H6310 H6310
mouth, edge, opening, command; from the physical organ to its extensions (sword edge, well opening, proportional measure)
The noun peh primarily denotes the physical mouth of humans or animals, the organ of speech and eating (395 occurrences). From this concrete root spring multiple extensions: the sharp edge of a sword in battle idioms ('by the mouth of the sword'), openings of vessels and garments (wells, sacks, collars), proportional measures ('according to the mouth' = as befits), and authoritative utterances that issue from the mouth (commands, decrees). The semantic range spans body part, physical aperture, measurement idiom, and metonymic word-for-utterance. Arabic, Korean, and Swahili translations preserve these distinct senses with separate lexemes for edge (hadd, kalnal, makali) and measure (hasab, ttara, kulingana na).
6. end, extremity — The sense 'end' or 'extremity' of a spatial extent occurs 4 times (2 Kings 10:21, 21:16, Ezra 9:11 twice). Arabic taraf, Korean kkeut, Swahili upande, Hindi chhor all mean edge/end, supporting a metaphorical extension from mouth as frontal opening to terminus of a boundary. 4×
AR["طَرَف","لِ-طَرَفٍ","لِفَمٍ","مِنْ-طَرَف"]·ben["থেকে-মুখ","মুখ","মুখ-থেকে","মুখে"]·DE["Mund","von-Mund","zu-Mund"]·EN["end","from-end","to-mouth"]·FR["bouche","à-bouche"]·heb["ל-פה","מ-פה","פה"]·HI["एक-छोर-से","दूसरे-छोर-तक","लपेह","ला-मुँह"]·ID["dari-ujung","ke-ujung","sampai-ujung","ujung"]·IT["a-bocca","bocca"]·jav["dosanipun","dumugi-cangkem","pinggir","saking-pinggir"]·KO["끝","끝까지","에서-끝","에서-입-까지"]·PT["a-boca","de-ponta","ponta"]·RU["до-края","к-устам","края","от-края"]·ES["a-boca","a-extremo","de-extremo","extremo"]·SW["hadi-mdomo","hadi-upande","kutoka-upande-mmoja","upande-mwingine"]·TR["ağza","ucuna","ucundan"]·urd["منہ-تک","کنارا","کنارے-تک","کنارے-سے"]
▼ 8 more senses below
Senses
1. mouth (body part) — The literal physical mouth appears in 395 passages, covering eating, speaking, and all pronominal/prepositional phrases where the referent is the bodily organ. This foundational sense anchors the semantic network from which the other meanings derive through metaphor and metonymy. 395×
AR["حَسَبِ","فَمِ","قَدْرِ"]·ben["বাক্যগুলির","মুখ","মুখের"]·DE["Mund-von","der-Öffnung","die-Öffnung"]·EN["mouth-of"]·FR["bouche-de"]·heb["פה","פי"]·HI["आज्ञा","मुँह","मुंह","वचन"]·ID["kemampuan","mulut","perintah","tahun-tahun"]·IT["bocca-di"]·jav["cangkemipun","dhawuh","lisan","pangandika","pangandikan","pangandikanipun","tutuk","tutuking"]·KO["입","입-에-따라","입-의","입의"]·PT["boca-de","boca-de-"]·RU["речению","слов","слову","устам","устье","устья"]·ES["boca-de","boca-de-","la-boca-de"]·SW["amri","amri-ya","kinywa-cha-","mdomo-wa","neno-la"]·TR["ağzı","ağzı-","ağzına","ağzının"]·urd["اس-کے","حکم","منہ","منہ-کے"]
2. edge of sword — The 'edge of the sword' (lefi cherev) occurs 47 times, a stock phrase for violent death. Multilingual evidence shows distinct lexemes: Arabic hadd (sharp edge), Korean kalnal (blade), Swahili makali (sharpness), Hindi dhaar (cutting edge), confirming this as a stable metaphorical extension from mouth to weapon's edge. 47×
