Serving and Ministry

עָבַד290 vb. work, serve (Old Aramaic עבד do, make, especially Nab. Palm. (often), Lzb331 f. Cook86, so 𝔗 עֲבַד, Syriac ܥܒܰܕ (very often); but also Old Aramaic Ph. עבד slave, vassal (and in many n.pr.), 𝔗 עַבְדָּא, Syriac ܥܰܒܕܳܐ id.; Assyrian abdu, id. (rare); NH עָבַד serve, perform acts of worship (c. acc. cogn.), and deriv.; Arabic عَبَدَ worship, obey (God); cf. WeSkizzen iii. 165; Heid. 141, ii. enslave; عَبْدٌ slave, worshipper; Sab. עבד id. DHMSudar. Alt. p. 18; GerberVerb. Denom.14 ff. thinks be slave, serve (Qal) and enslave (Hiph.) are denom., cf. also NöZMG xi (1886), 741);— Qal272 Pf. 3 ms. ע׳ Ez 29:18 +; sf. עֲבָדוֹ Mal 3:18 +; 3 mpl. עָֽבְדוּ Dt 7:4; עָבָ֑דוּ Nu 4:26, + 64 times Pf.; Impf. 3 ms. יַעֲבֹד Gn 25:23 +; sf. יַעַבְדֵ֫נִי Ex 4:23; יַעַבְדֶ֫נּוּ ψ 22:31 2 K 10:18; 3 mpl. יַעַבְדוּ Dt 12:30 +; יַעֲבֹ֑דוּ Gn 15:14 (Dr§ 103) Jb 36:11; 2 mpl. תַּעַבְדוּן Ex 3:12, תַּעֲבֹד֑וּן Jos 24:15, + 99 times Impf.; (תָּעָבְדֵם, נָֽעָבְדֵם v. Hoph.); Imv. עֲבֹד 1 S 26:19; sf. עָבְדֵהוּ 1 Ch 28:9; עִבְדוּ Ex 5:18 + 15 times; עֲבֹ֑דוּ Ez 20:39; sf. עִבְדֻהוּ 1 S 7:3; Inf. cstr. עֲבֹד Mal 3:14 +; עֲבָד־ Je 34:9, 10; sf. עָבְדוֹ Je 27:6 +, etc.; Pt. עֹבֵד Gn 4:2 +; pl. עֹבְדִים Nu 18:21 +; cstr. עֹבְדֵי ψ 97:7 +; sf. עֹבְדָיו 2 K 10:19; עֹבְדֵיהֶם Zc 2:13;— †1. labour, work, do work: abs. Ex 20:9 = 34:21 = Dt 5:13 (4th word); Ex 5:18 (E) Ec 5:11; c. acc. rei, till the ground Gn 2:5; 3:23; 4:2, 12 (J), 2 S 9:10; Is 30:24; Je 27:11; Zc 13:5; Pr 12:11; 28:19; obj. om. Dt 15:19; Ez 48:19; vineyard Dt 28:39; garden Gn 2:15 (J); עֹבְדֵי פִשְׁתִּים Is 19:9 workers in flax; עֹבְדֵ(י) הָעִיר Ez 48:18, 19 labourers of the city; ע׳ עֲבֹדָתוֹ Is 28:21 work his work (only here of God, ‖ עשׂה מַעֲשֵׂהוּ); ע׳ עבדה על Ez 29:18 serve a military service against. †2. work for another, serve him by labour: abs. Ex 21:2 (E); c. acc. pers. Gn 29:15; 31:6; Ex 21:6 (E) Dt 15:12, 18; Mal 3:17; Je 34:14, king his people 1 K 12:7; subj. animals Je 27:6; Jb 39:9; c. acc. pers. et rei Gn 30:26(×2), 29 (J); c. לְ pers. 2 S 16:19; עִם Gn 29:25, 30 (E) Lv 25:40 (P); עִמָּדִי Gn 29:27 (E); לִפְנֵי 2 S 16:19(×2); c. בְּ of price Gn 29:18, 20, 25; 31:41 (E) Ho 12:13; Ez 29:20; c. בְּ pers. work by means of another, use him as slave, Ex 1:14; Lv 25:39, 46 (P) Je 22:13; 30:8; 34:9, 10; cf. Dt 15:19. 3. serve as subjects: usually c. acc., their own rulers Ju 9:28(×2), 38 1 S 11:1; 1 K 5:1 +; other kings, by tribute ψ 18:44 = 2 S 22:44; Je 27:7; 28:14; 2 K 25:24 +, other nations 2 S 10:19; Je 40:9; Zc 2:13 +, kings other kings 2 K 18:7 +, c. לְ, 1 S 4:9(×2); †מַס עֹבֵד Gn 49:15 (J) Jos 16:10; 1 K 9:21 (see מַס); †c. בְּ pers., work with, i.e. use as subjects, impose tribute upon, Je 25:14; 27:7; Ez 34:27. 