H8104 H8104
Guardar, vigilar, observar, custodiar, preservar; mantener custodia fiel sobre personas, cosas, mandamientos o pactos
Uno de los grandes verbos del pacto en la Biblia hebrea, שָׁמַר entrelaza el acto físico de vigilar con el acto moral de obedecer en un solo lexema. Un pastor guarda su rebaño, un centinela guarda las murallas e Israel guarda los mandamientos, todo con el mismo verbo. El Nifal reflexivo ('guárdate') y el Hitpael intensivo ('guardarse a sí mismo') extienden el campo semántico hacia el interior, convirtiendo la autovigilancia en disciplina espiritual. A lo largo de 469 apariciones, שָׁמַר fundamenta la convicción bíblica de que la fidelidad no es creencia pasiva sino custodia activa y vigilante.
2. Nifal: guardarse, precaverse — Tronco Nifal: guardarse, precaverse, tener cuidado — sentido reflexivo que advierte contra el peligro o la transgresión. Génesis 24:6 ('guárdate de llevar a mi hijo allá') y Éxodo 19:12 ('guardaos de subir al monte') enmarcan la autoprotección como respuesta a los límites divinos. La estructura reflexiva se explicita en español con cuídate/guárdate y en francés con garde-toi. 34×
AR["احتَرِز", "احتَرِسي", "احْتَرِزْ", "احْتَرِسُوا", "احْتَرِسْ", "احْذَرْ", "اِحتَرِز", "اِحتَرِس", "اِحْتَرِسْ", "اِحْذَرُوا", "اِحْذَرْ", "وَاحْرُسُوا"]·ben["এবং-তোমরা-সাবধান-হও", "সতর্ক-হও", "সাবধান-হও"]·DE["bewachen", "bewachen-dich-selbst", "bewachen-euch-selbst", "der-bewahrt", "der-bewahrte", "hüte-dich", "sein-careful", "und-bewahrte"]·EN["Guard-yourselves", "and-you-shall-guard", "be-careful", "guard", "guard-yourself", "guard-yourselves", "take-heed"]·FR["et-garder", "garder", "garder-toi-même", "garder-vous-mêmes", "être-careful"]·heb["היזהר", "הישמר", "הישמרו", "השמרו", "השמרי", "ו-נשמרתם", "שמר"]·HI["और-चौकस-रहो", "सावधान-रह", "सावधान-रहो"]·ID["Berhati-hatilah", "Berjaga-jagalah", "Jagalah", "Jagalah-dirimu", "berhati-hatilah", "berjagalah", "dan-jagalah", "jagalah", "jagalah-diri-mu", "maka-jagalah"]·IT["custodire", "custodire-te-stesso", "custodire-voi-stessi", "e-custodire", "essere-careful", "il-custodite"]·jav["'Jagi-panjenengan", "Dipun-prayitna", "Kawaspada", "Kawula-peling", "Panjenengan-kedah-waspada", "Panjenengan-njagi", "Prayitna", "Waspada", "lan-jagi-panjenengan", "panjenengan-ngati-ati", "waspada"]·KO["그리고-지켜라", "스스로-지키라", "조심하라"]·PT["E-guardai-vos", "Guarda-te", "Guardai-vos", "guarda-te", "guardai-vos", "¶ Guarda-te"]·RU["Берегись", "Берегитесь", "И-стерегите", "Остерегайся", "берегись", "берегитесь"]·ES["Cuídate", "Guardaos", "Guárdate", "guardaos", "guárdate", "y-guardaos"]·SW["Jihadhari", "Jihadharini", "jihadhari", "jihadharini", "na-jihadharini"]·TR["Dikkat-et", "dikkat-edin", "dikkat-et", "dikkatli-ol", "sakın", "ve-koruyun"]·urd["اور-محتاط-رہو", "بچ", "خبردار رہ", "خبردار-رہ", "خبردار-رہو", "خبردار-ہو", "سنبھل-رکھنا", "ہوشیار-رہ"]
