H4749 H4749
Hammered metalwork, especially beaten gold used for tabernacle furnishings; possibly turned or shaped work
A technical term from Israel's sacred craftsmanship, referring to metalwork produced by hammering rather than casting. Nearly all occurrences describe the beaten gold of the tabernacle: the cherubim hammered from a single piece (Exod 25:18; 37:7), the lampstand forged as one continuous hammered work from base to blossoms (Exod 25:31, 36; 37:17, 22; Num 8:4), and the silver trumpets beaten into shape (Num 10:2). The emphasis is on the artisan's skill in shaping precious metal through repeated blows. A solitary occurrence in Jeremiah 10:5, comparing idols to 'a scarecrow in a cucumber field,' may reflect an unrelated homonym or a distinct semantic development.
Senses
1. hammered work, wrought metalwork — Hammered or wrought metalwork, specifically beaten gold or silver crafted by skilled hammering for tabernacle furnishings. The golden cherubim atop the mercy seat were miqshah -- hammered from a single piece rather than cast in a mold (Exod 25:18; 37:7). The menorah was entirely miqshah, beaten from one talent of gold, from its base to its flower-shaped cups (Exod 25:31, 36; 37:17, 22; Num 8:4). The silver clarions of Numbers 10:2 were likewise hammered work. Spanish 'labrada-a-martillo' (hammer-wrought) and German 'getrieben-Werk' (driven/beaten work) preserve the artisanal technique implied by the Hebrew. 9×
AR["مَسْكُوكَةً","مَطروقاً","مَطروقَةً","مَطروقَةٌ","مَطْرُوقَةٌ"]·ben["পেটানো","পেটানো-কাজ","পেটানো-কাজের"]·DE["getrieben-Werk","hammered-Werk","hammered-Werk-von"]·EN["hammered-work","hammered-work-of"]·FR["hammered-oeuvre","hammered-oeuvre-de","martelé-travail"]·heb["מקשה"]·HI["गढ़ाई-कारीगरी","गढ़ाई-कारीगरी-से","गढ़ी-हुई","गढ़े-हुए","पीटा-हुआ","पीटे-हुए"]·ID["tempaan"]·IT["hammered-opera","hammered-opera-di","martellò-opera"]·jav["dipun-tempa","tèmpaan"]·KO["두드려-만든-것","두드려-만든-것으로","두드린","쳐서-만든-것","쳐서-만든-것으로"]·PT["batida","batidas","batido","obra-batida","ouro-batido"]·RU["чеканная-работа","чеканное","чеканной-работой","чеканной-работы","чеканными"]·ES["de-obra-batida","labrada-a-martillo","labradas","labrado-a-martillo","obra-batida"]·SW["kilichofuwa","vya-kufua","ya-kufua","ya-kufuliwa","za-kufuliwa"]·TR["dövme","dövme-işi"]·urd["گھڑ-کر","گھڑائی","گھڑائی-ہوئی","گھڑے-ہوئے-کام-سے"]
2. turned/polished work (or cucumber field) — A distinct or possibly homonymous usage in Jeremiah 10:5, where the context differs entirely from the tabernacle metalwork passages. English follows the LXX/Baruch tradition in rendering 'in a cucumber field,' comparing voiceless idols to a scarecrow. Spanish 'de-obra-torneada' ('of turned/lathed work') preserves an alternative interpretation suggesting shaped or polished craftsmanship applied to idol-making. The divergence between translations suggests either a separate lexical root (from qishu, 'cucumber') or a rare extension of the 'shaped work' meaning to non-precious materials. 1×
AR["مَصْقُولَةٍ"]·ben["গোলাকার"]·DE["[מקשה]"]·EN["in-a-cucumber-field"]·FR["[מקשה]"]·heb["מקשה"]·HI["गढ़े-हुए"]·ID["tukul"]·IT["[מקשה]"]·jav["sawah-timun"]·KO["단단한-것이라"]·PT["de-obra-torneada"]·RU["точёная"]·ES["de-obra-torneada"]·SW["uliochongwa"]·TR["dövülmüş"]·urd["خراد-کا-کام"]
Related Senses
H5921a 1. upon, on, over (spatial) (5443×)H0413 1. directional: to, toward (5366×)H1121a 1. son, male offspring, descendant (4914×)H3808 1. simple negation (not) (4839×)H4428 1. king, human ruler (2518×)G1722 1. locative: in, within (2442×)H1004b 1. house, dwelling, building (2015×)H6440 1. before, in front of (spatial) (1870×)G3756 1. not (negation particle) (1635×)H3027 1. physical hand (body part) (1596×)H1697 1. word, speech, utterance (1235×)H4480a 1. source or separation (1198×)H5892b 1. city, town (1093×)G1519 1. direction: into, to, toward (1061×)H3427 1. Qal: to dwell, inhabit (937×)G1537 1. from, out of (source/origin) (886×)H8034 1. Name (designation / identifier) (856×)G3361 1. subjective negation (not) (834×)G1909 1. on, upon (spatial surface) (757×)H0369 1. existential negation: there is not (738×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† II. מִקְשָׁה n.f. perhaps hammered work, only of metals (orig. turner’s work?);—abs. מ׳, of cherubim in tabern. Ex 25:18; 37:7, lamp-stand 25:31, 36; 37:17, 22 Nu 8:4(×2), clarions 10:2.—i. מ׳ v. קשׁא.