AR["بِ-فَمِ","بِ-فَمِ-","بِحَدِّ-","بِفَمِ-","لِ-فَمِ-"]·ben["ধারে-","মুখে-"]·DE["durch-Mund-von","durch-Mund-von-","durch-Rand-von-","durch-der-Rand-von","durch-der-Rand-von-","mit-Rand-von-","mit-der-Rand-von","mit-edge-von-"]·EN["by-edge-of-","by-mouth-of","by-mouth-of-","by-the-edge-of","by-the-edge-of-","with-edge-of-","with-the-edge-of"]·FR["avec-bord-de-","avec-le-bord-de","avec-tranchant-de-","par-bouche-de","par-bouche-de-","par-edge-de-","par-le-bord-de","par-le-bord-de-"]·heb["ל-פי","ל-פי-"]·HI["धार","धार-","धार-से","धार-से-","लपी-","से-धार-"]·ID["dengan-mata","dengan-mata-"]·IT["con-filo-di-","con-il-edge-di","da-bocca-di-","da-orlo-di-","per-bocca-di","per-il-edge-di","per-il-edge-di-"]·jav["dening-landheping","déning-landheping-","kanggé-landheping","kanthi-landheping","kanthi-landheping-","ngangge"]·KO["~의-날-로","날-","날-로","날로","로-입의-","에-칼","에-칼날에","칼-"]·PT["a-fio-de","a-fio-de-","ao-fio-de"]·RU["острием-","остриём-","устами"]·ES["a-filo-de","a-filo-de-"]·SW["kwa-makali-ya","kwa-makali-ya-"]·TR["ağzıyla","ağzıyla-","ile-ağzı-"]·urd["تلوار-کی-دھار-سے","دھار-سے","دھار-سے-","دہانے-سے-"]
Gen 4:11, Gen 34:26, Exod 17:13, Num 16:30, Num 16:32, Num 21:24, Num 26:10, Deut 11:6, Deut 13:15, Deut 13:15, Deut 20:13, Josh 6:21 (+35 more)
3. according to, in proportion to — The prepositional idiom 'al-pi' (according to/in proportion to) appears 28 times in legal and cultic contexts. Cross-linguistic data reveal specialized prepositions: Arabic hasab, Korean ttara (following), Swahili kulingana na (in accordance with), Hindi anusaar (according to), showing this as a grammaticalized meaning distinct from the body part. 28×
AR["بِ-حَسَبِ","بِفَمِ","حَسَبَ","كَ-فَمِ","كَنَسِبَةِ","وَ-حَسَبَ","وَبِ-حَسَبِ"]·ben["-অনুসারে","অনুযায়ী","অনুসারে","অনুসারে-","অনুসারে-মুখে","এবং-অনুযায়ী","মুখ-অনুযায়ী","মুখ-অনুযায়ী-"]·DE["bei-Mund-von","durch-Mund-von","gemaess-zu","gemaess-zu-","nach-dem-Mund","und-gemaess-zu","zu-Mund-von"]·EN["according-to","according-to-","and-according-to","by-mouth-of"]·FR["et-selon","par-bouche-de","selon","selon-à","selon-à-","à-bouche"]·heb["ו-לפי","כ-כפי","כ-פי","ל-פה","ל-פי"]·HI["अनुसार","अनुसार-","अनुसार-मुँह","और-के-अनुसार","और-जब","के-अनुसार","मुँह-के-अनुसार"]·ID["Menurut","dan-menurut","dan-sesuai","menurut","menurut-","menurut-mulut","sesuai-dengan"]·IT["da-bocca-di","e-secondo","per-bocca","secondo","secondo-a","secondo-a-"]·jav["Lan-miturut-","Miturut |","lan-miturut","miturut","miturut-"]·KO["~에-따라","그리고-따라","그리고-에-따라","따라","따라서-","에-따라","에-입에-따라"]·PT["E-conforme","Segundo","conforme","conforme-","e-segundo","por-boca-de","segundo","segundo-"]·RU["и-по","и-по-мере","по","по-","по-еде","по-мере","по-мере-","по-устам"]·ES["Según","Y-según","conforme-a","por-boca-de","según","según-","y-según"]·SW["Kpi","Kulingana-na-","kulingana-na","kulingana-na-","kwa-kadiri-ya","kwa-kadri-ya","kwa-kiwango","na-kulingana-na","na-kulingana-na-"]·TR["-e-göre","-göre","-göre-payına","-göre-sözüne","ağzına-göre","göre","göre-","göredir","ve--e-göre","ve-göre"]·urd["اور-جب","اور-مطابق","بقدر","مطابق","مطابق-کے","میرے-کہنے-کے-مطابق","کے-مطابق"]
Gen 47:12, Exod 12:4, Exod 16:16, Exod 16:18, Exod 16:21, Lev 25:16, Lev 25:16, Lev 25:51, Lev 25:52, Lev 27:16, Num 6:21, Num 7:5 (+16 more)
