Shepherding and Tending

I. רָעָה167 vb. pasture, tend, graze (Assyrian rêʾû vb. pasture, n. ruler, TelAm. ruh̬i (as Canaanism) WklNo. 181, 11; Arabic رَدَى, Ethiopic ርዕየ Aramaic רְעָא, ܪܥܳܐ, all = BH);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. consec. וְרָעָה Mi 5:3 +, 1 s. sf. consec. וּרְעִיתִים Ez 34:13, 3 pl. sf. consec. וְרָעוּם Je 23:4, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יִרְעֶה Is 27:10 +, juss. יֵרַע Jb 20:26, sf. יִעֶנָּה ψ 80:14, וַיִּרְעֵם ψ 78:72 (וַיִּר׳ Hiph. van d. H.), etc.; Imv. ms. רְעֵה Mi 7:14 +, sf. רְעֵם ψ 28:9; fs. רְעִי Ct 1:8; mpl. רְעוּ Gn 29:7; Inf. cstr. לִרְעוֹת 37:12 +, etc.; Pt. רֹעֶה 30:36 +, sf. רֹעִי ψ 23:1 +; fs. רֹעָה Gn 29:9 Pr 25:19, etc.;— 1. trans. a. pasture, tend (pascere), lit., c. acc. צֹאן Gn 30:31, 36; 37:12 (all J), Ex 3:1 (E), 1 S 17:15; 25:16 Is 61:5, acc. of asses Gn 36:24 (P), kids Ct 1:8; acc. (צפּאן) om. Gn 29:7; 37:13 (ב loc.) v 16 (all J), Ct 1:7 (‖ חִרְבִּיץ), Jb 24:2 (𝔊 Me Siegf Bu וְרֹעוֹ);—metaph. גֹּרֶן וָיֶקֶב לֹא יִרְעֵם Ho 9:2, but read יֵדָעֵם 𝔊 We Now GASm; מָוֶת יִרְעֵם ψ 49:15. b. fig. of י׳, acc. pers., Gn 48:15 (E) God, who shepherded me; c. acc. of people, as flock Ho 4:16 Is 40:11 Mi 7:14 (בְּשִׁבְטֶ֑ן), Ez 34:13 (pregn., c. אֶל loc.), v 14, 15 (+ הִרְבִּיץ), v 16 ψ 28:9. c. fig. of ruler, and teacher, acc. of people, as flock, 2 S 5:2 = 1 Ch 11:2; 2 S 7:7 = 1 Ch 17:6, ψ 78:72 Je 3:15; 23:2, 4; Ez 34:2, 3, 8, 10, 23(×2); Zc 11:4, 7(×2), 9; of guiding, שִׂפְתֵי צַדִּיק יִרְעוּ רַבִּים Pr 10:21; c. ב of people ψ 78:71; abs. Mi 5:3; c. acc. pers. reflex. pastured (fed, enriched) themselves Ez 34:2, 8, 10 d. especially pt. רֹעֶח, etc., as subst. = shepherd, herdsman: (1) lit., רֹעֵה צֹאן Gn 4:2; 46:32, 34; 47:3 (all J), רֹעֶח בַּצּ׳ 37:2 (E), 1 S 16:11; 17:34; רֹעֵי מִקְנֶה Gn 13:7(×2) (J); (ה)ר׳ alone, sg. Am 3:12 + 7 times (all in sim.); רֹעָה shepherdess, Gn 29:9 (J); כִּלִי רֹעֶה אֱוִילִי Zc 11:15 (v. כְּלִי 2 c), as symbol; pl. (הָ)רֹעִים Am 1:2; Ex 2:17, 19 (J), 1 S 21:8 (אַבִּיר הָר׳; Gr Dr Bu Kit Löhr א׳ הָרָצִים; 𝔊 LagBN 45 HPS אֹבִּיל הָעֲיָרִים, but cf. We) + 8 times + Is 31:4 (sim.), 38:12 (read רֹעִים for רֹעִי Perles29 Du CheHpt cf. Di), cf. (sf.) Gn 13:8(×2) (J); כְּלִי הָרֹעִים 1 S 17:40 (v. כְּלִי 3);—בֵּית־עֵקֶד הָרֹעִים, v. p. 112. (2) fig. of ruler (as often Assyrian; cf. Gk. (Homer) ποιμένα λαῶν), abs. sg. Je 17:16 fig. of prophet (but Aq Symm 𝔖 Gie Du Co מֵרָעָה). Zc 10:2; 11:16; 13:7b + 8 times Je Ez; sf. of י׳, דֹעִי Is 44:28 (of Cyrus), Zc 13:7a (read רֹעִי הָאֱוִילִי We Now GASm); abs. pl. Is 56:11; Je 2:8; 3:15; Mi 5:4 Zc 10:3; 11:5, 8 + 18 times Je Ez 34, + (of Assyrian leaders) Na 3:18; רֹעֵי יִשׂ׳ Ez 34:2; רֹעֵי צֹאנוֹ Is 63:11 (but read רֹעֵה [of Moses] 𝔊 𝔗 Di Du al.). (3) epith. of י׳: י׳ רֹעִי ψ 23:1, רֹעֵה יִשׂ׳ 80:2, רֹעֶה אֶבֶן יִשׂ׳, Gn 49:24 (poem in J; read cstr. רֹעֵה, cf. Comm.); מֵרֹעֶה אֶחָד Ec 12:11 DeWild, president of assembly of sages Siegf SS 2. intrans. feed, graze: a. lit. of cows, sheep, etc.: c. ב loc. Gn 41:2, 18 (E), 1 Ch 27:29; c. acc. of pasture Is 30:23; c. עַל loc. Zp 2:7 (עֲלֵי הַיָּם for MT עֲלֵיהֶם, v. Now); אֶל־מוּל loc. Ex 34:3 (J); abs. Is 5:17; 11:7 (‖ רבץ; but v. II. רעה infr.) 27:10 (‖ id.), 65:25 Jon 3:7; Jb 1:14. b. fig. of idolater, Is 44:20 he feedeth on ashes (acc.); cf. Ho 12:2 Ephr. feedeth on wind (acc.); פִּי כְסִילִים יִר׳ אִוֶּלֶת Pr 15:14 (so Vrss Qr; Kt פני for פי) the mouth of fools feeds on folly (Toy; Buhl √ II. רעה, Gerber 162 sub III. רעה); in Ct, c. ב loc., fig. of lover Ct 2:16; 6:2, 3; of breasts (like gazelles) 4:5. c. fig., of Isr. as flock Is 14:30 (‖ רבץ), read (י—ַ)בְּכָרִי in my pasture(s), for MT בְּכוֹרֵי, Koppe Ew Di Du (otherwise CheHpt., cf. Marti); Zp 3:13 (‖ id.); c. עַל־דְּרָכִים Is 49:9; c. acc. of pasture-land Je 50:19; Mi 7:14; Ez 34:14b (+ אֶל loc.), v 18, 19; hence crop, strip, i.e. devastate, of conqueror, c. acc. of land Mi 5:5, cf. אֶת־יָדוֹ Je 6:3; so יִרְעוּךְ קָדְקֹד 2:16; acc. of Isr. under fig. of vine (subj. foes, as beasts) ψ 80:14. d. subj. wind, c. acc. pers. Je 22:22, i.e. drive them away; subj. fire, c. acc. rei, יֵרַע Jb 20:26, but read perhaps יֵרָע, Niph. (Ol Di Hoffm Siegf Bu; otherwise Du).—רֹעֶה עֲקָרָה 24:21 is difficult; Bu הֵרַע for ר׳; more radical conj. in Du. Niph. poss. Jb 20:26, v. 2 d supr. Hiph. ψ 78:72 van d. H., v. 1 c supr.

