Tearing and Rending

קָרַע63 vb. tear (NH id.; Arabic قَرَعَ strike head, bell, etc., beat drum, box ear, gnash teeth (Frey Dozy); also impugn, censure);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. ק׳ 1 S 15:28 +, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. וַיִּקְרַע Gn 37:29 +; 1 s. sf. אֶקְרָעֶנָּה 1 K 11:12, etc.; Imv. mpl. קִרְעוּ 2 S 3:31 Jo 2:13; Inf. abs. קָרֹעַ 1 K 11:11; cstr. לִקְרוֹעַ Ec 3:7, sf. קָרְעִי Ezr 9:5; Pt. act. קֹרֵעַ 1 K 11:31; pass. קָרוּעַ 2 S 15:32, etc.;—tear, rend: 1. a. usually (39 times) of rending garment in (1) grief: בֶּגֶד Gn 37:29, שִׂמְלָה 37:34; 44:13, כְּתֹנֶת 2 S 13:19, ק׳ ב׳ לִשְׁנַיִם קְרָעִים 2 K 2:12, ק׳ לְבַבְכֶם וְאַל ב׳ Jo 2:13; pt. pass. בְּגָדָיו ק׳ 2 S 1:2; cstr. קְרֻעֵי ב׳ torn of garments (pers. with torn garments) 2 S 13:31 (but read קָֽרְעוּ ב׳ 𝔊 𝔙 Th We al.), 2 K 18:37 = Is 36:22, Je 41:5; מְעִיל †Jb 1:20; 2:12 Ezr 9:3 (+ בֶּגֶד), כְּתֹנֶת 2 S 13:19, קָרוּעַ כֻּתָּנְתּוֹ 2 S 15:32 (Ges§ 121 d); שְׂמָלֹת †Gn 37:34; 44:13; Jos 7:6; pt. pass. †מַדָּיו קְרֻעִים 1 S 4:12; †(2) as symbolic act, ק׳ שַׂלְמָה שְׁנֵים עָשָׁר קְרָעִים 1 K 11:30; †(3) abs. עֵת לִקְרוֹעַ וְעֵת לִתְפּוֹר Ec 3:7. b. tear away or out: veils Ez 13:21, fillets from (מֵעַל) arms v 20, mark of leprosy out of (מִן) garment Lv 13:56. †2. tear away sovereignty (under fig. of garment), subj. י׳, מֵעַל pers. 1 S 15:28 1 K 11:11, also מִיַּד 1 S 28:17 1 K 11:12, 31, מִן 14:8, abs. 11:13; c. acc. יִשׂ׳ + מֵעַל 2 K 17:21. †3. tear, rend asunder: a. book with (ב) knife Je 36:23. b. = make wide, large, eyes, with (ב) stibium Je 4:30; windows, וק׳ לוֹ חַלּוֹנָ֑י[ו] 22:14. c. rend open heavens, and descend, of י׳, Is 63:19. †4. tear, rend, of wild beasts: י׳ as fierce bear Ho 13:8 (obj. סְגוֹר לִבָּם); fig. of human foes ψ 35:15 (acc. pers. om.), so Hup al., but (from context) Ol Bae We al. malign, rail (cf. Arabic supr.); > Gr al. קָרְאוּ. †Niph. be rent, of garment (מְעִיל), Impf. 3 ms. וַיִּקָּרַ֑ע 1 S 15:27, יִקָּרֵעַ Ex 28:32; 39:23; be rent, split asunder, of altar 1 K 13:3, 5.

