Shame and Reverence

בּוֹשׁ109 vb. be ashamed (Sab. בום; מהבאס = evil-doer DHMZMG 1883, 375, ‖ Aramaic בְּהַת, Syriac ܒܗܶܬ whence Arabic بَهُتَ was surprised)— Qal Pf. Je 48:39; בּשׁ Je 48:13; בּוֹשָׁה Je 15:9; בֹּשְׁתִּי Je 31:19 + 25 times; Impf. יֵבוֹשׁ Is 29:22 + 57 times; Inf. abs. בּוֹשׁ Je 6:15; 8:12; Imv. בּוֹשִׁי Is 23:4 Ez 16:52, בּוֹשׁוּ Ez 36:32; Pt. pl. בּוֹשִׁים Ez 32:30;— 1. abs. feel shame Je 6:15 + 16 times, Is 19:9; 23:4; 37:27 Is 2 45:16 + 14 times Ez 16:63 Mi 7:16 Jo 2:26, 27 2 K 19:26 Ez 9:6 Jb 6:20 ψ 6:11 (+ 27 times, chiefly in late Psalms). 2. sq. מִן, be ashamed of, i.e. disconcerted, disappointed by reason of Je 2:36(×2); 12:13; 48:13 Is 1:29; 20:5 Ez 32:30; 36:32. 3. with obj. בֹּשְׁתִּי לִשְׁאוֹל I am ashamed to ask Ezr 8:22; לֹא תֵבשׁוּ תַּהְכְּרוּ לִי ye are not ashamed to deal hardly with me (impf. subj.) Jb 19:3. בּושׁ often ‖ נכלם & חפר; בּשׁוּ וְהָכְלְמוּ they are ashamed and confounded Je 14:3, 22:22 Is 20:5; 41:11; 45:16, 17 Ez 16:52; 36:32 ψ 35:4; 69:7 Ez 9:6; וּבשׁוּ הַחֹזִים וְחָֽפְרוּ הַקֹּסְמִים and the seers shall be ashamed and the diviners confounded Mi 3:7, cf. Je 15:9 Jb 6:20 ψ 35:26; 40:15; 70:3; 71:24; יֵבוֹשׁ מְקוֹרוֹ Ho 13:15 (read יִיבַשׁ be dry); עַד־בּוֹשׁ †Ju 3:25 2 K 2:17; 8:11. cf. עַד־בּשׁ to the point of confusion †Ju 3:25 (cf. GFM), 2 K 2:17; 8:11. Poʿlēl Pf. בֹּשֵׁשׁ delay (in shame), בּשֵׁשׁ משֶׁה לָרֶדֶת Moses delayed to descend Ex 32:1 (J), מַדּוּעַ בּשֵׁשׁ רִכְבּוֹ לָבוֹא why delay his chariots to come? Ju 5:28. Hiph. 1. הֱבִישׁוֹתָ ψ 44:8; הֱבִישֹׁתָה ψ 53:6; Impf. 2 ms. sf. תְּבִישֵׁנִי ψ 119:31, 116; תָּבִישׁוּ ψ 14:6; put to shame, Pt. מֵבִישׁ Pr 10:5; 14:35; 19:26; 29:15; one causing shame or acting shamefully, ‖ מַשְׂכִּיל; עֶבֶד מַשְׂכִּיל יִמְשֹׁל בְּבֵן מֵבִישׁ a servant acting wisely will rule over a son causing shame Pr 17:2; מְבִישָׁה ‖ אֵשֶׁת חַיִל Pr 12:4. 2. הוֹבִישׁ 2 S 19:6 Je 2:26; 6:15 Jo 1:10, 12; הֹבִישׁ Je 10:14 + 7 times, Ho 2:7 Jo 1:12, 17 Is 30:5 (but הבאיש Kt); הֹבִשׁוּ Je 8:9, 12; Imv. הֹבִישׁוּ Jo 1:11 (all the forms in Joel derived √ יָבֵשׁ by ancient versions and some moderns, vid. Ew§ 122e Ges§ 78b). a. put to shame 2 S 19:6. b. act shamefully Ho 2:7. c. to be put to shame Je 2:26; 6:15; 46:24; 48:1(×2), 20; 50:2(×2) Jo 1:10, 12, 17 (?). d. be ashamed Je 8:9, 12 Jo 1:11, 12 (?) Is 30:5 (Qr); c. מִן Je 10:14 = 51:17. Hithpoʿl Impf. יִתְבּשָׁ֑שׁוּ ashamed before one another Gn 2:25 (J).

