Oppression and Tyranny

† עָשַׁק vb. oppress, wrong, extort (𝔗 עֲשַׁק = BH, so Old Aramaic עשק; Syriac ܥܫܰܩ accuse, slander; Assyrian adj. ešḳu, strong; Arabic عَسَقٌ roughness, injustice);— Qal Pf. ע׳ Lv 5:21; Ez 18:18; 2 ms. sf. עֲשַׁקְתָּ֫נוּ 1 S 12:4, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. sf. יַעַשְׁקֻנִי ψ 119:122; 2 ms. תַּעֲשֹׁק Lv 19:13 +, etc.; Inf. cstr. עֲשֹׁק Ho 12:8, sf. עָשְׁקָם 1 Ch 16:21 ψ 105:14; Pt. act. עֹשֵׁק Pr 14:31 +, fpl. הָעשְׁקוֹת Am 4:1, etc.; pass. עָשׁוּק Dt 28:29 +, etc.;— 1. oppress, wrong (often by extortion, ‖ גָּזַל), c. acc. pers. 1 S 12:3, 4 Mi 2:2 Lv 5:21; 19:13; especially the poor and helpless Am 4:1 Dt 24:14 Je 7:6 Ez 22:29 Zc 7:10 Pr 14:31; 22:16; 28:3 Ec 4:1; also c. acc. cogn. ע׳ עשֶׁק (וְ)גָזַל גָּזֵל Ez 18:18 practise extortion, 22:29, take by extortion Lv 5:23 and (c. acc. rei) Mal 3:5; abs. Ho 12:8 practise extortion; Jb 10:3 deal tyrannically (of God); pt. oppressor, extortioner Je 21:12 ψ 72:4 Ec 4:1; pt. pass. as subst. the oppressed ψ 103:6; 146:7. 2. oppress a nation Is 52:4, cf. ψ 105:14 = 1 Ch 16:21, ψ 119:122, pt. act. oppressor v 121, pt. pass. oppressed Je 50:33, in predict. ע׳ וְגָזוּל Dt 28:29, ע׳ וְרָצוּץ v 33 Ho 5:11. 3. dub. are: יַעְשֹׁק נָהָר Jb 40:23 a river oppresses him, i.e. rushes violently upon him (sc.; the hippopot.; Du יָשֹׁק, from שׁוּק; > Gunk Bu יִשְׁקַע fails, sinks); עָשֻׁק בְּדַם נֶפֶשׁ Pr 28:17 oppressed (? burdened) with the blood of a person. Pu. Pt. f. הַמְּעֻשָּׁקָה Is 23:12 crushed (of conquered Sidon under fig. of woman).

† [נָגַשׂ] vb. press, drive, oppress, exact (Assyrian nagâšu, throw down, overthrow, DlHWB 448; Arabic نَجَشَ rouse and drive game, drive vehemently; Ethiopic ነግሠ reign, wield power, ንጉሥ king);— Qal Pf. נ׳ 2 K 23:25; Impf. יִגּשֹׁ Dt 15:2; 2 ms. תִּגּשֹׁ Dt 15:3; 2 mpl. תִּנְנֹּ֑שׂוּ Is 58:3;—Pt. נֹגֵשׂ Is 9:3 +, etc.;— 1. press, drive to work (obj. עַצְּבֵיכֶם your workmen), Is 58:3 (GesComm., De Di Du; exact [changing ע׳, q.v.] Che, etc.); v. 3. 2. exact c. acc. כֶּסֶף, 2 K 23:35; sq. acc. pers. only Dt 15:2, 3. 3. Pt. (= subst.) driver, taskmaster Ex 3:7; 5:6, 10, 13, 14 Jb 3:18; (ass-)driver Jb 39:7; of (arbitrary) ruler Is 3:12, ruler (good sense) Zc 10:4; = foreign oppressor, tyrant Is 9:3 (c. בְּ) 14:2, 4 Zc 9:8; exactor of tribute, Dn 11:20; pl. abstr. lordship = lord, ruler, fig. of צְדָקָה (personif.) Is 60:17 (‖ פְּקֻדָּתֵךְ שָׁלוֹם). Niph. Pf. נִגַּשׂ 1 S 13:6 + 2 times + Is 3:5 (וְ consec.);—hard pressed by enemy 1 S 13:6, and so 14:24 (but om. by emend., after 𝔊, Th We Dr Kit Bu HPS); treated harshly, of suffering servant of י׳ Is 53:7; recipr. tyrannize over (ב׳) each other Is 3:5.