† טָרַף vb. tear, rend, pluck (NH id., especially of wild beasts; Aramaic טְרַף tear, seize, especially of creditors; טְרֵיפָא torn flesh or animal; Arabic طَرَفَ depasture, said of camel)— Qal Pf. טָרַף Jb 16:9; טָרָ֑ף Ho 6:1, etc.; Impf. יִטְרֹף ψ 7:3; וַיִּטְרֹף Am 1:11 (but v. infr.); יִטְרָ֑ף Gn 49:27; אֶטְרֹף Ho 5:14 ψ 50:22; Inf. לִטְרֹף ψ 17:12; Pt. act. טֹרֵף Jb 18:4, etc.;—tear rend, of wild beasts, Gn 37:33 (J), 44:28 (J; inf. abs. c. Pu. q.v.), Ex 22:12 (JE; inf. abs. c. Niph. q.v.) Elsewhere only in sim. and metaph.; sim. of Gad’s fierceness Dt 33:20 (like a lioness, poem); so of Benjamin Gn 49:27 (as a wolf, poem); of the remnant of Jacob, like a young lion among sheep, רָמַם וְטָרַף Mi 5:7; of the wicked, ψ 17:12 (lion), 7:3 obj. נַפְשִׁי (like a lion); 22:14 psalmist’s foes like lion (‖ שֹׁאֵג); Ez 22:25 (טֹרֵף טָ֑רֶף), princes like wolves v 27 (id.); metaph. of Israel’s princes, like young lion 19:3, 6 (c. טֶרֶף acc. cogn.); of Nineveh’s king Na 2:13 (as lion); of God’s treatment of the wicked Ho 5:14 (like a lion), ψ 50:22; subj. wrath of God (אַף) conceived as assailing Job, Jb 16:9 his wrath teareth and persecuteth me; cf. טָרָ֖ף וְיִרְפָּאֵנוּ Ho 6:1 subj. י׳ (‖ יַךְ וְיַחְבְּשֵׁנוּ; on tenses v. Dr§ 84 β; 171, 174 n. 1); subj. anger of Edom (abs.) Am 1:11, but read perhaps וַיִּטֹּר for וַיִּטְרֹף and he kept his anger perpetually, so Ol on ψ 103:9 We; טֹרֵף נַפְשׁוֹ בְּאַפּוֹ, said of Job by Bildad Jb 18:4. Niph. Impf. of animal torn (by wild beasts) טָרֹף יִטָּרֵף Ex 22:12 (JE); יִטָּרֵף also in prediction of judgment on people of Jerusalem Je 5:6. Pu. Pf. טָרֹף טֹרַף יוֹסֵף Gn 37:33 (J) Joseph has certainly been torn in pieces; cf. ט׳ טֹרָ֑ף 44:28 (J). Hiph. Imv. ms. sf., note especially 2nd acc. לֶחֶם, הַטְרִיפֵנִי לֶחֶם חֻקִּי Pr 30:8 let me devour my appointed bread (of men, late; cf. טֶרֶף 31:15, and ψ 111:5 Mal 3:10).

σχίζω, Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.: poetry imperfect σχίζον Refs 5th c.BC+: future σχίσω LXX: aorist ἔσχισα Refs 8th c.BC+, Epic dialect σχίσσα Refs 8th c.BC+:—passive, future σχισθήσομαι LXXperfect ἔσχισμαι (see. below):—split, cleave, ῥινὸν ὀνύχεσσι Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔσχισε δώδεκα μοίρας, i.e. divided them into twelve parts, Refs[same place]; σ. νῶτον γᾶς, of the plough, Refs 5th c.BC+; especially of wood, Refs 5th c.BC+; of the wind, σ. περὶ πρῷραν τὰ κύματα Refs 4th c.BC+; ἔσχισε νῆα θάλασσα shattered it, Refs 1st c.BC+; σ. ὑποδήματα cut out, opposed to νευρορραφεῖν, Refs 5th c.BC+; tear, ἱμάτιον Refs 3rd c.AD+; οἱ ἀποθανόντες ἐσχισμένοις ἐνειλοῦνται ῥάκεσιν ὡς καὶ τὰ βρέφη Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 generally, part, separate, divide, Νεῖλος μέσην Αἴγυπτον σχίζων Hdt.[same place],Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. τὰς φλέβας divide them, Refs:—passive, σχισθέντα Refs 5th c.BC+; Νεῖλος σχίζεται τριφασίας ὁδούς branches into three channels, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ στρατιὴ ἐσχίζετο the army divided, Refs; of a bird's wings (compare σχιζόπτερος), Refs 4th c.BC+; of feet divided into toes (compare σχιζόπους), Refs; and of various parts of the body,Refs; branch off, ἀπὸ [τοῦ στελέχους] Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 σχίζειν γάλα make milk curdle, i. e. separate the whey from the curds, Refs __II metaphorically of divided opinions, σφεων ἐσχίζοντο αἱ γνῶμαι Refs 5th c.BC+. (Cf. Latin scindo, Gothic skaidan 'separate', etc.)