Gen 24:6, Gen 31:24, Gen 31:29, Exod 10:28, Exod 19:12, Exod 23:13, Exod 23:21, Exod 34:12, Deut 2:4, Deut 4:9, Deut 4:15, Deut 4:23 (+22 más)
▼ 5 sentido(s) más abajo
Sentidos
1. Qal: guardar, observar (ley/pacto) — Tronco Qal: guardar, observar u obedecer mandamientos, estatutos, pactos y ordenanzas — la acepción dominante con casi 400 apariciones. Éxodo 12:17 ('guardaréis la fiesta de los panes sin levadura') y Deuteronomio 5:12 ('guardarás el sábado') muestran el verbo en el corazón de la obediencia al pacto. Las traducciones convergen: español guardar, francés garder, alemán bewahren/beachten. 399×
AR["لِ-أَحْفَظَ", "لِ-الحِفظِ", "لِ-تَحْفَظَ", "لِ-تُحْفَظَ", "لِ-حِفْظِ", "لِتَحْفَظَ", "لِتَحْفَظُوا", "لِيَحْفَظَ", "لِيَحْفَظُوا"]·ben["পালন-করতে", "রক্ষা-করতে"]·DE["zu-beachten", "zu-bewahren", "zu-bewahrte"]·EN["to-keep", "to-observe"]·FR["pour-garder", "à-garder", "à-observe"]·heb["ל-שמור", "לשמור"]·HI["के-लिए-पालन-करने", "पालन-करने", "पालन-करने-को", "मानना", "मानने", "मानने-के-लिए", "रखने-को", "रखो"]·ID["untuk-dijaga", "untuk-memelihara", "untuk-menjaga"]·IT["a-custodi'", "a-custodire", "a-osservare"]·jav["Supados-netepi", "kanggé-dijagi", "kanggé-dipunjagi,", "kanggé-netepi", "kanggé-njagi", "supados-netepi", "supados-njagi", "supados-rumeksa"]·KO["지키기-위하여", "지키기-위해", "지키기를", "지키는-것을", "지키도록", "지키라고", "지키려고", "지키리라"]·PT["Para-guardar", "para-guardar"]·RU["Соблюдать", "для-хранения", "соблюдать", "соблюдая", "хранить", "чтобы-соблюдать", "чтобы-хранить"]·ES["guardar", "para-guardar"]·SW["Kuzishika", "kushika", "kutunza", "kuzishika"]·TR["korumak", "korumak-için", "tutmak", "tutmak-için", "tutmayı"]·urd["رکھنے-کو", "رکھوانے-کو", "ماننا", "ماننے-کا", "ماننے-کو", "ماننے-کے-لیے", "محفوظ-رکھنے-کو", "محفوظ-رکھنے-کے-لیے", "محفوظ-رہنے", "نگہبانی-کرنے", "پابندی-کرنے"]
Exod 12:17, Exod 12:17, Exod 12:24, Exod 12:25, Exod 22:7, Exod 22:10, Exod 31:14, Lev 8:35, Num 18:5, Deut 4:2, Deut 4:6, Deut 5:1 (+38 más)
3. Qal: vigilar, acechar — Tronco Qal: vigilar, observar, acechar — enfatizando la vigilancia visual más que la custodia. El centinela apostado sobre una ciudad (2 S 11:16) y Elí observando los labios de Ana moverse en oración (1 S 1:12) resaltan la mirada del vigía. Las traducciones confirman la connotación de observación asignada: alemán der Wächter, español los guardas, los centinelas. 26×