[יָנָה] vb. suppress (?) oppress, maltreat (NH Hiph. vex with words; so Aramaic Aph. אוֹנִי, but also 𝔗 for Heb. הוֹנָה maltreat; Arabic وَنَى is laxus, debilis fuit, iv. debilitavit, defaligavit, but connex. dub.)— Qal Impf. 1 pl. sf. נִינָם ψ 74:8; Pt. יוֹנָה Je 25:38 + 3 times + ψ 123:4 (v. infr.); suppress (?), sq. acc. ψ 74:8 (dub.; Ges§ 76f); elsewhere oppress; Pt. abs. as adj. הָעִיר הַיּוֹנָה Zp 3:1; subst. f. coll. הַיּוֹנָה oppressors Je 25:38 (but read חֶרֶב for חֲרוֹן, with 𝔊 Ew Hi Gf Ke etc., as 46:16; 50:16); ψ 123:4 Qr לִגְאֵי יוֹנִים proudest oppressors (st. cstr. in superlat., cf. Ges§ 133, 3, R. 1.; yet most follow Kt לגאייונים, and der. from גַּאֲיוֹן q.v. p. 145 supr.) Hiph. Pf. הוֹנָה Ez 18:12, 16; הוֹנוּ 22:7, 29; Impf. יוֹנֶה 18:7; 2 ms. תּוֹנֶה Ex 22:20; תּוֹנֶנּוּ Dt 23:17; יוֹנוּ Ez 45:8; תּוֹנוּ Lv 19:33 + 2 times; תֹּנוּ Je 22:3; Inf. sf. הוֹנֹתָם Ez 46:18; Pt. מוֹנַ֫יִךְ Is 49:26;—oppress, maltreat, sq. acc., especially of ill-treatment of poor and weak, partic. of the גֵּר, the ‘stranger,’ sojourner, by the rich and powerful, Ex 22:20 (JE), Lv 19:33; 25:14, 17 (H), Dt 23:17; Je 22:3; Ez 18:7, 12, 16; 22:7, 29; 45:8; 46:18; of a foreign oppressor only Is 49:26.

† לָחַץ vb. squeeze, press, fig. oppress (Arabic لَحَّصَ; Chr-Pal. ܠܚܨ SchwallyIdioticon 48 (with which NöM 74 comp. Mand. הלאצא, torture, NS. ܚܵܠܸܨ press together, urge, exert oneself); see also rare deriv. in Syriac PS 1932);— Qal Pf. ל׳ Ju 4:3 + 2 times etc.; Impf. sf. יִלְחָצֵנִי ψ 56:2; 3 fs. וַתִּלְחַץ Nu 22:25, etc.; Pt. pl. לֹחֲצִים Ex 3:9 + 2 times, etc.— 1. squeeze, press: sq. acc. + ה or אֶל Ju 1:34 Nu 22:25b (J); sq. acc. + בְּ instr. 2 K 6:32 shut the door and press him (back, out) with the door. 2. oppress: sq. acc. pers. Ex 22:20 (‖ הוֹנָה), 23:9 (both E), ψ 56:2; of people Ex 3:9 (E; + acc. cogn.), Ju 2:18; 4:3; 6:9; 10:12 1 S 10:18 Am 6:14 2 K 13:4, 22 Je 30:20 ψ 106:42; abs. Is 19:20. Niph. Impf. 3 fs. וַתִּלָּחֵץ Nu 22:25a (J) squeeze oneself, of Balaam’s ass, sq. אֶל־הַקִּיר.