4. serve God: a. c. acc. י׳, Ex 3:12; 4:23; 7:16, 26 (JE), ψ 22:31; Jb 21:15; Mal 3:14 +; c. acc. pers. et rei Ex 10:26 (E); acc. pers. om., Je 2:20 (read אֶעֱבוֹד Kt), עבד זבח ומנחה Is 19:21 serve with peace-offering and grain-offering; עבד עֲבֹדָה Ex 13:5 (of מַצֹּת). b. other gods, c. acc. א׳ †Dt 7:16; 12:2, 30 †; אלהים אחרים 7:4; 8:19; 11:16; 13:7, 14; 17:3; 28:14, 36, 64; 29:25; 30:17; 31:20; Jos 23:16; 24:2, 16; Ju 2:19; 10:13; 1 S 8:8; 26:19; 1 K 9:6, 9; 2 K 17:35; 2 Ch 7:19, 22; Je 11:10; 13:10; 16:11, 13; 22:9; 25:6; 35:15 (all D and Je); אֱלֹהֵי הַגּוֹיִם Dt 29:17; זָרִים Je 5:19; ��כל צבא השׁמים Dt 4:19; 2 K 21:3; 2 Ch 33:3; Je 8:2; †הבעל(ים) Ju 2:11; 3:7; 10:6, 10; 1 S 12:10; 1 K 16:31; 22:54; 2 K 10:18(×2), 19(×2), 21, 22, 23(×2); 17:16; †אלהי נֵכָר Jos 24:20; Je 5:19; †(הַ)גִּלּוּלִים 2 K 17:12; 21:21(×2) Ez 20:39; †האשׁרים 2 Ch 24:18; עצבים ψ 106:36; †פסיל(ים) 2 Ch 33:22; 2 K 17:41; פסל ψ 97:7; c. לְ, †לבעל Ju 2:13; †לאלהים אחרים Je 44:3. 5. serve י׳ with Levitical service (all P; cf. RSSem i. 69): c. acc. עבד עֲבֹדָה (v. עֲבֹדָה) Nu 3:7, 8; 4:23, 30, 47; 7:5; 8:11, 19, 22, 26; 16:9; 18:6, 21, 23; Jos 22:27; acc. om. Nu 4:24, 26, 37, 41; 8:15 (but Sam 𝔊 עבדה), v 25 18:7. †Niph. Pf. 3 ms. נֶעְבָּ֑ד Ec 5:8; 2 mpl. נֶעֱבַדְתֶּם Ez 36:9; Impf. 3 ms. יֵעָבֵד Dt 21:4; 3 fs. תֵּעָבֵד Ez 36:34;— 1. be tilled, of land Dt 21:4; Ez 36:9, 34. 2. Ec 5:8 מֶלָךְ לְשָׂדֶה נֶעְבָּ֑ד dub.: a king for (devoted to) the cultivated field (Hi); a king that maketh himself servant to the field (devoted to agriculture), De: v. Comm., especially De. †Pual Pf. 3 ms. עֻבַּד Dt 21:3; Is 14:3; pass. of Qal, c. בְּ: impers. Dt 21:3 of a calf with which it has not been worked; hard service with which it was worked with captives Is 14:3. †Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הֶעֱבִיד Ez 29:18; 2 ms. sf. הֶעֱבַדְתַּ֫נִי Is 43:24, הֶעֱבַדְתִּיךָ v 23, וְהַעֲבַדְתִּיךָ Je 17:4 Impf. 3 ms. וַיַּעֲבֵד 2 Ch 34:33; 3 mpl. יַעֲבִדוּ Ex 1:13; Inf. cstr. הַעֲבִיד 2 Ch 2:17; Pt. pl. מַעֲבִדִים Ex 6:5;— 1. compel to labour as slaves Ex 1:13; 6:5 (P) 2 Ch 2:17, + Gn 47:21 (reading הֶעֱבִיד לַעֲבָדִים), 2 S 12:31 (reading וְהֶעֱבִיד, + בְּ at; on both these v. עבר Hiph. ad fin.); cause to serve, of army’s service against, c. acc. + (על)אל Ez 29:18; cause to labour, weary, c. בְּ of means Is 43:23, 24 (perhaps play on meanings2, 3). 2. make to serve as subjects, c. 2 acc. Je 17:4, + Je 15:14 (read וְהַעֲבַדְתִּיךָ, v. עבר Hiph. ad fin.). 3. cause to serve God 2 Ch 34:33. Hoph. Impf. 2 ms. sf. תָּֽעָבְדֵם Ex 20:5 = Dt 5:9; Ex 23:24; 1 pl. sf. נָֽעָבְדֵם Dt 13:3 (Köi. 259 Sta§ 549 g Thes; Marg. 12 f. Qal anom. pointed (cf. WAG. ed. 2, i. 62 n. Fl Kl. Schr. i. 98); Ges§ 60, R. 1 Dr Qal falsely pointed as Hoph.);—be led or enticed to serve other gods Ex 20:5 = Dt 5:9; Ex 23:24; Dt 13:3.