4. opening, entrance, aperture — The opening of a container (well, sack, cave) accounts for 12 occurrences. Translations employ contextual terms: Arabic fathah (opening), Korean ipgu (entrance), Swahili shimo/mlango (hole/doorway), Hindi mukh (contextual mouth/opening), indicating a natural semantic extension from bodily orifice to inanimate aperture. 12×
AR["عِنْدَ-فَمِ-","فَتحَةُ-","فَمِهَا","كَ-فَتحَةِ","كَ-فَتْحَةِ","لِ-فَتحَتِها","لِ-فَتْحَتِهِ","لِـ-فَمِ","لِفَمِهِ","وَ-فَتْحَةُ","وَ-فَمُهَا"]·ben["এবং-তার-মুখ","এবং-মুখ","তার-মুখে","তার-মুখের-জন্য","প্রবেশ-দ্বারে-","মুখ","মুখে-","মুখের-জন্য","মুখের-তার-জন্য","মুখের-মতো","যেমন-মুখ"]·DE["Mund","bei-Mund","fuer-sein-opening","opening-von","sein-Mund","und-opening-von","und-sein-Mund","wie-opening-von","zu-Mund-von"]·EN["and-its-mouth","and-opening-of","at-mouth-of","at-the-entrance-of","for-his-mouth","for-its-opening","its-mouth","like-opening-of","opening-of"]·FR["comme-ouverture-de","et-ouverture-de","et-son-bouche","ouverture-de","pour-son-ouverture","son-bouche","à-bouche","à-ma-bouche","à-son-bouche-lui"]·heb["ו-פי-","ו-פי-ה","ו-פי-הו","כ-פי","ל-פי","ל-פי־","ל-פיהו","ל-פיו","פי","פי-ה"]·HI["उसके-मुँह-के","उसके-मुँह-के-लिए","उसके-मुँह-को","और-मुँह","और-मुँह-उसका","जैसे-मुँह","मुँह-","मुँह-उसके","मुँह-जैसे","मुँह-पर","मुख-पर-"]·ID["dan-lubang","dan-mulutnya","di-mulut","di-mulut-","lubang","mulutnya","seperti-lubang","untuk-lubangnya","untuk-mulutnya"]·IT["a-bocca-di","come-opening-di","e-opening-di","e-suo-bocca","opening-di","per-bocca","per-bocca-suo","per-suo-opening","suo-bocca"]·jav["Lan-cangkem","bolongan","cangkem","ing-lawang","ing-tutuk","kados-bolongan","kados-cangkem","kanggé-bolongan-ipun","kanggé-cangkemipun","lan-cangkem","tumrap-tutukipun"]·KO["같은-입","같이-입","그것의-입구에","그리고-그것의-입구는","그리고-입-","에-그-입","에게-그것의-입","입-","입-그의-을-위함","입구-에"]·PT["E-abertura-de-","E-boca-sua","abertura-de","boca-sua","como-abertura-de","e-boca-sua","para-abertura-dele","para-sua-abertura","à-boca","à-boca-de","é-para-boca-sua"]·RU["для-отверстия-её","для-рта-его,","и-отверстие","и-устье-её","как-отверстие","отверстие-","при-входе-","у-входа-","у-отверстия-его","устье-её"]·ES["Y-abertura-de","Y-boca-de-ella","a-boca-de","a-entrada-de","boca-de-","boca-de-ella","como-abertura-de","como-boca-de","para-su-abertura","para-su-boca","y-boca-de-ella"]·SW["Na-mdomo-wake","kama-shimo","kama-shimo-la","kwa-shimo-lake","kwenye-mlango-wa","mlangoni-mwa","na-mdomo-wake","na-paneli-zake","na-shimo-la-","ni-kwa-kinywa-chake","shimo-"]·TR["Ve-ağzı","agzi-icin","ağzı","ağzı-gibi","ağzına","ağzına-","girişinde-","ve-ağzı"]·urd["اور-منہ","اور-منہ اُس کا","اُس-کے-منہ-کے-لیے","جیسے","جیسے-منہ","منہ اُس کا","منہ-","منہ-پر","منہ-کے-اس"]
5. command, decree, word — Metonymic use for 'command' or 'decree' (the mouth standing for what issues from it) appears 6 times, especially with divine subjects. Cross-linguistic glosses include Arabic amr (command), Korean myeonglyeong (decree), Swahili amri/neno (command/word), Hindi aajnaa/vachan (order/word), confirming a recognized metonymic pathway. 6×