† [רָצַץ] vb. crush (NH = BH; Arabic رَضَّ bruise, bray, crush; Aramaic רְעַע, ܪܰܥ crush, shatter);— Qal Pf. 2 ms. sf. רַצּוֹתָנוּ 1 S 12:4; 1 s. רַצּוֹתִי v 3; Impf. 3 ms. יָרוּץ (Ges§ 67 q) Is 42:4 (Cod. Bab. יֵרוֹץ, Niph., so SS here and Ec 12:6 a), 3 fs. תָּרוּץ Ec 12: 6 a, 1 s. אָרֻץ ψ 18:30 = אָרוּץ 2 S 22:30 (v. רוּץ); Pt. act. fpl. רֹצְצוֹת Am 4:1; pass. רָצוּץ Is 42:3 +, cstr. רְצוּץ Ho 5:11; pl. רְצוּצִים Is 58:6;—crush: 1. lit., a. pt. pass. in (הַ)קָּנֶה (הַ)רָצוּץ 2 K 18:21; = Is 36:6, Is 42:3 (all metaph. of weak pers.). b. impf. intrans.get crushed (read תֵּרוֹץ?), of bowl Ec 12:6 a (in metaph.). 2. fig. crush, oppress, acc. pers. 1 S 12:3, 4; Am 4:1; pt. pass. Dt 28:33, as subst. the oppressed Is 58:6; רְצוּץ מִשְׁפָּט Ho 5:11 (We Now רֹצֵץ, i.e. suppressing judgment, but dub.); intrans. get crushed (read יֵרוֹץ?), of servant of י׳, under fig. of wick, Is 42:4 (+ יִכְהֶה) he shall not grow dim or be crushed out. Niph. be crushed, broken: Pf. 3 ms. consec. וְנָרֹץ (Ges§ 67 t) Ec 12:6 b (of wheel at cistern); Impf. 2 ms. תֵּרוֹץ Ez 29:7 (of Pharaoh as reed, cf. Qal 1 a); Jb 20:10 read perhaps יֵרֹצּוּ (for יְרַצּוּ, v. רצה Pi.), are crushed (as) poor men, Bu, cf. Hoffm SS Gerber.—Is 42:4 Ec 12:6 a v. Qal. Pi. crush in pieces: 1. lit. (in metaph.) Pf. 2 ms. רִצַּצְתָּ ψ 74:14 c. acc. rei 2. fig. = grievously oppress, 3 ms. רִצַּץ Jb 20:19; Impf. 3 ms. וַיְרַצֵּץ מִן הָעָם 2 Ch 16:10. Pōʿēl Impf. 3 mpl. וַיְרֹצְצוּ Ju 10:8, acc. pers. (= Pi. 2; ‖ רעץ; רצץ here perhaps doublet, so GFMHpt, cf. Bu Now). Hiph. Impf. 3 fs. וַתָּ֫רִץ (Köi. 352; BaZMG xliii (1889), 181 thinks Qal) Ju 9:53 she crushed his skull. Hithpōʿ. recipr., Impf. 3 mpl. וַיִּתְרֹצֲצוּ הַבָּנִים בְּקִרְבָּהּ (ץְ Gi) Gn 25:22 (J) the children crushed one another within her.

