Testimony and Warning

μαρτῠρ-έω, future -ήσω Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, future μαρτυρηθήσομαι Refs 4th c.BC+; μαρτυρήσομαι in passive sense, Refs 5th c.BC+aorist ἐμαρτυρήθην: perfect μεμαρτύρημαι Refs 5th c.BC+, used in active sense, LXX:—bear witness, give evidence:—Constr.: __1 absolutely, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 with dative person, bear witness to or in favour of another, confirm what he says, Refs 5th c.BC+; μαρτυρέει μοι τῇ γνώμῃ, ὅτι.. bears witness to my opinion, that.., Refs 5th c.BC+; especially bear favourable witness to, give a good report of a person, Refs 3rd c.BC+; πάντες ἐμαρτύρουν αὐτῷ Refs 2nd c.AD+ __3 with accusative of things, testify to a thing, Refs 7th c.BC+ __4 μ. περί τινος Refs 5th c.BC+ __5 with infinitive, testify that a thing is, Refs 5th c.BC+; τίς σοι μαρτυρήσει ταῦτ᾽ ἐμοῦ κλύει; that he heard.. ? Refs 5th c.BC+: rarely with participle, μαρτυρεῖτέ [μοι].. ῥινηλατούσῃ Refs 4th c.BC+ __6 μ. τινὶ ὡς.. Refs 5th c.BC+; μ. ὅτι.. Refs 5th c.BC+ __7 μ. τινὶ τῆς συμμαχίας testify to, acknowledge the value of his alliance, Refs 1st c.AD+ __8 with accusative cognate, μαρτυρίαν μ. Refs 5th c.BC+; μ. ἀκοήν give hearsay evidence, Refs 4th c.BC+; μ. ψεῦδος, ψεύδη, bear false witness, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, μαρτυρίαι μαρτυρηθεῖσαι Refs 5th c.BC+ __9 impersonal in passive, παρ᾽ ἄλλου ποιητοῦ μαρτυρεῖται testimony is borne by.., Refs 5th c.BC+; οἶδα.. μαρτυρήσεσθαί μοι ὅτι.. Refs 5th c.BC+; μεμαρτύρηται ὑμῖν testimony has been given before you, Refs 5th c.BC+ __10 passive, μαρτυρεῖταί μοι σοφία is ascribed to me, Refs 1st c.BC+; μαρτυροῦμαι ἐμπειρίαν I have it ascribed to me, Refs 1st c.AD+; μαρτυροῦμαι ἐπί τινι I bear a character for.., Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἄνδρας μαρτυρουμένους men whose character is approved by testimony, NT+1st c.AD+; δι᾽ ὅλης οἰκουμένης μαρτυρούμενον θεόν Refs __II Astrology texts, to be in aspect with, with dative, Refs 2nd c.AD+:—passive, Refs 2nd c.BC+