AR["أَمْرَهُ","أَمْرِ","أَمْرِكَ","حَسَبِ","فَمِ","فَمِهِم"]·ben["তাঁর-আজ্ঞা","তাদের-মুখের","তোমার-মুখের-আদেশে","মুখের"]·DE["Mund","Mund-von","dem-Befehl","dem-Mund"]·EN["His-command","mouth-of","the-mouth-of-","their-command","your-command"]·FR["bouche","bouche-de","son-bouche-lui","ton-bouche-toi"]·heb["פה","פה-ם","פי","פיו","פיך"]·HI["आज्ञा","आज्ञा-उसकी","उनके-आदेश","ताल","तेरी-आज्ञा","मुँह"]·ID["mulut","perintah","perintah-Nya","perintah-mereka","perintahmu","suara"]·IT["bocca","bocca-di","bocca-suo","bocca-tuo"]·jav["dhawuh","perintah","printah-ipun","swanten","tutuk-panjenengan"]·KO["그-의-명령-을","네-명령-으로","소리로","입","입-그들-의"]·PT["boca-de","boca-dele","boca-deles","tua-ordem"]·RU["звук","словам","слову","слову-их","слову-твоему","уст-Его,"]·ES["boca-de","boca-de-él","son-del","su-boca","tu-boca"]·SW["amri-yake","amri-yako","kanywa","kwa-nini","midomo-yao","sauti-ya"]·TR["ağzının","ağızlarının-onların","buyruğunu-O'nun","emrine-göre","emrinle","üzerine"]·urd["ان-کے-حکم","تیرے-حکم","حکم-اُس-کا","حکم-کے","ساتھ","منہ"]
7. portion, measured part — Proportional 'portion' or measured share appears 3 times (Deut 21:17 double portion, 2 Kgs 2:9, Zech 13:8). Multilingual evidence: Arabic di'faani/thulthaa (double/third), Korean bae (multiple), Swahili sehemu/fungu (part/portion), Hindi bhaag (share), showing a specialized counting idiom. 3×
AR["ثُلْثَا-","ضِعْفَانِ-","فَمَ"]·ben["অংশ","মুখ","মুখ-"]·DE["Anteil-von","Mund-von"]·EN["portion-of","two"]·FR["bouche","part-de","portion-de"]·heb["פי","פי־"]·HI["भाग","भाग-"]·ID["dua-","dua-bagian","dua-kali-lipat"]·IT["bocca","porzione-di"]·jav["cangkem","kalih-","tikel-kalih"]·KO["배","입으로-"]·PT["dois-de","porção-de"]·RU["две-","долю","доля-"]·ES["dos","porción","porción-de"]·SW["fungu","sehemu-","sehemu-mbili-ya-tatu"]·TR["ağız-","payını","porsiyonu-"]·urd["حصہ","دو-","منہ-سے"]
8. collar, neck opening of garment — The 'collar' or neck opening of a garment occurs twice (Job 30:18, Ps 133:2). Context-specific translations include Arabic fam (in garment sense), Korean otgit (garment opening), Swahili ukingo/shingo (border/neck), Hindi gale (neck/collar), confirming this as a specialized clothing term. 2×
AR["طَرَفِ","كَ-فَمِ"]·ben["-মতো","কিনারার"]·DE["Mund","wie-Mund-von"]·EN["as-collar-of","collar-of"]·FR["comme-bouche","ma-bouche"]·heb["כ-פי","פי"]·HI["कैसे-गले-के","छोर-पर"]·ID["leher","seperti-kerah"]·IT["bocca-di","come-bocca"]·jav["kadosdene-cèlènging","pinggiran"]·KO["-같이","옷깃"]·PT["a-orla-de","como-gola-de"]·RU["как-ворот","край-"]·ES["borde-de","como-cuello-de"]·SW["kama-shingo","ukingo-wa"]·TR["yakası-gibi","yakasının"]·urd["جیسے","کناروں"]
9. sense 9 — A single occurrence at 1 Samuel 13:21 (pim, a unit of weight or measure) remains uncertain. The hapax legomenon shows transliteration across languages (pim), suggesting translators recognized it as a technical term whose exact referent is unclear, possibly a fractional weight for sharpening tools. 1×
AR["فِيمًا"]·ben["এক-পিম"]·DE["pim"]·EN["pim"]·FR["pim"]·heb["פים"]·HI["पीम"]·ID["satu-pim"]·IT["pim"]·jav["pim"]·KO["한-피이었다"]·PT["pim"]·RU["пим"]·ES["un-pim"]·SW["pimu"]·TR["pim"]·urd["پِم"]
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† [פֶּ֫דֶר] n.[m.] suet, of עֹלָה (so Vrss NH: √ unknown);—abs. פָּ֑דֶר Lv 1:8; 8:20; sf. פִּדְרוֹ 1:12.