† [כָּבַשׁ] vb. subdue, bring into bondage (NH id., press, oppress; Aramaic כְּבַשׁ, ܟܒܰܫ tread down, beat or make a path, subdue; Arabic كَبَسَ press, squeeze, knead (body or limb, as in the bath, massage), also attack, assault)— Qal Pf. 3 pl. וְכָֽבְשׁוּ consec. Zc 9:15; Impf. יִכְבּוֹשׁ Mi 7:19; וַיִּכְבְּשׁוּם Je 34:11 Qr (Kt Hiph), etc.; Imv. pl. sf. כִּבְשֻׁהָ Gn 1:28; Inf. כְּבוֹשׁ 2 Ch 28:10 Est 7:8; Pt. כֹּבְשִׁים Ne 5:5;— 1. bring into bondage, sq. acc. + לַעֲבָדִים Je 34:11, 16 2 Ch 28:10 Ne 5:5. 2. (late) subdue, force, a woman Est 7:8 (= earlier עִנָּה). 3. subdue, dominate, the earth Gn 1:28 (P), Zc 9:15 (of conquest); tread down, sq. אַבְנֵי־קֶלַע; fig. subdue, sq. עֲוֹנֹתֵינוּ Mi 7:19. Niph. Pf. 3 fs. נִכְבְּשָׁה Jos 18:1 + 3 times; Pt. fpl. נִכְבָּשׁוֹת Ne 5:5;—pass. of Qal 1, subj. בְּנוֹתֵינוּ Ne 5:5; of Qal 3, subj. הָאָרֶץ (of conquest) Nu 32:22, 29 Jos 18:1 (all P), 1 Ch 22:18. Pi. Pf. כִּבֵּשׁ subdued 2 S 8:11, obj. גּוֹיִם. Hiph. Impf. bring into bondage sq. acc. + לַעֲבָדִים Je 34:11 Kt (Qr Qal).

† I. [עָלַל] vb. Poʿēl, act arbitrarily (toward) (NH id., deal with (rare), and deriv.; Arabic عَلَّ do a thing (drink, beat, give) a second time, ii. divert, occupy, v. divert, occupy oneself with (food, a woman, etc.); Syriac ܥܶܠܬܳܐ cause, occasion, affair);—act severely, always c. ל pers.: Pf. 2 ms. עוֹלַלְתָּ לִי La 1:22 as thou hast acted severely to me (in punishment, subj. י׳); לְמִי ע׳ 2:20 to whom hast thou acted thus severely? 3 fs. עֵינִי עוֹלְלָה לְנַפְשִׁי 3:51 my eye deals severely with me, i.e. gives me pain (?; text dub.; cf. PerlesAnal. 18 Bu). Imv. ms. עוֹלֵל לָמוֹ La 1:22 deal severely with them.—Vid. also ע׳ denom. infr. Pōʿal Pf. 3 ms. מַכְאֹבִי אֲשֶׁר עוֹלַל לִי La 1:12 my pain which is severely dealt out to me. Hithpa. Pf. 1. busy, divert oneself with (cf. Arabic v.), always c. ב pers.: 1 s. אֶת־אֲשֶׁר הִתְעַלַּלְתִּי בְּ׳ Ex 10:2 (J) how I [י׳] have made a toy of Egypt; especially deal wantonly, ruthlessly with (ב pers.): 3 ms. הִתְעַלֵּל 1 S 6:6; 2 fs. הִתְעַלַּלְתְּ Nu 22:29 (JE; Balaam’s ass); 3 pl. וְהִתְעַלְּלוּ consec. 1 S 31:4 = 1 Ch 10:4; Je 38:19; Impf. 3 mpl. וַיִּתְעַלְּלוּ־בָהּ Ju 19:25 (of abusing a woman; ‖ וַיֵּדְעוּ אֹתָהּ). Hithpōʿ. Inf. cstr. לְהִתְעוֹלֵל עֲלִלוֹת ψ 141:4 to practise practice in wickedness (perhaps denom.).

