Breaking and Shattering

שָׁבַר148 vb. break, break in pieces (NH id.; Sab. תֿבר break, destroy DHMHof.Mus., no. 1(×2). 26 MordtmHI 74; Arabic ثَبَرَ restrain, destroy; Aramaic תְּבַר, ܬܒܰܪ: Assyrian šabâru, break, break in pieces; Ethiopic ሰበረ: break);— Qal53 Pf. 3 ms. שׁ׳ 1 K 13:28; Is 14:5, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יִשְׁבֹּר Je 19:11, -בּוֹר Is 42:3; 3 fs. תִּשְׁבָּר־ Pr 25:15, etc.; Imv. ms. שְׁבֹר ψ 10:15, sf. שָׁבְרֵם Je 17:18; Inf. cstr. לִשְׁבֹּר Gn 19:9 + 2 times, שְׁבוֹר Je 28:12; Pt. act. שֹׁבֵר Ez 4:16 + 2 times; pass. שָׁבוּר Lv 22:22, pl. cstr. שְׁבוּרֵי ψ 147:3;—break, lit., obj. earthen vessel Ju 7:20 Lv 11:33 (P), Je 19:11 (in sim.), cf. v 11 48:38; Is 30:14, flask Je 19:10, gate-bar Am 1:5 (in metaph.), bow Ho 1:5; Je 49:35, and sword Ho 2:20 (מִן־הָאָרֶץ), bone of lamb Ex 12:46; Nu 9:12 (P), and (in metaph.) Pr 25:15, cf. שָׁבוּר" dir="rtl" >שָׁבוּר i.e. fractured of limb Lv 22:22 (H), yoke Je 28:10, 12, 13, and, in metaph., of deliverance (י׳ subj.) v 2, 4, 11; 38:8 (c. מֵעַל), + 4 times, of rebellion Je 2:20; 5:5, so staff Is 14:5 + 5 times, reed Is 42:3, arm of Pharoah Ez 30:21, 22, 24 cf. ψ 10:15; trees (subj. thunder) ψ 29:5; break in, down, door Gn 19:9 (J); rend violently (of lion), man 1 K 13:26, ass v 28; wreck Tyre (as ship) Ez 27:26; fig. break pride Lv 26:19 (H); crush (fig.) Is 14:25 (cf. Je 48:28 supr.), La 1:15; Dn 11:26; מִשְׁנֶה שִׁבָּרוֹן שׁ׳ Je 17:18; break, rupture, heart (fig.) ψ 69:21 + Ez 6:9 (v. Niph. ad fin.), שְׁבוּרֵי לֵב ψ 147:3; וָאֶשְׁבֹּר עָלָיו חֻקִּי Jb 38:10 broke for it my boundary, of sea, ref. to abrupt ending of mainland; = quench thirst (frangere sitim) ψ 104:11. Niph.57 Pf. 3 ms. נִשְׁבַּר Ex 22:9 +, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יִשָּׁבֵר Lv 6:21 +, 3 fs. וְתִשָּׁ֫בֶר Ec 12:6, 2 ms. תִּשָּׁבֵר Ez 29:7, -בַר֥ 32:28, etc.; Inf. cstr. הִשָּׁבֵר Jon 1:4; Pt. נִשְׁבָּר ψ 51:19, fs. נִשְׁבָּרָה v 19, נִשְׁבֶּ֫רֶת Ez 27:34 +, etc.;—be broken, of neck 1 S 4:18, bones ψ 34:21, gate-bars Je 51:30, rod (in fig.) Is 14:21; Je 48:17, idols Ez 6:4, 6, horn Dn 8:8, cf. v 22, arm Jb 31:22 (מִקָּנָה), and (in metaph.) Je 48:25; Jb 38:15 ψ 37:17, cf. Ez 30:22, bough Ez 31:12; Is 27:11, cf. (fig.) of wickedness, like a tree Jb 24:20, other things ψ 37:15 Je 50:23; Ez 29:17 ψ 124:7; cisterns Je 2:13 (id.), pottery Lv 6:21; 15:12 (P), Ec 12:6 (in fig.); = be maimed, crippled (have limb broken), of animal Ex 22:9, 13 (E), and (fig.) Ez 34:4, 16; Zc 11:16, so (fig. of men stumbling) Is 8:15; 28:13; be wrecked, of ships 1 K 22:49 (read Qr נִשְׁבְּרוּ), ‖ 2 Ch 20:37, Jon 1:4, metaph. of Tyre Ez 27:34; fig. be crushed, destroyed (pers., warriors, kingdoms, etc.), Je 14:17; 22:20; 48:4; 51:8 + 10 times; fig. be broken, of heart †Je 23:9; Is 61:1 ψ 34:19; 51:19, cf. רוּחַ" dir="rtl" >רוּחַ נִשׁ׳ v 19.—Ez 6:9 read prob. וְשָֽׁבְרְתִּ֫י (We Sm Berthol Toy Krae); Co בְּשָׁבְרִי. Pi.36 Pf. 3 ms. שִׁבַּר Is 21:9 +, שִׁבֵּ֑ר Ex 9:25, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יְשַׁבֵּר ψ; 46:10 +, 2 mpl. תְּשַׁבֵּר֑וּן Ex 34:13, etc.; Inf. abs. שַׁבֵּר Ex 23:24; Pt. מְשַׁבֵּר 1 K 19:11;—shatter, break, tablets Ex 32:19 (E), 34:1 (J), Dt 9:17; 10:2; מַצֵּבוֹת Ex 23:24 (E; + Inf. abs.), 34:13 (J) + 7 times; images 2 K 11:18 + 3 times; bronze sea, etc., 2 K 25:13 = Je 52:17; horns Dn 8:7; jaws Jb 29:17 (in fig.); of hail shattering trees Ex 9:25 (J), cf. 1 K 19:11; elsewhere subj. י׳, shattering gate-bars, etc., weapons Is 45:2; 38:13; La 2:9; 3:4 ψ 46:10; 76:4; 107:16, trees 29:5; 105:33, heads of תַּנִּינִים 74:13; wrecking ships 48:8. †Hiph. cause to break out, i.e. bring to the birth, Impf. 1 s. הַאֲנִי אַשְׁבִּיר וְלֹא אוֹלִיד Is 66:9 (י׳ subj.; cf. מַשְׁבֵּר infr.). †Hoph. be broken, shattered (in heart), Pf. 1 s. עַל־שֶׁבֶר בַּת־עַמִּי הָשְׁבַּ֑רְתִּי Je 8:21.