† [כָּלַם] vb. only Niph. Hoph. be humiliated, Hiph. humiliate (NH Hiph., id.; Aramaic כְּלַם Aph. Ithpe.; Arabic كَلَمَ is wound; كَلَّمَ also speak to, converse with);— Niph. Pf. 2 fs. וְנִכְלַמְתְּ consec. Je 22:22 + 2 times; 1 s. גִכְלַמְתִּי Je 31:19; Ezr 9:6, נִכְלָ֑מְתִּי Is 50:7; 3 pl. נִכְלְמוּ Is 45:16 + 2 times; Impf. 3 fs. תִּכָּלֵם Nu 12:14; 2 fs. תִּכָּֽלְמִי Is 54:4; 3 mpl. יִכָּֽלְמוּ Is 41:11 + 5 times; 2 mpl. תִּכָּֽלְמוּ Is 45:17; Imv. mpl. הִכָּֽלְמוּ Ez 36:32; Inf. cstr. הִכָּלֵם Je 3:3; 8:12; Pt. נִכְלָם ψ 74:21; mpl. נִכְלָמִים 2 S 10:5 + 2 times; fpl. נִכְלָמוֹת Ez 16:27;—be humiliated, ashamed, put to shame, dishonoured, confounded; 1. be humiliated, ashamed, before men Nu 12:14 (E), 2 S 10:5 = 1 Ch 19:5, 2 S 19:4, cf. ψ 74:21; before enemies (by defeat, etc.) Is 45:17 (‖ בושׁ), 50:7; 54:4 (‖ בושׁ, חפר); before God, sq. לְ inf., וְנִכְלַמְתִּי אֱלֹהַי לְהָרִים פָּנַי אֵלֶיךָ Ezr 9:6 (‖ בושׁ); Je 3:3; Ez 16:27, 54 (‖ נָשָׂא כְלִמָּה), 43:10, 11 (all + מִן caus.) 16:61, so prob. Levites, at Hezekiah’s reforms 2 Ch 30:15. 2. be put to shame, dishonoured, confounded, by judgments of י׳, all ‖ בושׁ: Je 22:22 (מִן of cause), Ez 36:32 (id.), Je 31:19 (כִּי of cause), 8:12 Is 41:11; 45:16 (+ הָלַךְ בַּכְּלִמָּה), ψ 35:4; 69:7; + חפר ψ 40:15; 70:3. Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. sf. הִכְלִמוֹ 1 S 20:34; 3 mpl. sf. הֶכְלַמְנוּם (Ges§ 53, 3 R. 6) 1 S 25:7; Impf. יַכְלִים Pr 28:7; 2 ms. sf. וַתַּכְלִימֵנוּ ψ 44:10; 2 mpl. sf. תַּכְלִימוּנִי Jb 19:3, -מוּהָ Ru 2:15; Inf. cstr. הַכְלִים Je 6:15 Pr 25:8; Pt. מַכְלִים Ju 18:7 (but v. infr.), מַכְלִם Jb 11:3;— 1. put to shame = insult, humiliate, c. acc. 1 S 20:34; 25:7 (cf. Hoph. v 15) Jb 19:3; humiliate by rebuke Ru 2:15 Jb 11:3; humiliate by defeat Pr 25:8; ψ 44:10; cause shame to Pr 28:7;—Ju 18:7 is crpt. (see Be VB GFM; Be proposes מַחְסוֹר כל־דבר there was no lack of anything, for MT מַכְלִים ד׳; GFM conjectures מְכַלֵּא מִדָּבָר there is no one to restrain (us) from anything in the land). 2. exhibit shame Je 6:15 (‖ בושׁ). Hoph. Pf. 1. 1 pl. לֹא הָכְלַמְנוּ 1 S 25:15 we were not insulted, humiliated (cf. Hiph. 1). 2. 3 pl. חָכְלְמוּ Je 14:3 they were put to shame, dishonoured, confounded (‖ בושׁ).