† I. [צוּק] vb. Hiph. constrain, bring into straits, press upon (NH צוּק be distressed (rare), Hiph. = BH; Arabic ضَاقَ (ى) be narrow, tight, so Ethiopic ጦቀ:; Aramaic עִיק, ܥܳܩ; Chr. Pal. ܨܘܩ );—Pf. 3 fs. הֵצִיקָה Ju 16:16, sf. הֱצִיקַתְהוּ 14:17, -נִי Jb 32:18 (Gi v 19); 1 s. וַהֲצִיקוֹתִ֫י consec. Is 29:2; Impf. 3 ms. יָצִיק Dt 28:53 + 2 times; 3 mpl. יָצִיקוּ Je 19:9, Pt. מֵצִיק Is 51:13(×2) pl. מְצִיקִים 29:7;—bring into straits, by importunity c. ל pers. Ju 16:16, c. sf. pers. 14:17; constrain (to speak) Jb 32:18 (sf. pers.); elsewhere of bringing into straits a city or people, c. ל, Is 29:2, 7, so 7:6 (reading וּנְצִיקֶנָּה for MT וּנְקִיצֶנָּה), Thes Che Du Gr Marti, cf. formula בְּמָצוֹר וּבְמָצוֹק אֲשֶׁר יָצ׳ לְ Dt 28:53, 55, 57 Je 19:9; pt. abs. הַמֵּצִיק Is 51:13(×2) the oppressor.

† אַכְזָרִי adj. cruel, always in this form;—Pr 12:10; 17:11 Je 6:23; 50:42, also 30:14 (read מוּסָר א׳, for MT מוּסַר, Gf Gie); as subst. Pr 5:9; 11:17, perhaps also, in appos. with יוֹם י׳, Is 13:9.

† [חָמַס] vb. treat violenty, wrong (NH id., act violently, treat violently; Aramaic חֲמַס (rare) violently seize; Arabic حَمِسَ is be hard, strict, rigorous)— Qal Pf. 3 pl. חָֽמְסוּ Ez 22:26; Zp 3:4; Impf. יַחְמֹס Jb 15:33, וַיַּחְמֹם La 2:6; תַּחְמֹ֑סוּ Jb 21:27; Je 22:3; Pt. חֹמֵס Pr 8:36;—treat violently, wrong;— 1. of physical wrong: תַּחְ׳ Je 22:3 (‖ תֹּנוּ) of wrong to widows and orphans; וַיַּח׳ כַּגַּן שֻׂכּוֹ La 2:6 and hath done violence to his pavilion as to a garden (‖ שִׁחֵת מֹעֲדוֹ); so, fig., of vine, wrong, i.e. fail to nourish, kill יַח׳ כַּגֶּפֶן בִּסְרוֹ Jb 15:33. 2. of ethical wrong, obj. תּוֹרָה Zp 3:4; Ez 22:26 (both ‖ חִלֵּל קֹדֶשׁ); cf. מְזִמּוֹת עָלַי תַּחְמֹ֑סוּ Jb 21:27 the devices (wherewith) ye do me violence. 3. both physical and ethical חֹטְאִי חֹמֵס נַפְשׁוֹ Pr 8:36. Niph. Pf. 3 pl. נֶחְמְסוּ Je 13:22 thy heels suffer violence (‖ נִגְלוּ שׁוּלַיִךְ).

κᾰκόω, maltreat, distress, in Refs 8th c.BC+ always of persons, κεκακωμένοι ἐν Πύλῳ ἦμεν, ἐλθὼν γάρ ῥ᾽ ἐκάκωσε βίη Ἡρακληείη Refs 8th c.BC+; μηδὲ.. κάκου κεκακωμένον afflict not the afflicted, Refs 8th c.BC+; κ. [θεὸς] δῶμα Refs 5th c.BC+:—in passive, to be in ill plight, be distressed, κεκακωμένος ἅλμῃ befouled with brine, Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 of things, spoil, ruin, τὰ κοινά Refs 5th c.BC+; of the air, injure a plant, Refs 4th c.BC+: Astrology texts, render unpropitious, Vett. Val.Refsinjure, paralyse, τὰς ἀρχὰς τῶν νεύρων Refs 2nd c.AD+ —passive, κακοῦται πᾶν τὸ σκέλος deteriorates, Refs 5th c.BC+

† אַכְזָר adj. cruel, fierce, of poison (רֹאשׁ) Dt 32:33; elsewhere of men, fierce Jb 41:2; as subst. = a cruel one Jb 30:21 (of God), La 4:3.

