Trampling and Treading

† דָּרַךְ vb. tread, march (Aramaic דְּרַךְ, ܕܪܶܟ NH Hiph. lead, conduct; Arabic iv. ادرك reach, overtake; Ethiopic ደረከ be rough, severe (from calcavit, Di); መድረክ threshold, vestibule)— Qal Pf. 3 ms. דָּרַךְ Nu 24:17 + 6 times; 3 fs. דָּרְֽכָה Jos 14:9; 2 ms. דָּרַכְתָּ Hb 3:15; 1 s. דָּרַכְתִּי Is 63:3 Zc 9:13; pl. דָּֽרְכוּ Jb 22:15 + 3 times; Impf. 3 ms. יִדְרֹךְ Mi 5:4 + 6 times + ידרך Je 51:3 (כתיב ולא קוי); 3 fs. תִּדְרֹךְ Dt 11:24 Jos 1:3; 2 ms. תִּדְרֹךְ Dt 33:29 + 2 times; 2 fs. תִּדְרְכִי Ju 5:21; 1 s. sf. וְאֶדְרְכֵם Is 63:3; 3 mpl. יִדְרְכוּ 1 S 5:5, יִדְרְכוּן ψ 11:2, וַיִּדְרְכוּ Ju 9:27; 2 mpl. תִּדְרְכוּ Dt 11:25; Pt. act. דֹּרֵךְ Am 4:13 + 5 times; דּוֹרֵךְ Jb 9:8; דֹּרְכִים Je 25:30 Ne 13:15; דֹּרְכֵי Je 46:9 + 5 times; pass. f. דְּרוּכָה Is 21:15; דְּרֻכוֹת 5:28;— 1. tread, march, march forth, abs., תִּדְרְכִי נַפְשִׁי עֹז Ju 5:21; cf. דָּרַךְ כּוֹכָב מִיַּעֲקֹב Nu 24:17 (poem) a star hath marched forth from Jacob. 2. tread upon (land), sq. בְּ Dt 1:36; 11:25 (subj. pers.), Jos 14:9 (subj. רֶגֶל) cf. Dt 11:24 = Jos 1:3 (subj. כַּף רַגְלְכֶם); tread in a path, sq. בְּ Is 59:8 (fig. of mode of life); tread in (on) the sea, sq. בְּ Hb 3:15 (but text dub. cf. VB); of an invader יִדְרֹךְ בְּאַרְמְנוֹתֵינוּ Mi 5:4 (‖ יָבוֹא בְּאַרְצֵנוּ); יִד׳ בִּגְבוּלֵינוּ v 5 (‖ id.); sq. עַל 1 S 5:5 (עַל־מִפְתַּן דָּגוֹן); ψ 91:13 (עַל־שַׁחַל וָפֶתֶן); especially (poet.) עַל־בָּמֳו֯תֵי אֶרֶץ Mi 1:3, of י׳, so Am 4:13, & (עַל־בָּמֳתֵי יָ֑ם) Jb 9:8; of Isr. treading on heights of enemies, i.e. subduing them Dt 33:29. Once sq. acc. (אֲשֶׁר ref. אֹרַח) Jb 22:15. In technical senses 3. tread wine- (or oil-) press, sq. acc. יְקָבִים Jb 24:11 (‖ יַצְהִירוּ), גִּתּוֹת Ne 13:15; sq. acc. of thing pressed ד׳עֲנָבִים Am 9:13; also of product תִּדְרֹךְ־זַיִת … וְתִירוֹשׁ Mi 6:15; יַיִן בַּיְקָבִים לֹא יִדְרֹךְ הַדֹּרֵךְ Is 16:10; sq. בְּגַת Is 63:2 (in sim.); abs. Je 25:30 (sim.) 48:33; fig. of judgment Is 63:3 sq. acc. פּוּרָה winepress, subj. י׳, cf. v וְאֶדְרְכֵם בְּאַפִּי (‖ רמס) i.e. tread them down; so גַּת דָּרַךְ אֲדֹנָי לִבְתוּלַת בַּת־יְהוּדָה La 1:15. 4. tread (i.e. bend) the bow, sq. acc. קֶשֶׁת Je 51:3 (אֶל־יִדְרֹךְ יד֯רך הַדֹּרֵךְ קַשְׁתּוֹ); fig. of assaults of wicked ψ 11:2; 37:14, of judgments of י׳ ψ 7:13 La 2:4; 3:12; also fig. of Judah as bow in hand of י׳, כִּי דָרַכְתִּי לִי יְהוּדָה Zc 9:13 (‖ קֶשֶׁת מִלֵּאתִי אֶפְרַיִם); twice in like meaning c. obj. חֵץ arrow ψ 58:8 (but on text cf. Checrit. n.) 64:4; דֹּרְכֵי קֶשֶׁת = bow-benders, archers 46:9 Je 50:14, 29 1 Ch 5:18; 8:40 2 Ch 14:7; קֶשֶׁת דְּרוּכָה bent bow Is 21:15, קַשְׁתֹֿתָיו דְּרֻכוֹת 5:28. Hiph. Pf. וְהִדְרִיךְ Is 11:15; sf. הִדְרִיכָהּ Je 51:33 (where many Inf. cstr.). cf. RSJ Ph. xvi. (1888) 72; 1 s. sf. הִדְרַכְתִּיךָ Pr 4:11; 3 pl. sf. הִדְרִיכֻ֑הוּ Ju 20:43, הִדְרִיכוּהוּ Jb 28:8; Impf. יַדְרֵךְ ψ 25:9; sf. יַדְרִכֵנִי Hb 3:19; וַיַּדְרִיכֵם ψ 107:7; 1 s. sf. אַדְרִיכֵם Is 42:16; וַיַּדְרְכוּ Je 9:2 (cf. Ges§ 53 n); Imv. ms. sf. הַדְרִיכֵנִי ψ 25:5; 119:35; Inf. cstr. v. supr.; Pt. sf. מַדְרִיכְךָ Is 48:17;— 1. tread, tread down, of treading down enemy in battle Ju 20:43; of treading a path Jb 28:8; levelling threshing-floor Je 51:33 (all sq. sf.). 2. tread (bend) the bow (= Qal 4), only fig. וַיַּדְרְכוּ אֶת־לְשׁוֹנָם קַשְׁתָּם שֶׁקֶר Je 9:2 and they have bent their tongue as their bow in falsehood. 3. causat. cause to tread or march, lead, returning exiles Is 11:15 (subj. י׳; no obj. expressed); cf. וַיַּדְרִיכֵם בְּדֶרֶךְ יְשָׁרָה ψ 107:7 and he led them in a straight way; v. also Is 42:16 (‖ הוֹלִיךְ); with a moral application הִדְרַכְתִּיךָ בְּמַעְגְּלֵי־ישֶׁר Pr 4:11; cf. ψ 119:35 ��ַדְרִיכֵנִי בִּנְתִיב מִצְוֹתֶיךָ lead me in the path of thy commandments; ψ 25:5 בַּאֲמִתֶּ֑ךָ (‖ לַמְּדֵנִי) cf. v 9 בַּמִּשְׁפָּט (‖ יְלַמֵּד דַּרְכּוֹ) Is 48:17 בְּדֶרֶךְ תֵּלֵךְ (‖ מְלַמֶּדְךָ לְהוֹעִל); once of giving security & truimph עַל־בָּמוֹתַי יַדְרִכֵנִי Hb 3:19 upon mine heights he maketh me tread (cf. Qal 2).