† I. [פָּרַר] vb. Hiph. break, frustrate (NH Pi. crumble; J.Aram פְּרַר; Assyrian parâru, destroy; ii. shatter; Liḥy. והפרו destroy, DHMEpigr. Denkm., No. 21, 7);—Pf. 3 ms. הֵפֵר Is 33:8 +, הֵפַ֑ר Gn 17:14 Nu 15:31; also metaplastic form הֵפִיר Ez 17:19 ψ 33:10 (Ges§ 67 v); 2 ms. וְהֵפַרְתָּ֫ה 2 S 15:34, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יָפֵר Nu 30:13 +, וַיָּ֫פֶר Ne 4:9, etc.; also 1 s. אָפִיר ψ 89:34 (Gesl.c.); Imv. ms. הָפֵר 2 Ch 16:3 ψ 85:5, הָפֵ֫רָה 1 K 15:19; Inf. abs>. הָפֵר Pr 15:22 +; cstr. לְהָפֵר 2 S 17:14 +, לְהָפֵיר Zc 11:10, sf. לְהַפְרְכֶם Lv 26:15 (Ges§ 67 dd); Pt. מֵפֵר Is 44:25 Jb 5:12;— 1. break, violate, especially c. acc. בְּרִית: a. of י׳ Ju 2:1 Je 14:21 Lv 26:44 Zc 11:10. b. of men violating covenant with י׳ Je 11:10; 31:32 Dt 31:16, 20 Lv 26:15 Ez 44:7 Gn 17:14 Is 24:5, Je 33:20 Ez 16:59. c. of men breaking compact, league (with men), Is 33:8 1 K 15:19 = 2 Ch 16:3, Ez 17:15, 16, 18, 19. d. of destroying the אַחֲוָה between Judah and Israel Zc 11:14. e. of breaking י׳’s מִצְוָה Nu 15:31 Ezr 9:14, תּוֹרָה ψ 119:126. 2. frustrate, make ineffectual: a. counsel (עֵצָה) 2 S 15:34; 17:14 Ezr 4:5; י׳ subj. Ne 4:9 ψ 33:10; of man frustrating י׳’s counsel Is 14:27, so, c. acc. מִשְׁפָּט Jb 40:8; c. acc. מַחֲשָׁבוֹת in gen., of men Pr 15:22, י׳ subj. Jb 5:12, so, c. acc. אֹתוֹת Is 44:25. b. make vow (נֶדֶר) ineffectual, annul it Nu 30:9, 14 (opp. הֵקִים), v 13, also (Impf. + Inf. abs.) v 13, 16. c. of annulling (godly) fear Jb 15:4; חַסְדִּי לֹא אָפִיר מֵעִמּוֹ ψ 89:34 read prob. אָסִיר Ol Che Bae al.; הָפֵר בַּעַסְךָ 85:4 (read הָסֵר 𝔊 Bi Che). d. וְתָפֵר הָאֲבִיּוֹנָה Ec 12:5 is dub.: De Wild al. fails (to excite [?וְתֻפַר Hoph. is made ineffectual]); Ew bursts (Siegf וְתֻפַר); but caper-berry not dehiscent (PostFlora of Syriac 106 ff. M’Lean-DyerEncy. Bib. 696); PostLetter, July 28, 1901 breaks up (by shrivelling), fig. of failing sexual power; Aq from פרה bear fruit (cf. GFMJBL x (1891), 60); PerlesAnal. 30 וְתִפְרַח. Hoph. Impf. 1. be frustrated, 3 fs. וְתֻפָ֑ר Is 8:10 (of עֵצָה). 2. be broken, of covenant, 3 fs. תֻּפַר Je 33:21; וַתֻּפַר Zc 11:11; so Is 28:18 (read וְתֻפַר for וְכֻפַּר, v. כ׳). Phip. Impf. 3 ms. sf. וַיְפַרְפְּרֵנִי Jb 16:12 he hath shattered me.