† דַּךְ adj. crushed, oppressed—דַּךְ 74:21, דָּ֑ךְ ψ 9:10; 10:18; pl. sf. דַּכָּ֑ו Pr 26:28 (Baer; edd. al. דַּכָּיו)—poet.; always fig., oppressed, distressed ψ 9:10, 10:18 (‖ יתום) 74:21 (‖ עָנִי and אביון); Pr 26:28 דַּכָּו = those crushed by it (a lying tongue).

† עֲשׁוּקִים n.pl.abstr. oppression, extortion;—ע׳ Am 3:9; Jb 35:9, עֲשֻׁקִים Ec 4:1.

† [מָעַךְ] vb. press, squeeze (NH id.; 𝔗 מְעַךְ; Arabic مَعَكَ rub);— Qal Pt. pass. וּמָעוּךְ וְכָתוּת וְנָתוּק וְכָרוּת Lv 22:24 (H), not to be offered to י׳, reference to emasculation (cf. Di); וַחֲנִיתוֹ מְעוּכָה־בָאָרֶץ 1 S 26:7 and his spear pressed (thrust) into the ground. Pu. Pf. 3 mpl. שָׁמָּה מֹעֲכוּ שְׁדֵיהֶן Ez 23:3 there were their breasts squeezed (‖ עִשּׂוּ; unchastely; fig. of intercourse of Samaria and Jerus. with Egypt, involving idolatry).

καταδουλ-όω, reduce to slavery, enslave, Ἀθήνας Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, κατεδεδούλωντο Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 more frequently in middle, make a slave to oneself, enslave, τὴν μητρόπολιν Refs 5th c.BC+; τινας Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.; ἡ τύχη τὸ σῶμα κατεδουλώσατο Refs 4th c.BC+; τὸ κρέσσον τῷ Χείρονι -εύμενοι (Ionic dialect for -ούμενοι) LXX+4th c.AD+; ἔργα ὧν κατεδουλοῦντο αὐτούςLXX __II metaphorically, enslave in mind, παιδισκάριόν με καταδεδούλωκ᾽ εὐτελές NT+4th c.BC+; break in spirit, καταδουλοῖ τὴν τόλμαν ἡ ἀνάγκη Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.2 more frequently in middle, ἡ ἀνάγκη καταδουλοῦται τὴν γνώμην Refs 5th c.BC+; οἴει τι μᾶλλον καταδουλοῦσθαι ἀνθρώπους τοῦ ἰσχυροῦ φόβο; Refs 5th c.BC+

καταδῠναστ-εύω, oppress, τινα LXX; τοὺς πτωχοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς γῆςLXX+5th c.BC+; τινος NT+1st c.BC+:—passive, to be oppressed, NT+3rd c.BC+; ταῦτα -εύετο ἕκαστα these districts were under their several rulers, Refs 1st c.BC+ __2 get control, absolutely, of mutineers, Ps.-Refs 1st c.BC+

καταπον-έω, subdue, Refs 1st c.BC+: in future middle, Refs 1st c.BC+; worst in a lawsuit, Refs 4th c.AD+ —passive, to be subdued, reduced, worn out, Refs 4th c.BC+; to be exhausted, Refs 2nd c.AD+. __2 handle roughly, crush, damage, Refs 3rd c.BC+; maltreat, oppress, especially in passive, ὑπὸ τῶν τυράννων, ὑπὸ τῶν τελωνῶν, NT+4th c.BC+ __3 digest food, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II intransitive in perfect participle -πεπονηκώς ruinous, Refs 6th c.AD+

† [דָּחַק] vb. thrust, crowd, oppress (NH id., Arabic دَحَقَ drive away, remove, Aramaic דְּחַק, ܕܚܰܩ )— Qal Impf. יִדְחָק֔וּן thrust, crowd, of locusts in swarm Jo 2:8; Pt. act. pl. sf. לֹחֲצֵיהֶם וְדֹחֲקִיהֶם Ju 2:18 (because of) them that maltreated and oppressed them.

