This concessive conjunction meaning 'although' or 'even though' introduces a statement that stands in contrast to what might be expected. It typically accompanies a participle. The author of Hebrews uses it strikingly: Christ 'although being a Son, learned obedience through suffering' (Heb 5:8), and Esau 'although seeking it with tears' could not recover his birthright (Heb 12:17). Paul employs it in Phil 3:4 to concede that he has grounds for confidence in the flesh. The uniform rendering across Spanish ('aunque'), French ('obgleich'), and German ('obgleich') underscores its straightforward concessive force.