AR["الَّذِينَ-يُرَاقِبُونَ", "الْحَارِسُ", "الْحُرّاسُ", "تَرَقَّبَتْ", "تَرْقُبُ؟", "تُرَاقِبُ", "حُرَّاسًا", "راقَبْتَني", "شُومِير", "كَـ-حُرَّاسِ", "لاحِظِ", "مُتَرَقِّبِي", "هَ-شُّومْرِيم", "وَ-تُرَاقِبُ", "وَ-راقِبو-", "يَا-حَارِسُ", "يَرصُدونَ"]·ben["-প্রহরীরা", "অপেক্ষা-করেছে", "আপনি-পাহারা-দেন", "এবং-আপনি-আমাকে-দেখেছেন", "এবং-আপনি-পাহারা-দেন", "ও-যারা-পাহারা-দেয়", "তারা-পর্যবেক্ষণ-করে", "তুমি-পাহারা-দাও", "পর্যবেক্ষণকারী", "পাহারাদারেরা-", "প্রহরী", "প্রহরীদের", "প্রহরীরা", "মাঠের-রক্ষীদের-মতো", "যারা-পালন-করত", "লক্ষ্য-কর"]·DE["bewahren", "bewahrte", "der-watchmen", "und-bewahrte"]·EN["and-You-watch-me", "and-those-who-watch-for", "and-watch", "do-you-observe", "he-who-watches", "like-keepers-of", "observe", "the-ones-watching", "the-watchmen", "they-watch", "watches", "watching-for", "watchman", "watchmen", "you-watch"]·FR["et-garder", "garder", "le-watchmen", "les-gardes"]·heb["ה-שומרים", "ו-שומרי", "ו-שמרתני", "ו-תשמור", "ישמרו", "כ-שומרי", "שומר", "שומרי", "שומרים", "שמור-", "שמרה", "תשמור"]·HI["और-घात-लगाने-वाले", "और-तू-देखता-है", "और-तूने-मुझे-देखा", "चौकीदारों-ने", "जो-देखते-थे", "ताकते-रहने-वाले", "तू-देखता", "तू-देखता-है", "देख", "देखती-है", "देखते-हैं", "देखनेवाला", "पहरेदार", "पहरेदार-ने", "पहरेदारों-जैसे", "पहरेदारों-ने"]·ID["-para-penjaga", "Engkau-mengawasi", "Hai-penjaga", "Penjaga", "Seperti-penjaga-penjaga", "Yang-memperhatikan", "dan-Engkau-mengawasiku", "dan-mengawasi", "dan-yang-mengintai", "engkau mengawasi", "menunggu", "para-pengintai", "penjaga", "penjaga-penjaga", "yang-mengawasi", "yang-mengintai"]·IT["custodi'", "custodire", "e-custodi'", "e-custodire", "il-custodire", "il-watchmen"]·jav["Mugi-njagi", "Panjenengan-njagi", "ing-kula", "ingkang-njagi", "jaga", "juru-jagi", "kados-penjagi", "lan-Panjenengan-njagi", "lan-Panjenengan-njagi-kawula", "njagi", "panjenengan-njagi", "para-jagi", "para-panjagi", "para-tilik", "saha-tiyang-ingkang-njaga"]·KO["그-파수꾼들-이", "그리고-당신이-나를-지켜보셨다", "그리고-당신이-지켜보신다", "네가-지켜보았느냐", "목장들처럼", "정탐꾼들이", "지켜도다", "지켜보는-자", "지켜보지-않으시나이까", "지켰나니", "지키는-자들-이", "지키는-자들이", "지키라", "파수꾼들을", "파수꾼이", "파수꾼이여"]·PT["Como-guardas-de", "Observa", "Quem-observa", "aguarda", "e-me-guardaste", "e-os-que-vigiam", "e-vigias", "guardas", "o-guarda", "observam", "observas?", "os-guardas", "os-que-me-observam", "sentinelas", "vigiando", "vigias", "Ó-guarda", "ó-guarda"]·RU["-следящие", "Наблюдающий", "и-наблюдаешь", "и-стерегущие", "и-стережёшь-меня", "как-стражи", "наблюдаешь", "стерегут", "стерегущие", "стережёт", "сторожей", "страж", "стражи", "храни"]·ES["Como-guardas-de", "Guarda", "Observa", "centinelas", "el-guarda", "el-que-observa", "espera", "guarda", "guardas", "los-guardas", "los-guardias", "los-que-acechan", "los-que-guardaban", "los-vigilantes", "observas", "tú-me-vigilas,", "vigilan", "vigilas", "y-los-que-acechan", "y-vigilas"]·SW["Anayeangalia", "Angalia", "Mlinzi", "huchukulii", "kama-walinzi", "linasubiri", "mlinzi", "na-unalinda", "na-unanichunga", "na-wanaoiangalia", "unaangalia", "walinzi", "walionilinda", "wanaangalia", "wanaoniangalia"]·TR["Bekci", "bekci", "bekciler", "bekler", "beklersin", "bekçileri", "bekçileri-gibi", "de-gözcüler", "gozculer", "gozleyen", "gözetenlerin", "gözetir-misin", "gözetleyenler", "gözetliyorlar", "ve-gözetirsin", "ve-gözetleyenler-", "ve-izledin-beni", "İzle-"]·urd["انتظار