[שָׁרַת97] vb. Pi. minister, serve (cf. NH שֵׁרוּת (temple-) ministry, Ph. משרת ministry, and perhaps vb. שרת minister);— Pi. Pf. 3 ms. שֵׁרֵת Nu 8:26; Dt 18:7; 3 mpl. שֵׁרְתוּ Nu 3:6; Impf. 3 ms. וַיְשָׁ֫רֶת Gn 39:4, 3 mpl. יְשָֽׁרְתוּ Nu 3:31 +, etc.; Inf. cstr. לְשָׁרֵת Ex 28:35 +, לְשָׁ֫רֶת שָׁם Dt 17:12, etc.; Pt. מְשָׁרֵת Nu 11:28 + (2 S 13:9 v. מַשְׂרֵת, p. 602a), f. מְשָׁרַת 1 K 1:15; etc.;—serve: 1. of ministerial service (opp. menial, עבד): a. higher domestic service: Joseph Gn 39:4; 40:4 (JE), Elisha’s chief servant 2 K 4:43; 6:15, royal domestics 2 S 13:17, 18 1 K 10:5; 2 Ch 9:4; Est 2:2; 6:3, Abishag 1 K 1:4, 15. b. of royal officers (late) 1 Ch 27:1; 28:1; 2 Ch 17:19; 22:8; Est 1:10; Pr 29:12. c. Joshua as chief assistant to Moses Ex 24:13; 13:11 (E), Nu 11:28 (J), Jos 1:1 (D), Elisha to Elijah 1 K 19:21, d. of angels to י׳ ψ 103:21, cf. 104:4. e. of kings of nations in proph. Is 60:10. 2. usually of special service in worship: a. of Levit. priests, abs. 1 K 8:11 = 2 Ch 5:14; c. acc. י׳ Dt 10:8; 17:12; 21:5; Je 33:21 + (strangely) מְשָֽׁרְתֵי אֹתִי v 22; also Is 60:7 of animals put fig. for those sacrificing them; of foreigners admitted to priesthood Is 61:6, cf. 56:6; so prob. Samuel conceived as priest 1 S 2:11; 3:1, את פני י׳ 2:18 (פני prob. acc., cf. 𝔊 τῷ προσώπῳ v 11), שׁ׳ בְּשֵׁם י׳ Dt 18:5, 7. b. Levites (P, and late); c. acc. of Aaronic priests Nu 3:6; 8:26; 18:2, c. acc. of י׳ 1 Ch 15:2; 2 Ch 29:11a; prob. also in ref. to Lev. singer ψ 101:6; c. acc. tabern. Nu 1:50 (P), congregation 16:9 (P), people Ez 44:11 + v 12 (of idolatry); abs. 1 Ch 16:4; 2 Ch 23:6; 29:11b; 31:2 Ezr 8:17 (pt. as subst., ministers); שׁ׳ לִפְנֵי אֲרוֹן בְּרִית י׳ 1 Ch 16:37, שׁ׳ נֶגֶד הַכֹּהֲנִים 2 Ch 8:14; שׁ׳ c. ב loc. 1 Ch 26:12; especially c. בְּ, of sacred vessels Nu 3:31; 4:9, 12, 14; 2 K 25:14 = Je 52:18; בַּשִּׁיר 1 Ch 6:17. c. Zadokite priests (Ez), abs. Ez 42:14; 44:17, 19, 27, c. acc. י׳ 40:46; 43:19; 44:15, 16; 45:4, cstr. מְשָׁרֲתֵי before place 45:4, 5; 46:24. d. Aaronic priests, abs. Ex 28:35 + 4 times P; c. acc. י׳ 1 Ch 23:13; לי׳ 2 Ch 13:10; מְשָֽׁרְתֵי י׳ Jo 1:9, 13; 2:17, מְשָֽׁרְתֵי מזבח Jo 1:13, c. בַּקֹּדֶשׁ Ex 28:43 + 4 times P. e. of idolatry, c. acc. עץ ואבן Ez 20:32.

