Storms and Tempests

† סְעָרָה n.f. tempest, storm-wind;—abs. סְעָרָה Is 29:6 + (so also 2 K 2:1, 11 Ginsb; Baer בַּסֳּעָרָה); cstr. סַעֲרַת Je 23:19; 30:23; pl. סְעָרוֹת Ez 13:11, 13; cstr. סַעֲרוֹת Zc 9:14;—4, as instr. of י׳’s wrath, Is 29:6 (+ סוּפָה), cf.40:24; 41:16, also רוּחַ סְעָרוֹת Ez 13:11, 13 (against nation under fig. of wall); storm-wind of Elijah’s translation 2 K 2:1, 11; of theophany Ez 1:4 (רִוּחַ סְעָרָה), Jb 38:1; 40:6, and סַעֲרוֹת תֵּימָן Zc 9:14; סַעֲרַת י׳ as fig. of י׳’s wrath Je 23:19; 30:23; of ordinary tempests only in late ψψ: רוּחַ סְעָרָה 107:25; 148:8, ס׳ opp. דְּמָמָה 107:29.

† I. סוּפָה n.f. storm-wind (that makes an end?);—abs. ס׳ Is 5:28 +; סוּפָ֫תָה Ho 8:7 (Ges§ 90 f.); sf. סוּפָֽתְךָ ψ 83:16; pl. סוּפוֹת Is 21:1;—storm-wind, כְּסַעַר בְּיוֹם ס׳ Am 1:14, Na 1:3 (‖ שְׂעָרָה), Is 17:13 (‖ רוּחַ), Jb 37:9 Is 21:1, as driving chaff Jb 21:18 (vb. גָּנַב; in sim.), sim. of rushing chariots Is 5:28; 66:15 Je 4:13, of ruin Pr 1:27 cf. 10:25; symbol. of י׳’s judgments, רוּחַ יִזְרָ֖עוּ וְס׳ יִקְצֹ֑רוּ Ho 8:7, ψ 83:16 (‖ סַעַר), Jb 27:20 (vb. גָּנַב), Is 29:6 (+ סְעָרָה).

σεισμ-ός, ὁ, (σείω) shaking, shock, γῆς σ. earthquake, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 generally, shock, agitation, commotion, σ. τοῦ σώματος Refs 5th c.BC+; ἔξωθεν.. προσφέρειν τοῖς.. πάθεσι σεισμόν a shock, NT+2nd c.AD+ __3 blackmail, extortion, Refs 2nd c.BC+; συκοφάντεια καὶ σ. Refs 2nd c.BC+

† שׁוֹאָה, שֹׁאָה n.f. devastation, ruin, waste;—abs. שׁו׳ Is 10:3 +, שֹׁאָה 47:11; Zp 1:15; Jb 30:14 (+ 38:27 van d. H. Gi, but v. Baer’s n.); cstr. שֹׁאַת Pr 3:25;— 1. devastation, ruin, as coming on pers., Is 10:3; 47:11 (Babylon personif.), ψ 35:8a; 63:10; שֹׁאַת רְשָׁעִים Pr 3:25 (obj. genit.; ‖ פַּחַד); (יוֹם) שׁ׳ וּמְשׁוֹאָה Zp 1:15; prob. = devastating storm, in sim. Ez 38:9 (‖ עָנָן), Pr 1:27 (Qr; Kt שׁאוה; ‖ סוּפָה).—ψ 35:8b read prob. שַׁחְתֹּה his pit, 𝔖 We (cf. v 7). 2. concretely, ruin, waste, of the desert, Jb 30:3 (reading אֶרֶץ for אֶמֶשׁ Ol; otherwise sub 1), שׁ׳ וּמְשׁוֹאָה 38:27 (‖ מִדְבָּר v 26); = ruins Jb 30:14.

† גַּלְגַּל n.m. Ec 12:6 wheel, whirl, whirlwind (on format. cf. BaNB 204)—abs. ג׳ Ez 10:2 + 7 times; גַּלְגַּ֑ל ψ 83:14; pl. c. sf. גַּלְגִּלָּיו Is 5:28 Je 47:3;— 1. wheel, a. of war-chariot Is 5:28 Je 47:3, also coll. Ez 23:24; 26:10; perhaps also in Ezekiel’s vision Ez 10:2, 6, 13 (cf. wheelwork) but cf. infr. b. for drawing water Ec 12:6. 2. a. whirl (of dust or chaff) ψ 83:14 Is 17:13, sim. of foes put to flight by God. b. perhaps whirling of wheels Ez 10:2, 6, 13 Sm RV; cf. supr. c. whirlwind or wheel ψ 77:19.