† [פָּרַק] vb. tear apart, away (NH remove (load, etc.), Pi. separate, take to pieces; Arabic فَرَقَ split, divide; 𝔏 פְּרַק especially redeem, rescue; Syriac ܦܪܰܩ withdraw (intrans.), also remove, rescue; Ethiopic ፈረቀ set free);— Qal Pf. 2 ms. וּפָרַקְּתָּ֫ Gn 27:40; Impf. 3 ms. sf. וַיִּפְרְקֵנוּ ψ 136:24; Pt. act. פֹּרֵק La 5:8 ψ 7:3 tear away yoke from off (מֵעַל) neck Gn 27:10 (J); snatch from (מִן) foes, = rescue (Aramaic) La 5:8 ψ 136:24; so abs. ψ 7:3 (prefixing (וְ)אֵין, 𝔊 𝔖 Che Du We), > Hup Bae al. snatch away as prey. Pi. Impf. 3 ms. יְפָרֵק Zc 11:16 he shall tear off their hoofs; Imv. mpl. פָּֽרְקוּ Ex 32:2 (E) tear off the golden ear-rings; Pt. מְפָרֵק 1 K 19:11 a great wind rending mts. (‖ מְשַׁבֵּר). Hithp. tear off (for, i.e. from, oneself Ges§ 54 f); Impf. 3 mpl. וַיִּתְפָּֽרְקוּ Ex 32:3 (E), c. acc. אֶת־נִזְמֵי הַוָּהָב; Imv. mpl. הִתְפָּרָ֑קוּ v 24 (E; obj. om.); pass. be broken off, Pf. 3 pl. הִתְפָּֽרְקוּ Ez 19:12 (branches).