διᾱκον-έω, Ionic dialect διηκ-, imperfect ἐδιακόνουν NT+7th c.BC+: future -ήσωRefs 5th c.BC+: aorist διηκόνησα Refs 1st c.AD+; infinitive -ῆσαιRefs 5th c.BC+: perfect δεδιακόνηκα Refs 4th c.BC+:—middle, imperfect διηκονούμην Refs 2nd c.AD+: future -ήσομαιRefs: aorist διηκονησάμην Refs:—passive, future δεδιακονήσομαι Refs 1st c.AD+: aorist ἐδιακονήθην Refs 4th c.BC+perfect δεδιακόνημαι, see below 11: (διάκονος):—minister, do service, absolutely, Refs 5th c.BC+: with dative person, serve Refs 4th c.BC+; δ. ὑποθήκαις τινός Refs 5th c.BC+; δ. παρὰ τῷ δεσπότῃ Refs 3rd c.BC+; δ. πρὸς ὠνήν τε καὶ πρᾶσιν Refs 5th c.BC+:—middle, minister to one's own needs, serve oneself, Refs 5th c.BC+; διακονοῦντες καὶ διακονούμενοι ἑαυτοῖς acting as servants and serving themselves, Refs 5th c.BC+: also simply like active, οἶνον ἡμῖν χρυσίῳ διακονούμενοι Refs 2nd c.AD+:—passive, to be served, οὐκ ἦλθε διακονηθῆναι ἀλλὰ διακονῆσαι NT __2 to be a deacon, NT __II c.accusative of things, render a service, τινὶ ὅ τι ἂν δεηθῇ Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, to be supplied, τῇ πόλει ἐδιακονήθησαν [αἱ πράξεις] Refs 4th c.BC+

δουλ-εύω, (δοῦλος) to be a slave, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 serve, be subject, τό τ᾽ ἄρχειν καὶ τὸ δ. δίχα Refs 4th c.BC+; δ. ζεύγλαιςRefs 5th c.BC+; δ. γαστρί, ὕπνῳ, λαγνείᾳ, Refs 5th c.BC+; τῇ γῇ δ. make oneself a slave to one's land, i. e. give up rights that one may keep it, Refs 5th c.BC+; δ. τῷ καιρῷ accommodate oneself to the occasion, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __3 render a service, τινά Refs 6th c.AD+