† סַ֫עַר n.m. Je 23:19 tempest;—abs. ס׳ Am 1:14 + 5 times; סָ֑עַר ψ 55:9; pl. sf. סַעֲרֶיךָ 83:16;—tempest, especially fig.: of passionate acts of men, מֵרוּחַ סֹעָה מִסָּ֑עַר ψ 55:9 (מִסּ׳ here awkward, without ו); of י׳’s wrath Je 23:19 (ס׳ מִתְחוֹלֵל), cf. 25:32; 30:23; tempest as instr. of י׳’s wrath, ψ 83:16 (‖ סוּפָה); v. also בְּסַעַר בְּיוֹם סוּפָה Am 1:14 and Jon 1:4, 12.

† [סָעַר] vb. storm, rage (Ecclus. סער Hiph. 47:17 move tempestuously; סְעָרָה storm-wind 43:17; 48:9; NH Pi. stir up, blow, סְעָרָה storm-wind; = II. שָׂעַר, but relation obscure; Assyrian šâru, wind, favours originality of שׂ׳, but this only late in Heb., and for ס׳ Frä 189 cp. Arabic سَعَرَ kindle fire, excite, inflame, be vehemently hungry and thirsty, be mad, insane, etc. Lane 1363);— Qal Impf. 3 mpl. fig., יִסְעֲרוּ Hb 3:14 they [my foes] storm along to scatter me; Pt. act. סֹעֵר Jon 1:11 the sea was growing more and more stormy, so v 13 (+ עֲלֵיהֶם); f. סֹעֲרָה Is 54:11 storm-tossed (fig. of Jerusalem). Niph. Impf. 3 ms. וַיִּסָּעֵר 2 K 6:11 and the heart of the king … was enraged because of (עַל־) this thing. Pi. Impf. 1 s. sf. וְאֵסָֽעֲרֵם עַל־ Zc 7:14 (on form v. Ges§§ 23 h, 52 n) and storm them away (hurl them by a storm-wind) upon the nations. Po. Impf. 3 ms. כְּמֹץ יְסֹעֵר Ho 13:3 shall be like chaff (which) is storm-driven from a threshing-floor.

χειμών, ῶνος, ὁ, (χεῖμα) winter, χειμῶνος δυσθαλπέος ὅς ῥά τε ἔργων ἀνθρώπους ἀνέπαυσεν Refs 8th c.BC+; χειμῶνι in winter, Refs 5th c.BC+; also χειμῶνος in winter-time, Refs 5th c.BC+; χ. μέσου in mid-winter, Refs 5th c.BC+in the course of the winter, Refs 5th c.BC+; διὰ χειμῶνος, διὰ τοῦ χ., Refs 5th c.BC+during winter, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸν χ. during the winter, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὄρος ἄβατον ὑπὸ χειμῶνος in consequence of the cold weather, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to καύματα, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 the wintry quarter of the heavens, the north, Βορέης καὶ χ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II wintry, stormy weather: generally, storm, ἐπεὶ οὖν χειμῶνα φύγον καὶ ἀθέσφατον ὄμβρον Refs 8th c.BC+; χ. νοτερός a storm of rain, Refs 5th c.BC+ because of the winter-storms, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 metaphorically, θεόσσυτος χ. storm of calamity sent by the gods, Refs 4th c.BC+; χ. καὶ κακῶν τρικυμίαRefs; δορὸς.. ἐν χειμῶνι in the storm of battle, Refs 5th c.BC+; θολερῷ.. χ. νοσήσας, of the madness of Ajax, Refs; χ. γήρως βαρύς, of life's winter, Refs 1st c.AD+; of a person, χ. ὁ μειρακίσκος ἐστὶ τοῖς φίλοις Refs 4th c.BC+: rare in Prose, of battle, Refs 1st c.AD+; of mental and moral trouble, Refs 4th c.BC+; χ. τοῦ κλύδωνος χαλεπώτερος, of pirates, Refs 4th c.AD+ to have trouble (in cutting teeth), Refs 5th c.BC+

† II. [שָׂעַר] vb. sweep or whirl away (of storm-wind) (= סָעַר, q.v.; Assyrian šâru, wind, DlHWB 635; > Thes1334 cp. I. שׂער);— Qal Impf. 3 ms. sf. יִשְׂעָרֶנּוּ ψ 58:10 fig. he (י׳) shall sweep it away. Niph. Pf. 3 fs. impers. נִשְׂעֲרָה ψ 50:3 round about him it is tempestuous exceedingly. Pi. Impf. 3 ms. sf. וִישַׂעֲרֵ֫הוּ Jb 27:21 and it [an E. wind] shall whirl him away from (מִן) his place. Hithp. Impf. 3 ms. וְיִשְׂתָּעֵר עָלָיו Dn 11:40 the kg. shall storm against him.