کرتی ہے", "اور-نگرانی-کرتا-ہے-تُو", "اور-نگرانی-کرتا-ہے-تُو-مجھے", "حفاظت-کرنے-والوں-کی-طرح", "دیکھ", "دیکھتے-ہوئے", "دیکھنے-والا", "دیکھنے-والے", "نگرانی-کرتا-ہے-تُو", "نگرانی-کَرتے", "نگہبانوں-نے", "وَ-نگران", "پہرے-دار", "پہرےدار", "پہرےدار-نے", "کیا-تو-دیکھتا-ہے"]
4. Qal/Nifal pasivo: ser guardado — Participio pasivo Qal y Nifal pasivo: ser guardado, custodiado o preservado por otro. La porción reservada para Saúl (1 S 9:24, 'lo que ha sido guardado') y la promesa de que el Señor preserva a los fieles (Sal 37:28) expresan en voz pasiva la custodia protectora, divina o humana. El español fue guardado y el alemán bewahrte confirman el estado resultativo. 6×
AR["حُفِظَ", "مَحْفُوظٌ-", "وَلَيْسَ", "وَمَحْفُوظًا", "يُحْفَظونَ"]·ben["এবং-সুরক্ষিত", "রক্ষা-করেছে", "রক্ষিত", "রক্ষিত-হয়", "রক্ষিত-হল", "রাখা-হয়েছে-"]·DE["bewahrte", "bewahrte-", "habe-bewahrte", "und-guarded", "welcher-Myrrhe"]·EN["and-guarded", "have-kept", "he-was-kept", "kept", "kept-", "they-are-preserved"]·FR["ai-garda", "et-guarded", "garda-", "garder"]·heb["ו-שמורה", "נשמר", "נשמרו", "שמור"]·HI["उसे-रखा-गया", "और-सुरक्षित", "रखा-गया-है", "रखा-हुआ", "रोके-रहे", "सुरक्षित-हैं"]·ID["dan-terjaga", "disimpan", "disimpan-", "para-bujang-menjaga-diri"]·IT["avere-custodì", "custodi'", "custodire", "custodì-", "e-fece-la-guardia"]·jav["dipun-jagi", "dipun-simpen-", "dipunsimpen", "lan-dipun-jagi", "sampun-njagi"]·KO["간직된", "그리고-지켜진", "보존되었도다", "지켜졌느니라", "지켜졌다", "지켰으면"]·PT["e-guardada", "foi-guardado", "guardada", "guardado", "guardaram-se", "são-guardados"]·RU["и-хранимый", "охраняются", "сохранено-", "сохранились", "хранился", "хранимое"]·ES["fue-guardado", "guardadas", "guardado", "se-guardaron", "serán-guardados", "y-guardado"]·SW["alilindwa", "imehifadhiwa", "na-kuhifadhiwa", "unaohifadhiwa", "wanalindwa", "zimehifadhiwa"]·TR["korundu", "korunmuşlarsa", "korunurlar", "saklanmis", "saklanıldı-", "ve-korunmuş"]·urd["اور-محفوظ", "بچائے-رکھے", "رکھا-تھا", "رکھی-ہوئی", "محفوظ-رہتے-ہیں", "نگہبانی-کی-گئی"]
5. Hitpael: guardarse a sí mismo — Tronco Hitpael reflexivo-intensivo: guardarse a sí mismo con esfuerzo deliberado. Solo tres apariciones — 2 Samuel 22:24 y Salmo 18:24 (la confesión paralela de David: 'me guardé de mi iniquidad') y Miqueas 6:16 — pero cada una transmite una autodisciplina intensificada que supera la simple cautela del Nifal. La reduplicación reflexiva señala vigilancia moral como práctica sostenida y costosa. 3×