† I. [חָרַשׁ] vb. cut in, engrave, plough, devise (NH id., plough, so Ethiopic ሐረሰ Ph. חרש, Aramaic (rare) חֲרַת engrave, ܚܪܰܬ cleave, plough, Arabic حَرَثَ plough)— Qal Pf. חָֽרְשׁוּ ψ 129:3, חֲרַשְׁתֶּם Ju 14:18 Ho 10:13; Impf. יַחֲרֹשׁ Is 28:24 Pr 20:4; יַחֲרוֹשׁ Ho 10:11 + Am 6:12 (v. infr.); 2 ms. תַּחֲרֹשׁ Dt 22:10 Pr. 3:29; Inf. cstr. חֲרֹשׁ 1 S 8:12; Pt. חֹרֵשׁ Gn 4:22 + 5 times; חוֹרֵשׁ Am 9:13; pl. חֹרְשִׁים ψ 129:3, חֹרְשֵׁי Jb 4:8 + 3 times, fpl. abs. חֹרְשׁוֹת Jb 1:14; pass. חֲרוּשָׁה Je 17:1:— 1. cut in, engrave, of worker in metals ח׳ נְחֹשֶׁת וּבַרְזֶל Gn 4:22 (J), ח׳ נחשׁת 1 K 7:14; fig. ח׳ עַל־לוּחַ לִבָּם Je 17:1 engraved on the tablet of their heart. 2. plough, lit., human subj. (animal usually c. בְּ), no obj. expr. 1 K 19:19 Dt 22:10 Is 28:24, so יַחֲרוֹשׁ בבקרים Am 6:12 (but read prob. יֵחָרֵשׁ בבקר יָם, v. We al.); c. acc. cogn. ח׳ חֲרִישׁוֹ 1 S 8:12 plough his ploughing (= do his ploughing), Pr 20:4; fig. Ju 14:18 Ho 10:11; with ethical ref. ח׳ רֶשַׁע v 13 (‖ קצר), ח׳ אָוֶן Jb 4:8 (‖ זרע, קצר); עַל־גַּבִּי חָֽרְשׁוּ חֹרְשִׁים ψ 129:3 upon my back have ploughmen ploughed (fig. of oppression by wicked); חֹרֵשׁ = ploughman Is 28:24, Am 9:13 (‖ קוֹצֵר); ח׳ with oxen subj. only Jb 1:14. 3. devise (as one who works in, practises), usually bad sense, obj. רָעָה Pr 3:29, רַע 6:14; מַחְשְׁבוֹת אָוֶן v 18, חֹרְשֵׁי רַע Pr 12:20; 14:22; but also חֹרְשֵׁי טוֹב v 22. Niph. Impf. 3 fs. צִיּוֹן שָׂדֶה תֵּחָרֵשׁ Mi 3:12 Zion, as a field she shall be ploughed = Je 26:18. Hiph. Pt. מַחֲרִישׁ רָעָה עַל־ 1 S 23:9 fabricating mischief against (v. Dr, and cf. We).

λατρ-εύω, Elean λατρείω (which see), work for hire or pay, Refs 6th c.BC+: to be in servitude, serve, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 λ. τινί to be subject or enslaved to, Refs 5th c.BC+: with accusative person, serve, Refs 5th c.BC+; λ. νόμοις obey, Refs 5th c.BC+; λ. καιρῷ, = Latin temporibus inservire, Refs 1st c.AD+; τῷ κάλλει λ. to be devoted to.., Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 serve the gods with prayers and sacrifices, λ. Φοίβῳ Refs 5th c.BC+ render due service, Refs; πόνον.. τόνδ᾽ ἐλάτρευσα θεᾷ Refs

† נְתִינִים n.m.pl. Nethînîm (proposes those given to the service of the sanctuary, as Levites are called נְתוּנִים Nu 3:9, 8:16, 19);—only 1 Ch 9:2 (where disting. from priests and Levites) + 16 times Ezr Ne (often disting. from priests, Levites and porters; Ezr 8:17 Kt has הנתונים, Qr הַנְּתִינִים), viz.: Ezr 2:43, 58, 70 = Ne 7:46, 60, 72 (so Baer, Ginsb; van d. H. v 73), Ezr 7:7; 8:17, 20 (appointment ascribed to David, cf. 1 Ch 9:2), v 20 Ne 10:29; 11:3; living on the Ophel 3:26; 11:21, with their own overseers v 21, having a house known (in part) by their name 3:31.—On נ׳ v. further BauPriesterthum 100, 142 f.

† [צָבָא] vb. wage war, serve (Sab. צֿבא wage war with, also n. army, campaign HomChrest. 125 CIS iv. 299, 1. 2 DHM VOJ i. 28; Ethiopic ጸብአ: (> ፀብአ:) wage war; Assyrian ṣâbu, man, soldier; NöZMG xl (1886), 726 al. cp. (on account of Sab. Ethiopic ץֿ) Arabic ضَبَأَ conceal oneself, hence lie in wait; this is phonetically suitable, but better in meaning would be صَبَأَ go or come forth (against one), etc., so Thes LagBN 21; Frä232 cp. صَبِىٌّ young man);— Qal Pf. 3 mpl. צָֽבְאוּ Ex 38:8 Zc 14:12; Impf. 3 mpl. יִצְבְּאוּ Nu 31:7; Inf. cstr. לִצְבֹּא Is 31:4; לִצְבֹא Nu 4:23; 8:24; Pt. pl. צֹבְאִים Nu 31:42; Is 29:7, 8; sf. צֹבֶיהָ Is 29:7 (Ges§ 75 oo; Di צָרֶיהָ); fpl. צֹבְאֹת Ex 38:8; צֹבְאוֹת 1 S 2:22;— 1. wage war, fight, c. עַל against, Nu 31:7 (P) Is 29:7, 8; 31:4; Zc 14:12, c. sf. Is 29:7 (?); abs. Nu 31:42 (P). 2. serve at sacred tent, Levites, c. acc. צָבָא Nu 4:23; 8:24 (P); women Ex 38:8(×2) (P) 1 S 2:22. Hiph. Pt. הַמַּצְבִּא אֶת־עַם וגו׳ 2 K 25:19 = Je 52:25 muster.