† [מַעֲשַׁקָּה] n.f. extortionate act;—pl. abs. רַב מַעֲשַׁקּוֹת Pr 28:16 great in extortions; בֶּצַע מ׳ Is 33:15 gain of extortions.

† II. [עָמַר] vb. Hithp. deal tyrannically with (ב) (Arabic غَمِرَ cherish enmity, rancour, malice, iii. plunge into a conflict, غِمْرٌ rancour, malice);—Pf. 3 ms. וְהִתְעַמֶּר־ consec. Dt 24:7; Impf. 2 ms. תִּתְעַמֵּר 21:14.

θραύω, Epic dialect imperfect θραύεσκον Refs 5th c.AD+: future -σωRefs 5th c.BC+: aorist 1 ἔθραυσα Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, future θραυσθήσομαι Refs 2nd c.AD+aorist ἐθραύσθην (see. below), (κατ-) Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect τέθραυσμαι Refs 5th c.BC+:—break in pieces, shatter, Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, θραυομένης τῆς πέτρης flying into pieces, Refs 5th c.BC+; πτερὰ θραύονται have their wings broken, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II metaphorically, break down, enfeeble, μὴ θραύσαι (-σοι codices) χρόνος ὄλβον Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐλπίδα, etc., Refs 1st c.AD+:—passive, πόθος θραυσθείς Refs 2nd c.AD+; θραυόμενος τὸν λογισμόν, Latin animo fractus, Refs 1st c.AD+; θραυσθῆναι ἐπί τινα to be grieved for.., LXX

† [גְּרוּשָׁה] n.f. expulsion, violence. Only pl. sf. גְּרֻשֹׁתֵיכֶם Ez 45:9 your acts of expulsion (cf. Ew Da; ‘Raubereien’ Sm Co).

† III. [חמץ] vb. be ruthless (dub. √; perhaps by-form of חמם; perhaps error for it; identif. by most with I. חמץ, be sour, hence sharp, violent, but connexion improb.)—only Qal Pt. act. מִכַּף מְעַוּל וְחוֹמֵץ ψ 71:4 from the hand of the unjust and ruthless (‖ מִיַּד רָשָׁע).

† מֵץ n.m. squeezer, i.e. extortioner, oppressor, only הַמֵּץ Is 16:4.

† II. מְרוּצָה n.f. crushing, oppression;—Je 22:17 (+ הָעשֶׁק).

† עָשׁוֹק n.[m.] oppressor, extortioner;—Je 22:3 (= עֹשֵׁק 21:12).

† עָשְׁקָה n.f. oppression, distress;—עָֽשְׁקָה־לִי Is 38:14 (cf. Ges §§ 9 v, 48 i) oppression to me! = I am oppressed, distressed.

† [תּוֹלָל] n.m. doubtful word, only pl. sf. וְתוֹלָלֵינוּ ψ 137:3; AV RV they that wasted us, cf. 𝔗, but read then וְשׁוֹלְלֵינוּ Bae al.; > Thes596 Hup De al. made us wail (√ ילל).

† תֹּךְ ii. תּוֹךְ n.m. injury, oppression;—abs. תֹּךְ, + מִרְמָה ψ 10:7; 55:12 (so Gi; Baer תּוֹךְ); תּוֹךְ, + חָמָס (gloss) 72:14; pl. אִישׁ תְּכָכִים Pr 29:13 oppressor (𝔙 creditor; cf. אישׁ חמסים 2 S 22:49 ψ 140:2, 5).—i. תּוֹךְ v. תָּוֶךְ.