† [עוּד] vb. denom. (Gerber 42 f.) bear witness;— Qal Impf. 1 s. sf. אֲעוּדֵךְ La 2:13 Kt; Hiph. Qr Bu. Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הֵעִיד 2 K 17:15; Mal 2:14; הֵעִד Gn 43:3; 2 ms. הַֽעִידֹ֫תָ Ne 9:34; הַֽעֵדֹ֫תָה Ex 19:23; 1 s. הַֽעִידֹ֫תִי Dt 4:26; Je 42:19; 3 mpl. הֵעִ֫ידוּ Ne 9:26, etc.; Impf. וַיָּ֫עַד 2 K 17:13; Zc 3:6; 3 fs. sf. וַתְּעִידֵ֫נִי Jb 29:11 + 15 times Impf.; Inf. abs. הָעֵד Gn 43:3 + 4 times; Imv. הָעֵד Ex 19:21 + 2 times Imv. Pt. מֵעִיד Dt 32:46.— 1. testify, bear witness, c. sf. against one 1 K 21:10, 13; in favour of Jb 29:11; La 2:13 (Qr); c. בֵּין Mal 2:14; c. בְּ + כִּי Dt 8:19. 2. cause to testify, take as witness, c. acc. pers. Is 8:2; Je 32:10, 25, 44; call as witness, invoke, c. acc. ואת הארץ את השׁמים + בְּ against Dt 4:26; 30:19; 31:28. 3. protest, affirm solemnly, warn: subj. men, abs. Je 6:10; Ne 13:15; c. בְּ pers. Gn 43:3(×2) (J) Ex 19:21 (E) 1 S 8:9(×2) 1 K 2:42; 2 Ch 24:19; Ne 9:26; 13:21; Je 42:19; Am 3:13; exhort solemnly, admonish, charge, י׳ subj., c. בְּ pers., Ex 19:23 (J) 2 K 17:13; Ne 9:29, 30; Je 11:7(×3); Zc 3:6 ψ 50:7; 81:9; enjoin solemnly, c. בְּ pers. + acc. rei עֵֽדְוֹת 2 K 17:15 Ne 9:34, דברים Dt 32:46. Hoph. Pt. 3 ms. וְהוּעַד consec. Ex 21:29 (E) impers. and protest be entered, c. בְּ pers.

† II. [זָהַר] vb. only Hiph., Niph. (NH Hiph., admonish, cf. Aramaic זְהַר (Aph. Pa. etc.), ܙܗܰܪ (Arabic زَهَرَ viii. take care of, be mindful of is perhaps Aramaic loan-word, so TA cf. Lane).—Most identify with I. זהר = give light, enlighten, instruct, admonish; this possible, but not certain, meaning shine is late in Heb.; usual sense as given below is not enlighten, illumine mentally, but warn; v. also construction with two accusatives Ex 18:20);— Hiph. Pf. וְהִזְהִיר consec. Ez 33:3; sf. וְהִזְהִירֹה 2 K 6:10; 2 ms. הִזְהַרְתָּ Ez 3:19; 33:9, וְהִזְהַרְתָּ֫ Ez 3:17; 33:7, וְהִזְהַרְתָּ֫ה Ex 18:20, sf. הִזְהַרְתּוֹ Ez 3:18, 20, 21, וְהִזְהַרְתָּ consec. Ez 3:17; 33:7; וְהִזְהַרְתֶּם consec. 2 Ch 19:10; Inf. cstr. לְהַזְהִיר Ez 3:18; 33:8;—instruct, teach, warn: Ex 18:20 (E) teach them ordinances (2 acc.); 2 K 6:10 the place which (אֲשֶׁר) the man of God told him of (אָמַר־לוֹ) and warned him (sf.) of; elsewhere only Ez Ch; warn, give a warning to, always sq. acc. pers. only: Ez 3:18, 19, 20; 33:3; give them (acc.) a warning from me (מִמֶּנִּי, י׳ speaks) Ez 3:17; 33:7; warn the wicked (רָשָׁע) from (away from, מִן) his way Ez 3:18; 33:8, 9 warn the righteous (צַדִּיק) Ez 3:21 sq. Inf. in order that the righteous sin not, cf. 2 Ch 19:10 sq. acc. pers. + final cl. c. וְ. Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נִזְהָ֔ר Ez 3:21; 33:4, 5, 6; also נִזְהָ֖ר v 5 (read perhaps הִזְהִיר, so We Sm Co); Imv. הִזָּהֵר Ec 12:12; Inf. cstr. לְהִזָּהֵר Ec 4:13; Pt. נִזְהָר ψ 19:12;—be instructed, admonished, warned (pass. of Hiph.):—גַּם־עַבְדְּךָ נִזְהָ֣ר בָּהֶם ψ 19:12 yea thy servant, he is instructed (or warned) by them (i.e. lets himself be instructed or warned by the מִשְׁפְּטֵי י׳ v 10); in Ez distinctly take warning, abs. Ez 3:21 (cf. Hiph.) 33:4, 5a; so Ec 12:12 and, more generally, אֲשֶׁר לֹא יָדַע לְהִזָּהֵר Ec 4:13 who knoweth not how to take admonition; be warned, receive warning Ez 33:6 (of people, c. לֹא, i.e. if no warning be given them), also MT v 5 b, but read perhaps Hiph. (v. supr.) but he (i.e. the watchman) gave warning, he hath delivered his (own) soul.