† II. [חָפֵר] vb. be abashed, ashamed (𝔗 חֲפַר Pr 13:5, מַחְפְּרָנָא one causing shame Pr 19:26; Syriac ܚܦܰܪ, especially Aph. be ashamed, put to shame; Arabic خَفَرَ / خَفِرَ be bashful, خَفِرٌ shy, bashful; Ethiopic ኀፈረ: be ashamed, blush)— Qal Pf. 3 fs. חָֽפְרָה Je 50:12; וְחָֽפְרָה consec. Is 24:23; וְחָפֵ֑רָה Je 15:9; חָֽפְרוּ ψ 71:24; וְחָֽפְרוּ consec. Mi 3:7; Impf. יַחְפְּרוּ ψ 35:4 + 4 times; יֶחְפָּ֑רוּ ψ 34:6; וַיֶּחְפָּ֑רוּ Jb 6:20; תַּחְפְּרוּ Is 1:29;—be abashed, ashamed, said of face ψ 34:6 (avoided by looking to י׳); elsewhere always ‖ בּוֹשׁ, of enemies of righteousness ψ 71:24; 35:4, 26; 40:15 = 70:3; 83:18; of idolaters Is 1:29; diviners Mi 3:7; of distressed Jerusalem Je 15:9; so of Babylon 50:12; of moon Is 24:23; be put to shame (disappointment), of caravans looking for water Jb 6:20. Hiph. Pf. הֶחְפִּיר Is 33:9; Impf. יַחְפִּיר Pr 13:5; תַּחְפִּ֫ירִי Is 54:4; Pt. מַחְפִּיר Pr 19:26;—display shame, fig. of Lebanon Is 33:9 (‖ קָמַ֑ל ‘dried up’ Che); of Israel Is 54:4 (‖ בּוֹשׁ Qal); of an unfilial son, cause shame Pr 19:26 (‖ מֵבִישׁ); cf. Pr 13:5 of wicked (‖ יבאישׁ: v. באשׁ Hiph. supr. p. 93).

καταισχύν-ω, future -αισχῠνῶRefs 4th c.BC+:—dishonour, put to shame, μή τι καταισχύνειν πατέρων γένος Refs 8th c.BC+; τὴν σὴν οὐ κ. φύσιν I put not thy nature to shame, i.e. show myself not unworthy of thee, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 dishonour a woman, ἀλλοτρίας γυναῖκας Refs 5th c.BC+; also of a male, Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 ὁ μέλλων Χρόνος ἐμὸν καταίσχυνε.. Χρέος covered me with dishonour in that my debt remained unpaid, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 ={καταχέζειν},{Χαίτην} Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II middle, feel shame before, θεούς Refs 5th c.BC+: —aorist passive, καταισχυνθέντες τὴν ἀρετὴν αὐτῶν Refs 5th c.BC+: with infinitive, to be ashamed to.., ἰητρεύειν Refs 5th c.BC+; καταισχυνθῆναι.. ὅπως μὴ δόξει.. to be ashamed of being thought.., Refs 5th c.BC+