† I. שֶׁ֫בֶר, שֵׁ֫בֶר n.m. Je 4:5 breaking, fracture, crushing, breach, crash;—abs. שֶׁבֶר Is 51:19 +, שָׁ֑בֶר La 3:47; Pr 17;19, cstr. שֶׁבֶר Is 1:28 +, שֵׁבֶר Am 6:6 +; sf. שִׁבְרִי Je 10:19, etc.; pl. שְׁבָרִים Jos 7:5 Jb 41:17 (dub., v. infr.), sf. שְׁכָרֶיהָ ψ 60:4;— 1. breaking of pottery Is 30:14, fracture of member, limb Lv 21:19; 24:20 (H), especially fig. of people personif. שׁ׳ יוֹסֵף Am 6:6, cf. Is 30:26 (‖ מַחַץ מַכָּתוֹ), Je 8:21; 10:19; 14:17; 30:12 (‖ מַכָּה), v 15 (‖ מַכְאֹב), La 2:11; 3:48; 4:10, also (c. רפא, רפה heal) Je 6:14; 8:11 La 2:13 ψ 60:4, cf. Na 3:19; of sinners Is 1:28; shattering, crushing, of wall (in fig.) Is 30:13; שׁ׳ גָּדוֹל (‖ רָעָה) Je 4:6; 6:1, שׁ׳ עַל־שׁ׳ 4:20; שֹׁד וָשׁ׳ Is 59:7; 60:18; Je 48:3, cf. Is 51:19; הַשֵּׁאת וְהַשּׁ׳ La 3:47; זַעֲקַת שׁ׳ Is 15:5, cf. Je 48:5; of individ. Pr 16:18; 17:19; 18:12; fig., שׁ׳ רוּחַ of spirit Is 65:14, cf. Pr 15:4; so (רוּחַ om.) מִשְּׁבָרִים Jb 41:17 from terror, Di De, cf. Bi, but dub.; Buhl Bu conj. מִשְׁבְּרֵי יָם, Gie מִשִּׁנָּיו גִּבֹּרִים, Du מִשְׁמָרִים. 2. crashing, Zp 1:10 (‖ קוֹל צְעָקָה, יְלָלָה), Je 50:22 (‖ מִלְחָמָה), 51:54 (‖ קוֹל זְעָקָה). 3. breaking of a dream, i.e. its interpretation (solution of mystery) Ju 7:15 (cf. GFM). 4. הַשְּׁבָרִים Jos 7:5, perhaps (Di Benn Steuern) the quarries, as n.pr.loc., 𝔙 Sabarim (הִשָּֽׁבְרָם).—שִׁבְרִי Ez 32:9, read שִׁבְיְךָ 𝔊 Co Sta Berthol Krae (not Toy).