ῥήγνῡμι or ῥηγνύω __A (ἀναρ- Refs 5th c.BC+: imperfect κατ-ερρήγνυε Refs 4th c.BC+; later ῥήσσω, Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἀπο-, δια-ρρήσσεσθαι, Refs 5th c.BC+; ῥήττω, Refs 3rd c.BC+: Epic dialect imperfect ῥήγνυσκε Refs 8th c.BC+: future ῥήξω Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἔρρηξα Refs 8th c.BC+perfect ἔρρηχα (δι-) LXXmiddle ῥήγνῠμαι, future ῥήξομαι, aorist ἐρρηξάμην, all in Refs 8th c.BC+, present also in Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐρρηξάμην Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect 3rd.pers. plural ῥήξαντο Refs 8th c.BC+:—passive, subjunctive ῥήγνῡται Refs 6th c.BC+: Epic dialect 3rd.pers. singular imperfect ῥηγνύατο Refs 4th c.BC+: future ῥᾰγήσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+aorist ἐρράγην [ᾰ] Refs 5th c.BC+; later ἐρρήχθην, Refs 3rd c.AD+; δια-ρρηχθῇ (variant{-ρραγῇ}) Refs 5th c.BC+perfect ἔρρηγμαι (συν-) Refs 8th c.BC+; but intransitive perfect ἔρρωγα is more frequently, see below with Refs; perfect participle feminine ἐρρηγεῖα, see below with Refs; masculine plural κατ-ερρηγότας Refs 5th c.AD+ The word is hardly used by correct Attic dialect Prose-writers, except in passive:—break asunder, rend, shatter, τεῖχος Refs 8th c.BC+; only once in Refs 8th c.BC+:—later, especially rend garments, in sign of grief, ῥ. πέπλους Refs 4th c.BC+; ῥ. ἕλκεα make grievous wounds, Refs 5th c.BC+; ῥ. ὀστᾶ, σάρκας, Refs 5th c.BC+: in Ionic dialect and later Prose, ῥήγνυσι.. τὸν ἀμφὶ τὴν ὄψιν χιτῶνα NT+5th c.BC+:—middle, break for oneself, get broken, ὄρνυσθ᾽.. ῥήγνυσθε δὲ τεῖχος Refs 8th c.BC+:—passive, see below Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.2 break a line of battle or body of men, ῥ. φάλαγγα, ὅμιλον, στίχας ἀνδρῶν, Refs 8th c.BC+; τὸ μέσον ῥῆξαι break through the centre, Refs 5th c.BC+ broke through, Refs 5th c.BC+ — middle, ῥήξασθαι φάλαγγας, στίχας, break oneself a way through the lines, Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.3 let break loose, ἔριδα ῥ. Refs __A.4 after Refs 8th c.BC+ let loose the voice, of children and persons who have been dumb or silent, break into speech, speak out, Refs 5th c.BC+; later ῥήξασθαι φωνήν, θρόον αὐδῆς, φθόγγον, utter, Refs 4th c.AD+ cry aloud, LXX; see belowwith __A.5 also δακρύων ῥήξασα.. νάματα having let loose, having burst into floods of tears, Refs 5th c.BC+; κλαυθμὸν ῥ. LXX+1st c.AD+; see below Refs 5th c.BC+ __B passive, break, break asunder, burst, κῦμα ῥήγνυτο Refs 8th c.BC+; of clouds, Refs 5th c.BC+; ῥαγῆναί τι τῆς γῆς, as in an earthquake, Refs 5th c.BC+; ῥήττονται ὑδρίαι (by the cold) Refs 1st c.BC+; τοῖς βασκάνοις εἶναι ῥήγνυσθαι may the envious burst, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __B.2 burst forth, like lightning, βροντὴ δ᾽ ἐρράγη δι᾽ ἀστραπῆς Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.3 of ships, to be wrecked, Refs 4th c.BC+ __B.4 of a stone, γράμματι ῥηγνύμενον scored with lettering, i.e. inscribed, Puchstein Refs 2nd c.BC+ __C intransitive, like passive, break or burst forth, ἔρρηξεν ἔμετος Refs 5th c.BC+perfect ἔρρωγα, to have broken out, ἔρρωγε παγὰ δακρύων Refs 5th c.BC+broken, disjointed, Refs __C.2 in literal sense, γῆ ἐρρηγεῖα (-υῖα) broken, arable, opposed to ἄρρηκτος, Refs, cognate with Lithuanian rēžti 'cut, notch, furrow', rúožas 'stripe, streak, strip'.)

διαρρήγνῡμι, break through, Refs 8th c.BC+ only in middle, διά τε ῥήξασθαι ἐπάλξεις Refs 8th c.BC+; διαρρήξασα χαλινόν having broken the bridle asunder, Refs 6th c.BC+; μόγις ἂν.. διαρρήξειας [τὴν κεφαλήν] Refs 5th c.BC+; πλευρὰν διαρρήξαντα.. φασγάνῳ having cloven it, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, burst, as with eating, Refs 5th c.BC+; διαρραγείης, as a curse, 'split you!' Refs 5th c.BC+perfect διέρρωγα to be broken or torn, διερρωγυιῶν τῶν χορδῶν Refs 5th c.BC+: later perfect participle passive διερρηγμένος Refs 4th c.AD+

σπᾰράσσω, Attic dialect σπαράττω Refs 5th c.BC+, future -ξωRefs 4th c.BC+: aorist ἐσπάραξα Refs 5th c.BC+, future -ξομαιRefs 5th c.BC+ —passive,perfect ἐσπάρακται (δι-) Refs 4th c.BC+:—tear, rend, especially of dogs, carnivorous animals, and the like, σάρκας ἐσπάρασσ᾽ ἀπ᾽ ὀστέων Refs 5th c.BC+ —middle, σπαράσσεσθαι κόμαν tear one's hair, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 rend asunder, φάραγγα βροντῇ.. πατὴρ σπαράξει A. [prev. cited] __3 metaphorically, pull to pieces, attack, ἄνδρα σπαράττων καὶ ταράττων καὶ κυκῶν Refs 5th c.BC+ H.:—passive, λώβαισι.. ἐσπαραγμένους Refs 3rd c.BC+ __4 in Medicine texts, σ. τὸ στόμα τῆς κοιλίας provoke sickness, Refs 2nd c.AD+; compare σπαρακτέον:—passive, σ. ἀνημέτως retch without being able to vomit, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4.b convulse, of an evil spirit, NT