ἐπαισχ-ύνομαι, future -αισχυνθήσομαι, to be ashamed at or of, τῷ οὐνόματι Refs 5th c.BC+; τινά or τι, Refs 5th c.BC+: with infinitive, to be ashamed to do, Refs 4th c.BC+: with participle, to be ashamed of doing or having done a thing, Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, feel shame, show a sense of shame, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II late in active, make ugly, mar, Refs 4th c.AD+

ἐντρέπ-ω, turn about, τὰ νῶτα Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐξεστραμμένην ἕδραν ἐ. reduce prolapsed anus, Refs 2nd c.AD+; of a muscle, turn the eye in, Refs __2 mostly metaphorically, make one turn, put him to shame, NT+2nd c.AD+ __3 alter, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __4 middle, ἐντρέψασθαι· τὸ εἴσω τρέψαι τὸ ἱμάτιον, Refs 5th c.AD+ __II middle or passive, future ἐντραπήσομαι LXX; turn about, hesitate, especially feel misgiving or compunction, στείχωμεν ἤδη μηδ᾽ ἔτ᾽ ἐντρεπώμεθα (where Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 with genitive person, turn towards, give heed or regard to, respect, reverence, οὐδέ νυ σοί περ ἐντρέπεται φίλον ἦτορ ἀνεψιοῦ κταμένοι; Refs 8th c.BC+: with infinitive, take heed to.., φεύγειν ὀλεσήνορας ὅρκους ἐντρέπευ conjecture in Refs 6th c.BC+: aorist 2 passive, [οὐκ] ἐντρεπέντος τοῦ Ἀμώσιος since Refs 4th c.BC+ paid no attention, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II.3 later with accusative, reverence, feel regard for, τὴν πολιάν NT+2nd c.BC+ __II.3.b feel shame on account of, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II.4 absolutely, feel shame or fear, NT+2nd c.BC+

αἰσχύνω [ῡ]: Ionic dialect imperfect αἰσχύνεσκε (κατ-) Refs 4th c.AD+: future -ῠνῶRefs 5th c.BC+, Ionic dialect -υνέωRefs 5th c.BC+: aorist ᾔσχῡναRefs 8th c.BC+: perfect σχυγκαRefs 2nd c.AD+:—passive, future αἰσχῠνοῦμαιRefs 5th c.BC+: aorist ᾐσχύνθηνRefs 5th c.BC+ and Attic dialect, poetry infinitive αἰσχυνθῆμενRefs 5th c.BC+perfect ᾔσχυμμαι (see. below Refs 5th c.BC+:—make ugly, disfigure, πρόσωπον, κόμην, Refs 8th c.BC+; αἰ. τὸν ἵππον give the horse a bad form, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 mostly in moral sense, dishonour, tarnish, μηδὲ γένος πατέρων αἰσχυνέμενRefs 8th c.BC+ __2.b especially dishonour a woman, Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰς τὸ σῶμα αἰ. Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 disdain, ἐπιχώριαRefs 5th c.BC+ __B passive, to be dishonoured, νέκυς σχυμμένος, of Patroclus, Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.II to be ashamed, feel shame, absolutely, Refs 8th c.BC+ __B.II.2 more commonly, to be ashamed at a thing, with accusative of things, αἰσχυνόμενοι φάτιν ἀνδρῶνRefs 8th c.BC+ __B.II.2.b with participle, to be ashamed at doing a thing (which one does), Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.II.2.c with infinitive, to be ashamed to do a thing (and therefore not to do it), Refs 5th c.BC+; though this condition must not be pressed absolutely,Refs __B.II.2.d followed by relative clause, αἰσχύνεσθαι εἰ.. to be ashamed that.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __B.II.3 with accusative person, to feel shame before one, Refs 5th c.BC+; τοὺς γέροντας (at Sparta) Refs 4th c.BC+; ὅστις γὰρ αὐτὸς αὑτὸν οὐκ αἰσχύνεται, πῶστόν γε μηδὲν εἰδότ᾽ αἰσχυνθήσετα; Refs 4th c.BC+: with accusative et infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+