† I. [נָפַץ] vb. shatter (NH id., dash, beat; Assyrian napâṣu, shatter, destroy DlHWB 475; 𝔗 נְפַע Pa. shatter, but also נְפַץ Pa., id., Syriac ܢܦܰܨ shake, break, so Mand., NöM 240, and ZMG xxxii (1878), 406);— Qal Inf. abs. וְנָפוֹץ c. acc. Ju 7:19 and a shattering (= and shattered) the jars; Pt. pass. עֶצֶב נִבְזֶה נָפוּץ Je 22:28 (fig.) a vessel to be despised (and) shattered (cf. Ew Gie Rothstein Kau); also Pt. act. נֹפֵץ shatterer of the holy people Dn 12:7 (Bev MartiKau, reading כִּכְלוֹת יַד נֹפֵץ). Pi. dash to pieces: Pf. 3 ms. וְנִפֵּץ consec. ψ 137:9 c. acc. infants ag. (אֶל) rock; 1 s. וְנִפַּצְתִּ֫י of י׳ dashing all in pieces with (ב) Babyl. as war-club Je 51:20, 21(×2), 22(×3) 23(×3); sf. וְנִפַּצְתִּים אִיּשׁ אֶל־אָחִיו 13:14; Impf. 2 ms. sf. כִּכְלִי יוֹצֵר תְּנַפְּצֵם ψ 2:9 (i.e. nations); 3 mpl. נִבְלֵיהֶם יְנַפֵּ֑צוּ Je 48:12 (symbol. of destroying Moab); Inf. נַפֵּץ יַד־עַם־קֹדֶשׁ Dn 12:7 when (they) finish shattering the hand (fig. for power) of the holy people, but read poss. נֹפֵץ, v. Qal.; = break up rafts 1 K 5:23. Pu. Pt. fpl. מְנֻפָּצוֹת Is 27:9 like chalk-stones pulverized.

† [כָּתַת] vb. beat, crush by beating (NH id.; Aramaic כְּתַת);— Qal Pf. 1 s. וְכַתּוֹתִ֫י ψ 89:24; Impf. i s. וָאֶכֹּת Dt 9:21; Imv. mpl. כֹּ֫תּוּ Jo 4:10; Pt. pass. כָּתוּת Is 30:14 Lv 22:24;— 1. beat or crush fine, of a potter’s vessel Is 30:14, the golden calf Dt 9:21 (+ טָחוֹן הֵיטֵב); a sacrificial victim Lv 22:24 (i.e. its testicles; + מָעוּךְ, נָתוּק, כָּרוּת); fig. of enemies ψ 89:24. 2. beat, hammer (ploughshares into swords, cf. Pi. 2) Jo 4:10. Pi. Pf. 3 ms. כִּתַּת 2 K 18:4 2 Ch 34:7; 3 mpl. וְכִּתְּתוּ consec. Is 2:4 + 2 times;—as Qal 1. beat or crush fine 2 K 18:4 2 Ch 34:7 (of images); fig. of devastating the land Zc 11:6. 2. beat, hammer (swords into ploughshares, cf. Qal 2) Is 2:4 = Mi 4:3. Pu. Pf. 3 mpl. וְכֻתְּתוּ 2 Ch 15:6 and they were beaten in pieces, one nation against another. Hiph. Impf. 3 mpl. וַיַּכְּתוּ Dt 1:44 beat in pieces an enemy, sf. וַיַּכּוּם וַיַּכְּתוּם Nu 14:45. Hoph. Impf. 3 ms. וּשְׁאִיָּה יֻכַּת־שָׁ֑עַר Is 24:12 and to ruins is the gate crushed; 3 mpl. יֻכַּתּוּ Mi 1:7 (of idol-images); fig. of warriors Je 46:5; of frail man Jb 4:20.