† רָמַס vb. trample (NH id.; J.Aram רְמַס; cf. perhaps Syriac ܪܦܰܣ, Arabic رَفَسَ kick (BaES 33 Köii. 196); رَمَسَ is bury, and conceal grave);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. consec. וְר׳ Mi 5:7; Impf. 3 ms. יִרְמֹם Ez 26:11 ψ 7:6, יִרְמָס־ Is 41:25, sf. וַיִּרְמְסֶנָּה 2 K 9:33, etc.; Imv. fs. רִמְסִי Na 3:14; Inf. cstr. רְמֹס Is 1:12; Pt. רֹמֵס Is 16:4;—trample, of men, c. acc. חֲצֵרָ֑י Is 1:12, חוּצוֹת Ez 26:11 (by horses’ hoofs), טִיט Is 41:25 (in sim.), cf. ר׳ בַחֹמֶר Na 3:14, acc. מִרְעֶה Ez 34:18 (in fig.); trample down, acc. pers., anim., vel rei, 2 K 7:17, 20, so (by horses’ hoofs) 9:33, יִר׳ לָאָרֶץ חַיָּי֑ ψ 7:6; 91:13 (‖ תִּדְרֹךְ); subj. י׳ Is 63:3 (fig.; + דָּֽרַךְ), subj. רֶגֶל Is 26:6; subj. beast 2 K 14:9 (allegory) = 2 Ch 25:18; Dn 8:7 (vision), of horn, v 10; abs. of lion, וְר׳ וְטָרַף Mi 5:7 (sim.); pt. as subst. coll. tramplers (i.e. devastators) Is 16:4. Niph. be trampled, Impf. 3 fpl. בְּרַגְלַיִם תֵּרָמַ֑סְנָה Is 28:3 (on subj. cf. Di Du CheHpt Köi. 183).