διαμαρτύρομαι [ῡ], aorist 1 -μαρτῡράμην: perfect -μεμαρτύρημαι [ῠ], deponent verb:—absolutely, call gods and men to witness, protest solemnly, especially in case of falsehood or wrong, βοᾶν καὶ δ. Refs 4th c.BC+; δ. μή.., with infinitive, Refs; δ. ὅπως μή.., with future, Refs; δ. τινὶ μὴ ποιεῖν protest against his doing, Refs 4th c.BC+: with infinitive, Refs 2nd c.BC+; call to witness, ὑμῖν τὸν οὐρανόν LXX __2 generally, protest, asseverate, Refs 5th c.BC+: with accusative, bear witness to, τὸ εὐαγγέλιον NT; testify, LXX; τῇ Ἱερουσαλὴμ τὰς ἀνομίας αὐτῆςLXX __3 absolutely, beg earnestly of one, conjure him, NT+5th c.BC+; δ. τινὰ ἵνα.. NT

μαρτύρομαι [ῡ], future μαρτῠροῦμαι (δια-) LXX+2nd c.AD+: aorist ἐμαρτῡράμην Refs 5th c.BC+:—call to witness, invoke, with accusative person, Refs 5th c.BC+; especially of the gods, Ἄρτεμιν, γαῖαν καὶ θεούς, Refs 5th c.BC+; δαίμονας, ὡς.. Refs: with accusative et infinitive, ὑμᾶς δ᾽ ἀκούειν ταῦτ᾽ ἐγὼ μαρτύρομαι Refs 4th c.BC+participle, μαρτύρομαι τυπτόμενος I call you to witness that.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 with accusative of things, call one to witness a thing, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 protest, asseverate, μ. ὅτι.. Refs 5th c.BC+ I protest, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 with accusative person et genitive of things, οἱ δὲ τῆς τῶν θεῶν.. παραγωγῆς τὸν Ὅμηρον μ. ὅτι.. cite Homer as a witness of.., Refs 5th c.BC+ [same place]; μ. τινὶ ὅτι.. NT; τοὺς ἀποστάντας μ. τῆς ἐπιορκίας remind them of.., Refs 2nd c.AD+

† [עוּד] vb. prob. return, go about, repeat, do again (Arabic عود, عَادَ return, do again, iv. restore, also say again, iterate, عَادَةٌ habit; Ethiopic ዖደ: turn about, surrouend, ዐውድ: circuit, circle; Syriac Pa. ܥܰܝܶܕ accustom, Ethpe. Aph. be accustomed, ܥܝܳܕܳܐ usage, ceremong, ܥܺܐܕܳܐ festival (Brock), whence Arabic عِيدٌ id., as loan-word, Frä276; Palm. עידא usage Lzb337 Cook90; NH עֵד, and especially עֵדוּת = BH, also עִיד festival, 𝔗 עִידָא; cf. prob. Assyrian Shaph. uš-id, he solemnly affirmed DlHWB 32);—only intens.: Pi. surround (cf. Ethiopic), Pf. 3 ms. sf. עִוְּדֻנִי ψ 119:61 (cf. סְבָבוּנִי 18:6). Polʿēl, restore, relieve (cf. Arabic iv.), Impf. 3 ms. יְעוֹדֵד, c. acc. pers. ψ 146:9 (‖ שָׁמַר), ptcp. m. s. מְעוֹדֵד 147:6. Hithpoʿl, be restored, Impf. 1 pl. וַנִּתְעוֹדָ֑ד ψ 20:9 (+ קוּם, opp. נָפַל; 𝔊 ἀνωρθώθημεν).