ποιμήν, ένος, ὁ, vocative ποιμήν (not -μέν) Hdn.Gr. 2.717:— herdsman, whether of sheep or oxen, Refs 8th c.BC+; opposed to lord or owner (ἄναξ), Refs __2 after Refs 8th c.BC+ always shepherd, βουκόλοι καὶ π. LXX+5th c.BC+ __II metaphorically, shepherd of the people, regularly of Agamemnon, Ἀγαμέμνονα π. λαῶν Refs 8th c.BC+: generally, captain, chief, Refs 5th c.BC+; ποιμένες δώρων Κυπρίας, of the Loves, Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, master, lord, πλοῦτος ὁ λαχὼν ποιμένα Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 in LXX+NT (Cf.Lithuanian piemuõ, genitive singular piemeñs 'shepherd'.)

ποιμαίνω, Epic dialect imperfect ποιμαίνεσκεν Refs 8th c.BC+: (ποιμήν):—herd, tend, μῆλα Refs 8th c.BC+; πρόβατα variant in Refs 5th c.BC+; ποιμαίνειν ἐπ᾽ ὄεσσι to be shepherd over sheep, Refs 8th c.BC+: absolutely, act as shepherd, tend flocks, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, to be herded, roam the pastures, of flocks, Refs 8th c.BC+middle, with ὕπνος (l. Refs __2 πᾶς πεποίμανται τόπος every country has been traversed (as by a shepherd or flocks of sheep), Refs 4th c.BC+ __II metaphorically, tend, cherish, ζωᾶς ἄωτον Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 guide, govern, στρατόν Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 soothe, beguile, ἔρωτα π. Refs 3rd c.BC+: hence, generally, deceive, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.4 εἴδωλα ἃ ποιμαίνουσιν images which they send flocking, i.e. represent as flocking, Refs 1st c.AD+