† [בּוּס] vb. tread down, trample— Qal Impf. יָבוּס ψ 60:14 = 108:14; 3 fs. תָּבוּס Pr 27:7, אָבוּס Is 63:6; sf. 3 s. אֲבוּסֶנּוּ Is 14:25; 1 pl. נָבוּס ψ 44:6;—tread down, trample (of warriors), no obj. expr. Zc 10:5; id., fig. c. acc. (subj. י׳, as warrior) Is 14:25 cf. ψ 60:14 = 108:14 Is 63:6; (subj. men, with God’s help) ψ 44:6; fig. = reject, loathe Pr 27:7. Poʿl. Pf. בּוֹסְסוּ Is 63:18; בֹּסְסוּ Je 12:10—tread down, in bad sense, subj. enemies of י׳, obj. acc. Je 12:10 (in metaph.): = desecrate (obj. מקדשׁ) Is 63:18. Hithpoʿl. Pt. f. מִתְבּוֹסֶסֶת Ez 16:6, 22—of the blind movements of infant’s limbs, kick out (this way and that), fig. of Jerusalem. Hoph. Pt. מוּרָ֑ס Is 14:19—pass. trodden down Is 14:19, of corpse, sim. of king of Babylon.

† מִרְמָס n. [m.] trampling-place, trampling;—abs. מ׳ Mi 7:10 +, מִרְמַס (Köii. 1, 96) Is 10:6; cstr. מִרְמַס 7:25 Ez 34:19;— 1. trampling-place, מ׳ שֶׂה Is 7:25 (‖ מִשְׁלַח), מ׳ רַגְלֵיכֶם Ez 34:19 (fig.). 2. trampling, וְהָיָה לְמ׳ Is 5:5 it shall become a trampling, be trampled down, so Mi 7:10; Is 28:18 והייתם לו למרמס, cf. 10:6; Dn 8:13.

† II. [שָׁאַף] vb. crush, trample upon (‖ form of שׁוּף (q.v.), if pointing right, cf. Köi. 439; We Now read שָׁאפִים, etc., from שׁוּף, cf. Ges§72 p; perhaps orig. pulverize by rubbing, but also appar. by pounding, stamping, treading, LevyChWB שׁוּף, JastrDict. שׁוּף, שׁאף;—most make = I. שׁאף, but Vrss render as above);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. sf. שְׁאָפַ֫נִי ψ 56:2, 3 pl. שָֽׁאֲפוּ v 3; Inf. abs. שָׁאֹף Ez 36:3; Pt. sf. שֹׁאֲפִי ψ 57:4; pl. שֹׁאֲפִים Am 2:7; 8:4;—trample upon, crush (the poor, etc.), fig., c. acc. pers. Am 8:4; strangely 2:7 (We Now Marti del. עַל־עֲפַר־אֶרֶץ, which TorreyJBL xv (1896), 152 expl. as old doublet, cf. 𝔊 𝔖; AVRV pant after the dust, etc., hyperb. for extreme avarice, cf. Hi Dr; but Dr thinks 𝔙 poss. original: crush the heads of the poor upon the dust [cf. Is 3:15], in any case del. בְּ after שׁ׳ crush); שַׁמּוֹת וְשׁ׳ אֶתְכֶם מִסָּבִיב Ez 36:3; ψ 56:2; 57:4 and (acc. om.) 56:3.

καταπᾰτ-έω, trample under foot, Refs 5th c.BC+. trample down the seed (i.e. have it trampled down) by swine, Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, Refs 5th c.BC+. __2 metaphorically, NT+8th c.BC+.

† מְבוּסָה n.f. down-treading, subjugation, גּוֹי קַו־קַו וּמְבוּסָה Is 18:2, 7 a nation of might and of down-treading (Che all-subduing); יוֹם מְהוּמָה וּמ׳ וּמְבוּכָה Is 22:5, cf. מְבוּכָה sub בוך.