ἀπειλ-ή, ἡ, mostly in plural, boastful promises, boasts, ποῦ τοι ἀπειλαὶ ἃς.. ὑπίσχεο οἰνοποτάζων;Refs 8th c.BC+ __II commonly in plural, threats, ποῦ τοι ἀπειλαὶ οἴχονται τὰς Τρωσὶν ἀπείλεον υἷες Ἀχαιῶ;Refs 8th c.BC+ __II.2 of threatening conditions, ἀ. πνιγμοῦRefs 3rd c.AD+; τὰ ἐν ἀπειλῇ ἀποστήματα Heras cited in Refs 2nd c.AD+; of storms, Refs 1st c.AD+

ἀπειλέω, __B3rd.pers.dual imperfect active ἀπειλήτην, Epic dialect for ἠπειλείτην, Refs 8th c.BC+: later Epic dialect present ἀπειλείω Refs 4th c.AD+:— hold out either in the way of promise or threat, and therefore: __B.I sometimes in good sense, promise, οὐδ᾽ ἠπείλησεν ἄνακτι.. ῥέξειν κλειτὴν ἑκατόμβηνRefs 8th c.BC+; also, boast or brag, ὥς ποτ᾽ ἀπειλήσει.1; ἦ μὲν ἀπείλησας βητάρμονας εἶναι ἀρίστουςRefs 8th c.BC+ __B.II commonly in bad sense, threaten, in Refs 8th c.BC+ spake a threatening speech, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἀπειλὰς ἀ., see at {ἀπειλ; δείν᾽ ἀπειλήσων ἔπη} Refs 5th c.BC+: frequently with neuter pronoun or adjective, ἀ. τόγε θυμῷRefs 8th c.BC+; ταῦτα, πολλὰ ἀ., Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.II.2 with accusative of the thing threatened, θάνατον ἀ. ὃς ἂν..Refs 5th c.BC+; ἠπείλησαν τοὺς ἄρχοντας threatened them with the prefects, Refs 4th c.AD+ __B.II.3 dependent clauses were added in future infinitive, γέρας.. ἀφαιρήσεσθαι ἀπειλεῖςRefs 8th c.BC+: rarely in present infinitive, ἠπ... ἑλκέμενRefs 8th c.BC+ in aorist infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.II.4 ἀ. ὅτι.., ὡς.., Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀ. τινί, εἰ μή.. Refs __B.III passive, ἀπειλοῦμαι, of persons, to be terrified by threats, Refs __B.III.2 of things, τὰ ἀπειληθέντα, ={ἀπειλαί}, Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.IV later in middle, with aorist 1 -ησάμηνRefs 2nd c.AD+: with infinitive, forbid with threats, ἀπειλησώμεθα αὐτοῖς μηκέτι λαλεῖνNT

ἐπιμαρτῠρ-έω, bear witness to a thing, depose to, ἐ. ἡμῖν τὰ ὀνόματα μὴ.. κεῖσθαι 5th-6th c.BC: Plato Philosophus “Cratylus” 397a; ἐ. τι πρός τινας 1st-2nd c.AD: Plutarchus Biographus et Philosophus “Lysander” 22; τὰ χρήματα ἅ κα ἐπιμαρτυρήσωντι of which they admit the possession, Refs: with infinitive, τῶν πραγμάτων -ούντων τὴν δύναμιν αὐξάνεσθαι NT+1st c.AD+:— passive, to be confirmed by evidence, Refs __2. bear witness in favour of, τινί 1st c.BC: Philodemus Philosophus “περὶ οἰκονομίας” p.57J. __II. Astrology texts, support by aspect, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III. in middle, adjure, τισὶ μὴ ποιέειν τι 5th c.BC: Herodotus Historicus 5.93 (as variant for{ἐπιμαρτύρομαι}).

προσαπ-ειλέω, τινι threaten besides, Test. cited in Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, variant in LXX