προσκαρτερ-έω, Doric dialect ποτι- Refs 2nd c.BC+:— persist obstinately in, τῇ πολιορκίᾳ NT+5th c.BC+; καίπερ ἀχθόμενοι τῇ καθέδρᾳ π. Refs 1st c.AD+ __2 adhere firmly to a man, be faithful to him, τινι NT+2nd c.BC+; of servants, remain in one's service, Refs 4th c.BC+; of a κοσμητής, Refs __2.b remain in attendance at a law-court, τῷ βήματι, τῷ κριτηρίῳ, Refs 1st c.AD+ __2.c devote oneself to an office or occupation, τῇ στρατηγίᾳ Refs 3rd c.AD+; τῇ ἑαυτῶν γεωργίᾳ Refs 2nd c.AD+ __3 passive, ὁ προσκαρτερούμενος χρόνος time diligently employed, Refs 1st c.BC+ __4 wait for a person, Φιλέᾳ Refs 3rd c.BC+

† [פְּלַח] vb. pay reverence to, serve (deity) (cf. Assyrian palâḫu, fear, revere (and BH יָרֵא, פָּחַד etc.); Egyptian Aramaic פלח worship Lzb 351; 𝔗 פְּלַח serve, Syriac ܦܠܰܚ; Palm. פלחא soldier);— Pe. 1. pay reverence to deity (usually ל acc.): Impf. 3 mpl. יִפְלְחוּן Dn 3:28; 7:14, 27; so Pt. act. פָּלַח 6:17, 21, pl. פָּֽלְחִין 3:12, 14, 18, and (acc. dei) v 17. 2. pl. cstr. as n. פָּֽלְחֵי בֵית אֱלָהָא Ezr 7:24 servants of the house of God (+ priests, Nethinim, etc.).

λειτουργ-έω, earlier Attic dialect λητουργέω Refs 4th c.BC+, etc. (λειτ- 22.665.11 (3rd c.BC)): perfect λελειτούργηκα Refs 5th c.BC+ __I at Athens, serve public offices at one's own cost, Refs 5th c.BC+; λ. ὑπέρ τινος serve these offices for another, Refs 4th c.BC+; τὰ λελειτουργημένα public services performed, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II generally, perform public duties, serve the state, τῇ πόλει Refs 5th c.BC+; λ. τῇ πόλει ταύτην τὴν λειτουργίανRefs 4th c.BC+ __III generally, serve a master, with dative, οἱ ἑνὶ λειτουργοῦντες τὰ τοιαῦτα δοῦλοι [εἰσι] Refs 4th c.BC+; λ. τρισὶν ἀνδράσιν, of a prostitute, Refs __III.2 perform religious service, minister, ἐπὶ τῶν ἱερῶν NT+1st c.BC+