† רָפַס, רָפַשׂ vb. stamp, tread, foul by stamping, treading (NH רָפַס tread, Syriac ܪܦܰܣ; cf. Arabic رَفَسَ kick);— Qal Impf. 2 ms. וַתִּרְפֹּס Ez 32:2, c. acc. rivers; 2 mpl. תִּרְפּשׁ֑וּן 34:18. Niph. Pt. מַעְיָן נִרְפָּשׂ Pr 25:26 a fountain befouled. Hithp. (stamp oneself down, then fig.), Imv. ms. הִתְרַפֵּס Pr 6:3 humble thyself, become a suppliant (RVm Toy bestir thyself, as conject.); Pt. מִתְרַפֵּס בְּרַצֵּי כָ֑סֶף ψ 68:31 stamping, trampling, down pieces of silver (?), obscure and prob. crpt., see conjj. in Bae al. and פַּתְרֹס supr., ad fin.

† [בָּעַט] vb. kick (so NH, Aramaic בְּעַט, ܒܥܰܛ )— Qal Impf. וַיִּבְעַט Dt 32:15; 2 mpl. תִּבְעֲטוּ 1 Sa 2:29;—kick (only fig. of refractory Israel) Dt 32:15 (abs.); kick at (c. בְּ) 1 S 2:29.

† [רְעַע] vb. crush, shatter (𝔗 Syriac; v. BH רצץ);— Pe. Impf. 3 fs. (וְ)תֵרֹעַ Dn 2:40 (obj. om.). Pa. Pt. act. מְרָעַע 2:40 (acc. rei).

† רָפַס, רָפַשׂ vb. stamp, tread, foul by stamping, treading (NH רָפַס tread, Syriac ܪܦܰܣ; cf. Arabic رَفَسَ kick);— Qal Impf. 2 ms. וַתִּרְפֹּס Ez 32:2, c. acc. rivers; 2 mpl. תִּרְפּשׁ֑וּן 34:18. Niph. Pt. מַעְיָן נִרְפָּשׂ Pr 25:26 a fountain befouled. Hithp. (stamp oneself down, then fig.), Imv. ms. הִתְרַפֵּס Pr 6:3 humble thyself, become a suppliant (RVm Toy bestir thyself, as conject.); Pt. מִתְרַפֵּס בְּרַצֵּי כָ֑סֶף ψ 68:31 stamping, trampling, down pieces of silver (?), obscure and prob. crpt., see conjj. in Bae al. and פַּתְרֹס supr., ad fin.

κῠλ-ισμα, ατος, τό, roll, LXX+2nd c.AD+; κ. κανθάρου, ball of dung rolled by a beetle, Refs __II ={κυλίστρα}, Refs; variant for {κυλισμός}, NT

κῠλίω [ῑ], later form of κυλίνδω: (προσ-) κύλιε Refs 5th c.BC+:—roll along, γαστέρας αἱμοβόρως ἐκύλιον, of serpents, Refs 3rd c.BC+; λόγοις τοὺς ῥήτορας κ. rolling them over, Refs codices: frequently in later Gr., LXX:—passive, roll, whirl along, Refs 4th c.BC+; of bees, grovel, Refs 1st c.BC+; κ. περὶ τὴν ἀγοράν to be always loitering there, Refs 4th c.BC+; roll about, in pantomime, Refs __2 roll up, ἣν κυλίουσι κόπρον (i.e. κάνθαροι) Refs

† [בשׁס] vb. Po. Inf. sf. בּוֹשַׁסְכֶם Am 5:11 prob. your trampling (by dissim. from בּוּס) sq. עַל.

† [דּוּשׁ] vb. tread down (BH);— Pe. Impf. 3 fs. (sf. of earth) תְּדֻשִׁנַּהּ Dn 7:23, subj. beast.

† [הָדַךְ] vb. cast or tread down (Arabic هَدَكَ tear down (a building), synon. of هَدَمَ )— Qal Imv. הֲדֹךְ רְשָׁעִים Jb 40:12 cast or tread down wicked men.

† [סָאַן] vb. prob. denom. tread, tamp;—only Qal Pt. סֹאֵן בְּרַעַשׁ Is 9:4 (v. foregoing).

† [עָסַס] vb. press, crush, by treading, tread down (NH עֲסִיסִית crushed wheat; cf. Arabic عَسَّ go the rounds, [tramp], prowl; Syriac ܥܰܣ explore, v. Brockelmann);— Qal Pf. 2 mpl. fig. וְעַסּוֹתֶם רְשָׁעִים Mal 3:21 (consec.).