βόσκω, imperfect ἔβοσκον, Epic dialect βόσκε Refs 8th c.BC+: future -ήσωRefs 8th c.BC+: aorist ἐβόσκησα Refs: perfect βεβόσκηκα Refs 3rd c.BC+ —passive and middle Refs; Ionic dialect imperfect βοσκέσκοντο Refs 8th c.BC+future βοσκήσομαι Sarap. in Refs 1st c.AD+, Doric dialect βοσκησεῦμαι Refs 3rd c.BC+: aorist ἐβοσκήθην Refs 2nd c.BC+ __I properly of herdsmen, feed, tend, αἰπόλια Refs 8th c.BC+; ὁ βόσκων the feeder, Refs 4th c.BC+ __I.2 generally, feed, nourish, βόσκει γαῖα.. ἀνθρώπους Refs 8th c.BC+; maintain, keep, ἐπικούρους Refs 5th c.BC+; οἰκέταςRefs 5th c.BC+; πράγματα β. troubles, i.e. children, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II passive, of cattle, feed, graze, Refs 8th c.BC+: c.accusative, feed on, ποίην Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 metaphorically, to be fed or nurtured, ἰυγμοῖσι Refs 5th c.BC+; β. τινί or περί τι run riot in a thing, Refs. (g[uglide]ō, cf. Lithuanian guotas 'herd'.)

† II. [בָּעַר] vb.denom. be brutish— Qal Impf. יִבְעֲרוּ Je 10:8 (‖ יכסלו) be stupid, dull-hearted, unreceptive; cf. Pt. pl. בֹּעֲרִים ψ 94:8 (‖ כסילים); of inhuman, cruel, barbarous men Ez 21:36. Niph. Pf. נִבְעַר Je 10:14 = 51:17, נִבְעֲרוּ Je 10:21; Pt. נִבְעָרָ֑ה Is 19:11;—brutish, stupid Is 19:11 (עצה, ‖ אויל); dull-hearted, ignorant of God Je 10:14, 21; 51:17. Niph. Je 10:14 = 51:17 rather stupefied (by spectacle 10:13 = 51:16). Pi. Pf. וּבִעֵר consec. Ex 22:4 feed, graze (בשׂדה אחר). Hiph. Impf. יַבְעֶר־ Ex 22:4 cause to be grazed over, sq. שׂדה.

† II. [רָעָה] vb. prob. associate with (cf. Schulthess69 ff. but also NöZMG liv (1900), 154 f.; Assyrian ruʾa, ruttu, neighbour, fellow (m. et f.; cf. JägerBAS i.483, 486); so Bed. أُرْعُوَّةٌ master, owner, WallinZMG v (1851), 9 JayakarJA xxi. 851; Ethiopic መርዓ: marriage; Arabic رَاعِى, راعيها, Ethiopic አርዑት: yoke; NH רֵעוּת friendship is from BH רֵעַ);— Qal Imv. ms. וּרְעֵה אֱמוּנָה ψ 37:3 cherish faithfulness (Hup-Now RV Che Du Dr); > feed securely (Bae; i. רעה; feed on (his) faithfulness Am RV); Pt. רֹעֶה כְסִילִים Pr 13:20 one associating with fools, so ר׳ זֹלְלִים 28:7, ר׳ זוֹנוֹת 29:3 (Thes al. think these fig. from I. רעה, v. 2 b). Hithp. 2 ms. אַל־תִּתְרַע אֶת־בַּעַל אָ֑ף Pr 22:24 do not make companionship with a bad-tempered man; perhaps also 3 fpl. תִּתְרָעֶינָה Is 11:7 (LagOr i. 21; Deceased Wife’s Sister 399 Brd Du CheHpt) cow and bear shall be each other’s companions; + Inf. cstr. הִתְרָעֹת Pr 18:24 (Toy, for MT הִתְרֹעֵעַ) there are [יֵשׁ for אִישׁ] friends (merely) to be companions (v. II. רעע ad fin.).

† נֹקֵד n.m. sheep-raiser, -dealer, or -tender (LagNB 108);—abs. נ׳ 2 K 3:4 (of Mesha, king of Moab); pl. אֲשֶׁר הָיָה בַנֹּקְדִים מִתְּקוֹעַ Am 1:1 (of Amos, v. Dr; cf. 7:14, where read נוקד for בוקר according to We Now Dr, not GASm, v. Bu infr.); perhaps gloss, cf. BuKohut-Memorial, 106 f. Nowad loc.

ἀρχι-ποίμην, ενος, ὁ, chief shepherd, NT+2nd c.AD+

† בּוֹקֵר n.m.denom. herdsman Am 7:14; of Amos himself, cf. אֲשֶׁר־הָיָה בַנֹּקְדִים 1:1.

† בֵּית־עֵ֫קֶד הָרֹעִים perhaps n.pr.loc. (binding-house of the shepherds) 2 K 10:12; cf. v 14 בּוֹר בּ׳־ע׳; Bethacath Jer LagOnom. 107. 17, 2nd ed. 141;—mod. Beit Kâd near Mt Gilboa according to Surveyii. 83; but cf. בַּיִת 1. p. 109.