συγχέω: Refs 8th c.BC+ uses present and imperfect active and 2nd pers. singular aorist σύγχεᾰς Refs 8th c.BC+aorist συνέχευα, infinitive συγχεῦαι, aorist passive σύγχῠτο:—aorist passive -εχύθην [ῠ], for which -εχέθην is falsa lectio in Refs 2nd c.AD+:—pour together, commingle, confound, συνέχευε ποσὶν καὶ χερσὶν [τὰ ἀθύρματα] Refs 8th c.BC+; σ. τὰς ψήφους mix them up, Refs 4th c.BC+; τὰς ὄψεις, of lightning, Refs 2nd c.AD+:—passive, ἡνία δέ σφι σύγχυτο Refs 8th c.BC+; μεταλλεῖα συγκεχυμένα in confusion, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 obliterate, demolish, σ. τοὺς τάφους Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 confuse, blur, τὰ γράμματα Refs 4th c.BC+; συγκεχυμένον μέλαν an indistinct black mark, Refs; φωνὴ σ. Refs 1st c.BC+; πλαδαρὰ καὶ σ. σάρξ flabby and ill-defined flesh, Refs 1st c.AD+; συνεκέχυτο δ᾽ ἔτι τοῦτο was still confused, not yet distinguished, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II of the mind, confound, trouble, μή μοι σύγχει θυμόν Refs 8th c.BC+: with the person as object, ἄνδρα γε συγχεῦαι Refs 8th c.BC+ —passive, τί συγχυθεῖσ᾽ ἕστηκα; Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 confound, make of none effect, πολὺν κάματον καὶ ὸϊζὺν σύγχεας Ἀργείων Refs 8th c.BC+; especially of contracts, engagements, etc., make of none effect, frustrate, violate, ἐπεὶ σύν γ᾽ ὅρκι᾽ ἔχευαν Τρῶες Refs 8th c.BC+; τὴν πολιτείαν Refs 4th c.BC+; συγκέχυκε νῦν τὴν πίστιν ὁ καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς βίος Refs 4th c.BC+; ξυνουσίαν Refs 2nd c.AD+ —passive, λέλυται πάντα, συγκέχυται Refs 4th c.BC+ __III πόλεμον σ. stir up a war, Refs 2nd c.BC+

αἰσχρός, ά, όν, also ός, όν Refs: (αἶσχος):—in Refs 8th c.BC+, causing shame, dishonouring, reproachful, νείκεσσεν.. αἰσχροῖς ἐπέεσσινRefs 8th c.BC+ adverb αἰσχρῶς, ἐνένισπενRefs __II opposed to καλός: __II.1 of outward appearance, ugly, ill-favoured, of Thersites, Refs 8th c.BC+, etc.; deformed, Refs 5th c.BC+; αἰσχρῶς χωλός with an ugly lameness, Refs __II.2 in moral sense, shameful, base, Refs 5th c.BC+; αἰσχρόν [ἐστι], with infinitive, Refs 8th c.BC+; αἰσχρόν, εἰ πύθοιτό τιςRefs 5th c.BC+; ἐπ᾽ αἰσχροῖς on the ground of base actions, Refs 5th c.BC+ —τὸ αἰ. as substantive, dishonour, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ ἐμὸν αἰ. my disgrace, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὸ καλὸν καὶ τὸ αἰ. virtue and vice, Refs 4th c.BC+ adverb, shamefully, Refs 5th c.BC+: superlative αἴσχισταRefs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 ill-suited, αἰ. ὁ καιρόςRefs 4th c.BC+; αἰ. πρός τι awkward at it, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III Regul. comparative and superlative -ότερος, -ότατος are late, Refs 1st c.BC+ (formed from a Root αἰσχο-), Refs 8th c.BC+; double superlative αἰσχιστότατοςRefs 6th c.AD+ C. adverb, superlative αἰσχίστωςRefs 3rd c.BC+