies and persons fighting as parts of armies, but sometimes of single combat, Refs 8th c.BC+; between men and beasts, Refs 8th c.BC+:—Constr.: with dative person, fight with, i. e. against, one, ἀνδράσιν ἶφι μ. Refs 8th c.BC+; μ. ἀντία, ἐναντίον τινός, Refs 8th c.BC+ against heaven's will, Refs 5th c.BC+; μ. σὺν σοί,.. θεά, with thy help, Refs 8th c.BC+; μετὰ πρώτοισι μ. among the foremost, Refs 8th c.BC+; μετὰ Βοιωτῶν μ. with them, in their ranks,Refs 5th c.BC+; κατὰ σφέας γὰρ μαχέονται will fight by themselves, Refs 8th c.BC+ fight in single combat, Refs 5th c.BC+; μ. πρό τινος before him: hence, metaphorically, for him, in his defence, Refs 8th c.BC+; but later usually περί τινος, Refs 8th c.BC+, of boxers, Refs 8th c.BC+; μ. ἀπ᾽ ἵππου fight from horseback, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ μήπω μεμαχημένον the force that had not yet come into action, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 with accusative, fight against, only falsa lectio in Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II generally, quarrel, wrangle, ἔριδι μ. Refs 8th c.BC+; τινι Refs; τῷ παιδὶ μ. make a scene with.., Refs 4th c.BC+; dispute, argue, περί τι μ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __III contend for the mastery in games, etc., πὺξ μ. Refs 8th c.BC+; measure oneself with or against, τινιRefs 5th c.BC+ __IV after Refs 8th c.BC+, struggle against a force, ἀνάγκᾳ δ᾽ οὐδὲ θεοὶ μ. Refs 7th c.BC+; μ. τῷ λιμῷ, τῷ δίψει, Refs 5th c.BC+ __V with infinitive, struggle, make an effort to do, Refs 4th c.BC+ __VI of arguments, propositions, etc., to be in contradiction or inconsistent, τρία ὁμολογήματα μ. αὐτὰ αὑτοῖς Refs 5th c.BC+

ἀθλ-έω, Ionic dialect imperfect ἀέθλεονRefs 5th c.BC+aorist ἤθλησα (see. below): perfect ἤθληκαRefs 1st c.AD+:—middle, aorist ἐνηθλησάμηνRefs 4th c.BC+:—passive, perfect κατήθλημαιRefs: (ἆθλος, ἆθλον):—commoner form of {ἀθλεύω}, used by Refs 8th c.BC+aorist participle, Λαομέδοντι.. ἀθλήσαντε having contended with him, Refs 8th c.BC+; πολλάπερ ἀθλήσαντα having gone through many struggles, Refs; contend in battle, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἤθλησα κινδυνεύματα have engaged in perilous struggles, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II to be an athlete, contend in games, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III hold games, ἐπ᾽ ἈρχεμόρῳRefs 5th c.BC+

πράκ-τωρ, ορος, ὁ, ={πρακτήρ}, one who does or executes, accomplisher, Ζεὺς ὅτου π. φανῇ Refs 5th c.BC+; with feminine substantive, Κύπρις.. τῶνδ᾽ ἐφάνη π. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II official who executes a judgment for debt, especially public debt, bailiff, NT+5th c.BC+; τῶν ξενικῶν Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II.2 collector of taxes, π. βαλανήου “Ostr.” in Wilcken Grundzüge Refs 1st c.AD+; π. ἀργυρικῶν Refs 2nd c.AD+; π. σιτικῶν Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.3 in Poets, one who exacts punishment, avenger, Refs 5th c.BC+: as adjective, with a feminine substantive, avenging, σὺν δορὶ καὶ χερὶ πράκτορι Refs 4th c.BC+

ἐπᾰγωνίζομαι, contend with, τινί Refs 1st c.AD+; continue to attack, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 with dative of things, contend in, εὐνοίᾳ Refs; contend for, τῇ πίστει NT: lay stress on, ἐ. τῷ λόγῳ Refs 1st c.AD+; exertoneself, Refs __3 contend again, in games, Refs 1st c.BC+ __3.b speak after a person, follow him, Refs 2nd c.AD+

θηριο-μᾰχέω, fight with wild beasts, NT+1st c.BC+