κλάω [ᾰ], __A imperfect ἔκλων (κατ-) Refs 8th c.BC+: future κλάσω [ᾰ] Refs 1st c.AD+: aorist 1 ἔκλᾰσα, Epic dialect κλάσε Refs 8th c.BC+:—middle, poetry aorist κλάσσατο Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, future κλασθήσομαι Refs 4th c.BC+: aorist ἐκλάσθην Refs 8th c.BC+: perfect κέκλασμαι Refs 4th c.BC+aorist 2 participle κλάς (as if from κλῆμι) Refs 6th c.BC+:—break, break off, ἐξ ὕλης πτόρθον κλάσε Refs 8th c.BC+; break off the luxuriant shoots of the vine, NT+4th c.BC+ __A.2 Geometry texts, deflect, inflect, usually of drawing a straight line 'broken back' at a line or surface, κλάσαι εὐθεῖαν τὴν ΑΓΒ ἐν λόγῳ τῷ δοθέντι Refs 3rd c.AD+; ἀπὸ δύο σημείων τῶν B, E κλάσαι τὴν ΒΝΞΕ Refs:—more frequently in passive, Refs 4th c.BC+.; ἡ κεκλασμένη (i.e. γραμμή) Refs 3rd c.BC+; ἐὰν ἀπὸ τῶν σημείων κλασθῶσινRefs 3rd c.BC+; of visual rays, Refs 4th c.BC+; of arteries, Refs 1st c.AD+ their broken courses, Refs __A.3 metaphorically, break, weaken, frustrate, τὴν ἐλπίδα Refs 1st c.AD+perfect participle passive, κεκλασμένη φωνή weak, effeminate voice, Refs 5th c.BC+ (also of the Siren's song, Refs 2nd c.AD+; τὰ κεκλ. τῶν ὀμμάτων enfeebled eyes, Refs 4th c.BC+; κεκλ. μέλη varied by modulation, Refs 1st c.AD+; ῥυθμὸς κεκλ. broken rhythm, Refs 3rd c.AD+; τὸ κεκλ. καὶ παντοδαπόν (i.e. τῆς λέξεως) Refs 1st c.BC+ __A.3.b of emotion, ἐκλάσθην πρὸς ἔλεον Refs 1st c.AD+

† [דְּקַק] vb. be shattered, fall to pieces (BH);— Pe. Pf. 3 mpl. דָּקוּ Dn 2:35. Haph. break in pieces: Pf. 3 fs. הַדֶּ֫קֶת 2:34, 45, 3 mpl. הַדִּ֑קוּ 6:25 (all sq. acc.); Impf. 3 fs. תַּדִּק 2:40 (abs.), v 44 (acc.); sf. תַּדֱּקִנַּהּ 7:23; Pt. act. מְהַדֵּק 2:40 (acc.), f. מַדֱּקָה (K§ 46, 3b)) abs. 7:7, 19.

† [נָחֵת] vb. (Aramaic and poet.) go down, descend (Aramaic נְחֵת, ܢܚܶܬ; Palm. נחת Lzb 323);— Qal Impf. 3 ms. יֵחַת Je 21:13; 3 fs. תֵּ֫חַת Pr 17:10, וַתִּנְחַת ψ 38:3; 3 mpl. יֵחַ֑תּוּ Jb 21:13 (forms יֵחַת, יֵחַתּוּ v. also חתת);— 1. go down, descend, to attack Je 21:13; into She’ôl Jb 21:13. 2. fig. descend in chastisement ψ 38:3 (hand of י׳; ‖Niph. v. infr.); sq. בְּ descend into i. e. make impression on, Pr 17:10 (of reproof). Niph. Pf. 3 mpl. נִחֲתוּ sq. בְּ = penetrate ψ 38:3, (of arrows of י׳). Pi. Pf. 3 ms. consec. וְנִחַת 2 S 22:35 (v. Ges§ 145, 7); = 3 fs. וְנִחֲתָה ψ 18:35; Inf. abs. נַחֵת ψ 65:11;—cause to descend = press down, according to most, in וְנ׳ קֶשֶׁת נְחוּשָׁה זְרֹעֹתָ֑י 2 S 22:35 = ψ 18:35 so that my arms press down, stretch, a bow of bronze, but dub.; Bu conj. Hiph. יַנְחִת; HPS וַיָּ֫שֶׁת and makes my arms a bow of bronze; of pressing down, smoothing out, furrows of land ψ 65:11. Hiph. Imv. הַנְחַת Jo 4:11 thither bring down thy heroes, י׳! (on form cf. Ges§ 64 R. 3 Köi. 314 f.).