λαῖλαψ, ᾰπος, ἡ, furious storm, hurricane, βαῖνον ἐρεμνῇ λαίλαπι ἶσοι LXX+8th c.BC+, a whirlwind sweeping upwards: metaphorically, ἔτλης λαίλαπα δυσμενέων Refs 1st c.BC+—Not found in early Prose, but common later,NT+1st c.AD+:—a form λαιλαπετός, ὁ, occurs in Refs 8th c.BC+

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† שְׂעָרָה n.f. id. (= סְעָרָה);—of way of י׳בְּסוּפָה וּבִשׂ׳ Na 1:3; fig. of י׳’s judgments; אֲשֶׁר־בִּשׂ׳ יְשׁוּפֵנִי Jb 9:17.

εὐρακύλων, ωνος, ὁ, name of a north-east wind, = Latin (Vulg.) euroaquilo, ἄνεμος τυφωνικὸς ὁ καλούμενος εὐ. NT, with many variants, including εὐροκλύδων.

θύελλ-α [ῠ], ἡ, (θύω, compare ἄελλα from ἄημι) hurricane, squall Refs 8th c.BC+; μισγομένων ἀνέμων.. θ. Refs 8th c.BC+; πυρός τ᾽ ὀλοοῖο θύελλαι, probably thunderstorms, Refs; τοὺς δ᾽ αἶψ᾽ ἁρπάξασα φέρεν πόντονδε θRefs 5th c.BC+; ποντία θ. Refs 8th c.BC+; ἴκελοι πυρὶ ἠὲ θ. Refs 8th c.BC+; ὀχλικὴ θ. Refs 1st c.BC+

λίψ, ὁ, __Agenitive λιβός, the SW. wind, Refs 5th c.BC+ __A.2 the South, frequently in LXX __A.3 the West, opposed to ἀπηλιώτης, LXX+2nd c.BC+; λιβός or λίβα εἰς ἀπηλιώτην from Refs 1st c.AD+ __A.4 Astron., πρωινὸς λ., μεσημβρινὸς λ., ὀψινὸς λ., position of a star on the W. horizon at sunrise, midday, or sunset, Refs 1st c.BC+

ῥῑπ-ίζω, (ῥιπίς) blow up or fan the flame, πολέμου ἔριν Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, τεμάχη ῥιπίζεται the fish is fanned to boiling-point, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 fan a person, in middle, fan oneself, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, ῥιπίζεσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν περιστερῶν Refs 4th c.BC+; to be fanned or blown about, ὑπ᾽ ἀνέμου NT+4th c.BC+ __3 hurl, Refs 3rd c.AD+

Τῡφων-ικός, ή, όν, Typhonian, of or from Typhon, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II (τυφῶν 11.1) tempestuous, ἄνεμος NT

χειμ-άζω (future -άσωRefs 4th c.BC+:—transitive, expose to the winter cold: found only in passive, to be exposed thereto, Refs 5th c.BC+; pass the winter, Refs 5th c.BC+; of trees, live through the winter, χειμασθέντα [δένδρα] Refs __2 intransitive, pass the winter, Refs 5th c.BC+: of armies, go into winter quarters, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II raise a storm or tempest, θεοῦ τοιαῦτα χειμάζοντος Refs 5th c.BC+: impersonal, ἐχείμαζε ἡμέρας τρεῖς the storm continued, Refs 5th c.BC+; χειμάσει there will be stormy weather, Refs 4th c.BC+ __III with accusative, drive forth or away, of a storm, ἔξω χ. [τοὺς μύας] Refs:—passive, to be driven by a storm, overtaken by it, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 metaphorically, toss like a storm, distress, τόδ᾽ αἷμα χ. πόλιν Refs 5th c.BC+: also, annoy, vex, Refs 5th c.BC+; σφὴξ τοῖς κέντροις πλήσσων ἐχείμαζε Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, to be tempest-tossed, distressed, especially of the state considered as a ship, Refs 5th c.BC+; also of single persons, κατὰ θάλασσαν χειμασθεῖσαι (as example of a ψυχικὸν πάθος) Refs 2nd c.AD+; suffer grievously, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐν στρατείαις ἢ νόσοις ἢ ἐν θαλάττῃ χ. Refs 5th c.BC+; of feverish patients, χειμάζονται μάλιστα πεμπταῖοι Refs 5th c.BC+

† נֶ֫פֶץ n.[m.] driving storm (lit. bursting of clouds, Che Comm.), נ׳ וָזֶרֶם וְאֶבֶן בָּרָד Is 30:30 (theoph).

† [סָעָה] vb. (dub.) rush, of storm-wind (cf. Arabic سَعَى (and سعو), go quickly, run, be energetic; Syriac ܣܥܳܐ make an attack upon);— Qal Pt. fs. מֵרוּחַ סֹעָה ψ 55:9 from rushing wind (and) from tempest סָ֑עַר); Hup (not Now) Gr Dy סוּפָה or סְעָרָה.

† II. שַׂ֫עַר n.[m.] storm (= סַ֫עַר);—only cstr. שׂ׳ קָ֑טֶב Is 28:2 a storm of destruction (in sim.; ‖ זֶרֶם בָּרָד).