δια-πρίω [ρῑ], saw through, saw asunder, Refs 5th c.BC+; split, κύμινον Refs 4th c.AD+:— passive, NT+5th c.BC+ __II δ. τοὺς ὀδόντας gnash the teeth, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III διαπρίεται· διαγοράζει, μαίνεται, Refs 5th c.AD+

δια-σπάω, future -σπάσομαι [ᾰ] Refs 5th c.BC+ also -σπάσωRefs 5th c.BC+aorist -έσπᾰσα, middle -εσπασάμηνRefs 5th c.BC+: perfect -έσπᾰκα Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, aorist -εσπάσθην: perfect -έσπασμαι (see. below):—tear asunder, τοὺς ἄνδρας κρεοργηδὸν δ. Refs 5th c.BC+; δ. τὸ σταύρωμα to break through or tear down the palisade, Refs; δ. τὴν γέφυραν, τὸ ἔδαφος, Refs 2nd c.BC+; break up, Refs 3rd c.BC+: metaphorically, διασπᾶν τὴν σύμπνοιαν τοῦ παντός Refs 4th c.AD+:—passive, διέσπασται μελέων φύσις Refs 5th c.BC+; δ. ἀπὸ τῶν φίλων to be torn away from.., Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 in military sense, separate part of an army from the rest, Refs 5th c.BC+; of army and fleet, Refs 5th c.BC+; δ. τὰς φάλαγγας break them up, Refs 4th c.BC+ —passive, στράτευμα διεσπασμένον an army scattered and in disorder, Refs 5th c.BC+; of a fleet, Refsto be widely scattered, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 metaphorically, pull different ways, πόλεις distract states, Refs 5th c.BC+; διέσπακε τὴν ἱστορίαν has broken the continuity of the narrative, Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, διασπώμενος distracted, πρὸς τοσαύτας ὑπηρεσίας Refs 2nd c.AD+

συσπᾰράσσω, Attic dialect συσπαράττω, tear in pieces, NT+2nd c.AD+

περιρρήγνῡμι and περιρρηγνύω Refs 1st c.AD+, break off all round, τὸν γήλοφον κύκλῳ Refs 5th c.BC+: frequently of clothes, rend and tear off, τὸν χιτωνίσκον Refs 4th c.BC+: also with accusative person, strip, Refs 1st c.BC+ —middle, περιερρήξατο τοὺς πέπλους tore off her own garments, Refs 1st c.AD+ —passive, with aorist 2 -ερράγην, intransitive perfect περιέρρωγα, περιρρηγνυμένων φαρέων Refs 4th c.BC+; of the case or membrane that encloses pupa or shellfish, περιρρήγνυται τὸ κέλυφος Refs 4th c.BC+ (so in active, ἡ σχάδων.. τὸν ὑμένα περιρρήξας (sic) ἐκπέταταιRefs.—middle, τὰ ζῷα τὰ ἐκ τῶν σκωλήκων περιρρηγνύμεναRefs; of dead flesh, break away, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II cause a stream to break or divide round a piece of land, [Βούσιρις] τὸν Νεῖλον περὶ τὴν χώραν περιέρρηξε Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, τοῦ Δέλτα κατὰ τὸ ὀξὺ περιρρήγνυται ὁ Νεῖλος Refs 5th c.BC+; βρονταὶ περιερρήγνυντο kept breaking round a place, Refs 1st c.AD+ __III break a thing round or on another, wreck, τὸ σκαφίδιον πρὸς πέτραν Refs 2nd c.AD+ __IV ὄρος περιερρωγός broken all round, i.e. precipitous, Refs 1st c.BC+