† פָּצַח vb. cause to break or burst forth, break forth with (cf. Arabic فَضَخَ break, crush; Ethiopic ፈጽሐ shatter; Syriac ܦܨܚ is be joyous, hilarious);— Qal Pf. 3 pl. פָּֽצְחוּ רִנָּה Is 14:7 they have broken forth with joyous shout; Impf. יִפְצְחוּ רִנָּה 55:12 (of mts.); Imv. fs. פִצְחִי רִנָּה 54:1 (of Zion); mpl. פִּצְחוּ ר׳ 44:23; 49:13 Qr (> Kt יפצחו; of mts.); abs. פִּצְחוּ Is 52:9 ψ 98:4 (both + רַנְּנוּ). Pi. break bones in pieces: Pf. 3 pl. פִּצֵּ֑חוּ Mi 3:3.

συντρίβω [ῑ] rub together, σ. τὰ πυρεῖα rub dry sticks together to procure a light, Refs 2nd c.AD+; grind, φάρμακα (for paints) Refs 1st c.AD+; κολλύριον Refs __II shatter, shiver to atoms, τοὺς χόας Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. [τὰς ναῦς] stave them in, by running them aground, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ δόρατα, τὴν ἀσπίδα, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ ποτήρια Refs 4th c.BC+ —passive, συντρῐβέντων τῶν σκευῶν, of a ship, Refs 4th c.BC+; [νῆες] συντετριμμέναι, opposed to τελέως διεφθαρμέναι, Refs 1st c.BC+ __II.2 of persons, beat to a jelly, Refs 5th c.BC+; of parts of the body, crush, shiver, λίθῳ σ. τὸ μέτωπον, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, τὰ.. τοῦ σώματος μέρη συντετρῖφθαι Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2.b with genitive partis, συντρῖψαι τῆς κεφαλῆς Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, ξυντριβῆναι τῆς κεφαλῆς to have one's head broken (compare κατάγνυμι near the end), Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 metaphorically, shatter, crush, τὴν ἐπίνοιαν Refs 5th c.BC+; ὅταν πέσῃ.., πλεῖστα συντρίβει καλά Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, Refs 3rd c.BC+; κινδυνεύσει συντριβῆναι τὰ πράγματα LXX+2nd c.BC+; συνετρίβη ἡ καρδίαLXX

† II. [רָעַע] vb. break (Aramaic loan-word = Heb. רָצַץ q.v.);— Qal Pf. 3 pl. רָעוּ Je 11:16; Impf. 3 ms. יָרֹעַ Je 15:12; Jb 34:24, 2 ms. sf. תְּרֹעֵם ψ 2:9 (but v. infr.); inf. abs. רֹ֫עָה Is 24:19 (del. ה as dittogr. and read רֹעַ, v. Hithpōʿ.); Pt. f. רֹעָה (? for רֹעֲעָה) Pr 25:19:— 1. trans. הֲיָרֹעַ כַּרְזֶל בַּרְזֶל וגו׳ Je 15:12 can one break iron, iron out of the north? cf. יָרֹעַ כַּבִּירִים Jb 34:24; תְּרֹעֵם בְּשֵׁבֶט בַּרְזֶל ψ 2:9 (but read תִּרְעֵם, v. I. רעה, 𝔊 𝔖 𝔙 Hup-Now al.). 2. intrans. break = be broken, of branches Je 11:16 (in fig.; Gf Or al.; > Hi Gie are in a sad state, √ I. רעע); שֵׁן רֹעָה Pr 25:19 a broken tooth (ר׳ = רֹעֲעָה?; Frankenb Niph. Pt. נְרָעָה, cf. Toy, but Niph. not elsewhere; Vrss רָעָה bad).—רֹ֫עוּ Is 8:9 read דְּעוּ (𝔊 Lo Che al., ‖ הַאֲזִינוּ). Hithpōʿ. Pf. 3 fs. + Qal inf. abs. (v. supr.) רֹעַ הִתְרֹעֲעָה הָארץ Is 24:19 the earth is broken asunder (‖ פּוֹר הִתְפּוֹרְרָה, מוֹט הִתְמוֹטְטָה); also inf. cstr. לְהִתְרוֹעֵעַ Pr 18:24 will be broken in pieces (Ges§ 114 i), ruined, De al., but לְהִתְרָעוֹת Vrss Toy al., v. רָעָה²" dir="rtl" >II. רעה Hithp. (see, however, DrExpos. Times xi (1899–1900), 230 f.).

† [עָרַף] vb. denom. break the neck of an animal;— Qal Pf. 2 ms. sf. וַעֲרַפְתּוֹ consec. Ex 13:13; 34:20 (JE), 3 pl. וְעָֽרְפוּ־שָׁם אֶת־הָעֶגְלָה consec. Dt 21:4; Pt. act. עוֹרֵף כֶּלֶב Is 66:3; pass. הָעֲרוּפָה הָעֶגְלָה Dt 21:6; Impf. 3 ms. יַעֲרֹף Ho 10:2 fig. of breaking down altars.