ὑπηρετ-έω, future -ήσωRefs 2nd c.AD+, etc.: pluperfect ὑπηρετήκειν Refs 5th c.BC+:—properly do service on board ship, as a rower (compare ὑπηρέτης, ὑπηρεσία), Refs 3rd c.BC+:—passive, πλοῖον ὑπὸ δύο ἀνθρώπων ὑπηρετεῖσθαι δυνάμενον Refs 1st c.BC+ __II to be a servant, do service, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἄρχω, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 with dative, minister to, serve, τῷ παρόντι δαίμονι Refs 5th c.BC+; ὑ. τῷ χρηστηρίῳ submit to its ruling, Refs 5th c.BC+; [νόμῳ, λόγῳ], Refs 5th c.BC+; ὑ. τοῖς τρόποις humour his ways, Refs 5th c.BC+; τῷδ᾽ ὑ. λόγῳ second, support it, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 ὑ. τινὶ εἴς or πρός τι, Refs 5th c.BC+; also ὑ. τινί τι serve one in a thing, οἷς σὺ ταῦθ᾽ ὑπηρετεῖς Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3.b in financial sense, τὸν δὲ ταμίαν εἰς τὸ ἀνάλωμα ὑπηρετῆσαι Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3.c at Athens, serve as ὑπηρέτης of the Council, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3.d in the Mithraic cult, to be a ὑπηρέτης or servitor, Refs __II.3.e render military service, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.4 absolutely, serve, be subordinate, opposed to προστάττω, Refs 4th c.BC+ adjective, etc., τὰ λοίφ᾽ ὑ. help in what remains to be done, Refs 5th c.BC+; and with cognate accusative, ὑ. τὰς διακονικὰς πράξεις Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, to be done as service, τὰ ἀπ᾽ ἡμέων ἐς ὑμέας ὑπηρετέεται Refs 5th c.BC+; χρὴ σὴ τό γε ἐμὸν ὑπηρετέεσθαι that my service should be rendered, Refs 5th c.BC+—The middle occurs in late texts, as Refs 1st c.AD+; τὸ -ούμενον the retinue, Refs 1st c.AD+; future -ήσομαιRefs 3rd c.AD+; but in Refs 5th c.BC+

† [עַבְדוּת] n.f. servitude, bondage;—sf. עַבְדֻתֵנוּ Ez 9:8, 9; עַבְדֻתָם Ne 9:17 (cf. Syriac ܥܰܒܕܽܘܬܳܐ ).

ὀφθαλμο-δουλεία, ἡ, eye-service, NT

Included with: εὐπάρεδρος, ον, constantly attending, τὸ εὐ. τῷ Κυρίῳ constant waiting on the Lord, NT+5th c.AD+

ξενο-δοκέω, Ionic dialect ξεινο-, entertain guests or strangers. Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.:—later ξενο-δοχέω, NT+1st c.BC+ __II testify, Refs 5th c.BC+:— middle, Refs 5th c.AD+

προσεδρ-εύω, sit near, wait or watch beside, πυρᾷ Refs 5th c.BC+; π. τινί to be always at his side, keep watch on him, Refs 4th c.BC+; τοῖς πράγμασι, τοῖς καιροῖς, Refs 2nd c.BC+; [τοῖς ἐφήβοις] προσκαρτερῶν ἐπιμελῶς καὶ -εύων, of a κοσμητής, Refs; π. τῷ θεῷ wait upon God, Refs 1st c.AD+; attend to, τοῖς τῆς Ἀσίας πράγμασιν Refs 1st c.BC+; τῇ θεραπείᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ Refs 5th c.BC+; watch the rise of the Nile, Refs 3rd c.AD+; persist in, ταῖς φιλοπονίαις Refs 4th c.BC+; apply oneself, λίαν Refs 4th c.BC+; πρὸς ἴδιον to one's own affairs,Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 besiege, ταῖς Συρακούσαις Refs 2nd c.BC+ __3 wait, προσέδρευσα ἐφ᾽ ἡμέρας δύο ἐκδεχόμενός σε Refs 2nd c.AD+; especially attend at a law-court, παρεῖναι καὶ π. τῷ βήματι Refs 3rd c.AD+; attend regularly, serve, as clerk of the court, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __4 to be in seruice, serve, πρὸς τῷ διδασκαλείῳ (as a menial), Refs 4th c.BC+; of an apprentice, π. τῷ διδασκάλῳ Refs 2nd c.AD+; of a servant, παραμένειν.. καὶ π. Refs 6th c.AD+

συνυπουργέω, join in serving, co-operate with, τινι NT+5th c.BC+

† [נְתִינִין] n.m.pl. Nethinîn (prob. loan-word from BH נְתִינִים, √ נָתַן);—servants of sanctuary, emph. נְתִינַיָּא Ezr 7:24.

† II. [שְׁמַשׁ] vb. Pa. minister (𝔗 Pa. id., תַּשְׁמִישׁ use; Palm. שמש, תשמיש, SAC 114, cf. 122 Lzb 379; Syriac ܫܰܡܶܫ, ܬܶܫܡܶܫܬܳܐ; Chr-Pal. ܫܡܫ Pa, ܬܫܡܫ; NH שִׁמֵּשׁ, תַּשְׁמ��ישׁ; Egyptian šms, servant, Kopt. šemše, cf. WMM in Buhl 14);—Impf. 3 mpl. sf. יְשַׁמְּשׁוּנֵּהּ Dn 7:10 were ministering to him.