AR["وَتَحَفَّظْتُ", "وَتُحْفَظُ"]·ben["এবং-আমি-নিজেকে-রক্ষা-করেছি", "এবং-রক্ষা-করেছি-নিজেকে", "এবং-রক্ষিত-হয়েছে"]·DE["und-bewahrte", "und-ich-guarded-mich-selbst"]·EN["and-I-guarded-myself", "and-I-kept-myself", "and-are-kept"]·FR["et-garder", "et-je-guarded-moi-même"]·heb["ו-אשתמר", "ו-אשתמרה", "ו-ישתמר"]·HI["और-पालन-किया-जाता-है", "और-बचाया-मैंने", "और-बचाया-मैंने-अपने-आप-को"]·ID["Dan-kamu-memelihara", "dan-aku-menjaga-diri", "dan-aku-menjaga-diriku"]·IT["e-custodi'", "e-custodire", "e-io-fece-la-guardia-me-stesso"]·jav["lan-dipunjagi", "lan-kula-njagi-dhiri", "saha-kula-njagi"]·KO["그리고-지켜졌다", "그리고-지켰다-나는", "그리고-지켰음이라"]·PT["E-foram-guardados", "e-guardei-me", "e-me-guardei"]·RU["И-соблюдаются", "и-остерегался", "и-охранял-себя"]·ES["Y-se-guardan", "y-me-guardé"]·SW["na-nikajilinda", "na-nilijilinda", "na-zimeshikwa"]·TR["Ve-korunuyor", "ve-korudum-kendimi"]·urd["اور-میں-نے-بچایا-اپنے-آپ-کو", "اور-پالے-جاتے-ہیں"]
6. aferrarse a (ídolos vanos) — Sentido raro o disputado en Jonás 2:9: los que se aferran o veneran vanidades ilusorias. El español los que guardan y el inglés 'those who cling to' sugieren un sentido transferido donde 'guardar' cosas vacías se convierte en devoción mal encaminada — una inversión irónica del vocabulario pactual de la observancia fiel. 1×
AR["الْحَافِظُونَ"]·ben["যারা-ধারণ-করে"]·DE["bewahrte"]·EN["those-who-cling-to"]·FR["garder"]·heb["משמרים"]·HI["पकड़ने-वाले"]·ID["Yang-memelihara"]·IT["custodire"]·jav["tiyang-kang-njagi"]·KO["지키는-자들-은"]·PT["Os-que-guardam"]·RU["Хранящие"]·ES["Los-que-guardan"]·SW["wanaoshika"]·TR["tutanlar"]·urd["جو-پکڑتے-ہیں"]
Sentidos Relacionados
G3101 1. disciple, learner (263×)H5826 1. Qal: to help, aid (53×)H8334 1. to minister, serve (52×)H8334 2. minister, servant, attendant (46×)G5083 1. observe or obey commands (41×)G1247 1. to serve or minister to (32×)H3256 1. discipline, chastise (Piel active) (27×)H5833 1. help, aid, assistance (26×)H5341 1. keep, observe (commandments) (24×)G5083 2. guard or protect someone (23×)H5647 2. serve, minister to (a person) (21×)H5826 2. Qal participle: helper (21×)G5219 1. obey, be obedient to (20×)H5341 2. guard, protect, preserve (a person) (20×)G1398 1. serve, render service to (19×)H5828 1. help, assistance (19×)H5411 1. Nethinim, temple servants (18×)G3936 1. present, offer, yield (17×)G3936 2. stand by, be present (16×)G0544 1. disobey, be disobedient (14×)
Referencia BDB / Léxico
I. שָׁמַר465 vb. keep, watch, preserve (NH id.; Ph. שמר in n.pr. and (Pun.) = watchman; TelAm. šimiru is perhaps overseer (Canaanism), WklNo. 80, 1, 23; Mand. סמירא preserved NöM 46; cf. Arabic سَمَرَ converse by night, stay awake (v. LagBN 105); BaNB 175 f.; ES 43 infers from ܬܶܡܪܳܐ eyelid (cf. [שְׁמֻרָה] infr.), and Arabicثَمَلَ support, aid, protect (l = r), that two √ √ are combined in Heb.;…