† [רָטַשׁ] vb. Pi. dash in pieces (cf. 𝔗 רְטַשׁ cast away, reject; but possibly akin to לָטַשׁ);— Pi. Impf. 2 ms. תְּרַטֵּשׁ 2 K 8:12 their children thou wilt dash in pieces; 3 fpl. קְשָׁתוֹת נְעָרִים תְּרַטַּשְׁנָה Is 13:18, but prob. crpt., Du conj. נְעָרוֹת תְּרֻטַּשְׁנָה, cf. Che. Pu. Pf. 3 fs. אֵם על־בָּנִים רֻטָּ֑שָׁה Ho 10:14; Impf. 3 mpl. יִרֻטְּשׁוּ Is 13:16; Na 3:10, י֫֒רֻטָּ֑שׁוּ Ho 14:1, all of children.

κατ-άγνῡμι, infinitive -ύναι [ῠ] Refs 5th c.BC+; καταγνύω Refs 5th c.BC+; late present κατάσσω, κατεάσσω (which see): future κατάξω Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist κατέαξα Refs 8th c.BC+; Ionic dialect κατῆξα Refs 5th c.BC+; 3rd.pers. singular subjunctive κατάξει Refs 5th c.BC+; participle κατάξας (Dobree for κατεάξας) Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect optative καυάξαις ={καϝϝάξαις} for κατ-ϝάξαις, Refs 8th c.BC+:—passive, κατάγνῠμαι Refs 5th c.BC+: imperfect κατεάγνυτο Refs 4th c.BC+aorist 2 κατεάγηνRefs 5th c.BC+subjunctive κατ-ᾱγῶ (contraction from κατᾰ-ϝᾰγ-) Refs; participle καταγείς [probably ᾱ] Refs: future καταγήσομαιRefs.129: perfect κατέᾱγα, Ionic dialect κατέηγα Refs 5th c.BC+; participle κατεαγώς, written κατειαγώς Refs Phoenix5.1: perfect passive κατέαγμαι Refs 2nd c.AD+: aorist 1 κατεάχθην LXX; infinitive καταχθῆναι Refs 4th c.BC+; participle καταχθείς Refs 1st c.AD+ led the copyists to insert the ε in unaugmented forms, as κατεάξας Refs 5th c.BC+, and such forms were in use in later Gr., as κατεάξει NT+2nd c.AD+:— break in pieces, shatter, κατά θ᾽ ἅρματα ἄξω Refs 8th c.BC+; τὸ (i.e. ἔγχος) γὰρ κατεάξαμεν Refs 8th c.BC+ codex R (variant{τῆς κεφαλῆς},Refs 5th c.BC+; κατάξω τὴν κεφαλήν, ἄνθρωπέ, σου Refs 5th c.BC+: metaphorically, break up into species, μὴ κ. μηδὲ κερματίζειν τὴν ἀρετήν Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 weaken, enervate, πατρίδα θ᾽, ἢν αὔξειν Χρεὼν καὶ μὴ κατᾶξαι Refs 5th c.BC+perfect participle κατεαγώς effeminate, Refs 1st c.BC+; αὐλητὴς τῶν κ. Refs 1st c.AD+ __II passive with perfect active, to be broken, δόρατα κατεηγότα Refs 5th c.BC+; especially καταγῆναι τὴν κεφαλήν have one's head broken, Refs 5th c.BC+; κατεαγέναι or κατάγνυσθαι τὰ ὦτα, of pugilists, Refs 5th c.BC+; κατεάγη τῆς κ. Refs; τῆς κ. καταγῆναι (-εαγῆναι, -εαγέναι codices) δεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+: metaphorically, to be shattered, of an argument, Refs 4th c.BC+

ἐκκλάω, break off, Refs 5th c.BC+; δάκτυλον Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II passive, grow weak, to be enfeebled, Refs 1st c.AD+; τὸ θράσος ἐκκέκλασται Refs 1st c.BC+

† II. [חַת] adj. shattered, dismayed—mpl. חַתִּים:— 1. shattered קֶשֶׁת גִּבֹּרִים ח׳ 1 S 2:4 (song; on pl. חַתִּים v. Dr); so fig. Ez 32:30 according to 𝔊 Codd. Co (חַתִּים for MT חִתִּיתָם) broken in their might, of Sidonians in Sheʾôl. 2. dismayed Je 46:5 of Egyptians defeated by Nebuchadrezzar.

† I. [פָּרַר] vb. Hiph. break, frustrate (NH Pi. crumble; J.Aram פְּרַר; Assyrian parâru, destroy; ii. shatter; Liḥy. והפרו destroy, DHMEpigr. Denkm., No. 21, 7);—Pf. 3 ms. הֵפֵר Is 33:8 +, הֵפַ֑ר Gn 17:14 Nu 15:31; also metaplastic form הֵפִיר Ez 17:19 ψ 33:10 (Ges§ 67 v); 2 ms. וְהֵפַרְתָּ֫ה 2 S 15:34, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יָפֵר Nu 30:13 +, וַיָּ֫פֶר Ne 4:9, etc.; also 1 s. אָפִיר ψ 89:34 (Gesl.c.); Imv. ms. הָפֵר 2 Ch 16:3 ψ 85:5, הָפֵ֫רָה 1 K 15:19; Inf. abs>. הָפֵר Pr 15:22 +; cstr. לְהָפֵר 2 S 17:14 +, לְהָפֵיר Zc 11:10, sf. לְהַפְרְכֶם Lv 26:15 (Ges§ 67 dd); Pt. מֵפֵר Is 44:25 Jb 5:12;— 1. break, violate, especially c. acc. בְּרִית: a. of י׳ Ju 2:1 Je 14:21 Lv 26:44 Zc 11:10. b. of men violating covenant with י׳ Je 11:10; 31:32 Dt 31:16, 20 Lv 26:15 Ez 44:7 Gn 17:14 Is 24:5, Je 33:20 Ez 16:59. c. of men breaking compact, league (with men), Is 33:8 1 K 15:19 = 2 Ch 16:3, Ez 17:15, 16, 18, 19. d. of destroying the אַחֲוָה between Judah and Israel Zc 11:14. e. of breaking י׳’s מִצְוָה Nu 15:31 Ezr 9:14, תּוֹרָה ψ 119:126. 2. frustrate, make ineffectual: a. counsel (עֵצָה) 2 S 15:34; 17:14 Ezr 4:5; י׳ subj. Ne 4:9 ψ 33:10; of man frustrating י׳’s counsel Is 14:27, so, c. acc. מִשְׁפָּט Jb 40:8; c. acc. מַחֲשָׁבוֹת in gen., of men Pr 15:22, י׳ subj. Jb 5:12, so, c. acc. אֹתוֹת Is 44:25. b. make vow (נֶדֶר) ineffectual, annul it Nu 30:9, 14 (opp. הֵקִים), v 13, also (Impf. + Inf. abs.) v 13, 16. c. of annulling (godly) fear Jb 15:4; חַסְדִּי לֹא אָפִיר מֵעִמּוֹ ψ 89:34 read prob. אָסִיר Ol Che Bae al.; הָפֵר בַּעַסְךָ 85:4 (read הָסֵר 𝔊 Bi Che). d. וְתָפֵר הָאֲבִיּוֹנָה Ec 12:5 is dub.: De Wild al. fails (to excite [?וְתֻפַר Hoph. is made ineffectual]); Ew bursts (Siegf וְתֻפַר); but caper-berry not dehiscent (PostFlora of Syriac 106 ff. M’Lean-DyerEncy. Bib. 696); PostLetter, July 28, 1901 breaks up (by shrivelling), fig. of failing sexual power; Aq from פרה bear fruit (cf. GFMJBL x (1891), 60); PerlesAnal. 30 וְתִפְרַח. Hoph. Impf. 1. be frustrated, 3 fs. וְתֻפָ֑ר Is 8:10 (of עֵצָה). 2. be broken, of covenant, 3 fs. תֻּפַר Je 33:21; וַתֻּפַר Zc 11:11; so Is 28:18 (read וְתֻפַר for וְכֻפַּר, v. כ׳). Phip. Impf. 3 ms. sf. וַיְפַרְפְּרֵנִי Jb 16:12 he hath shattered me.

κατακλάω [ᾰ], __Bimperfect κατέκλων Refs 8th c.BC+: aorist 1 -έκλᾰσαRefs 5th c.BC+:—passive, perfect and aorist (see. below):—break short, snap off, ἐπ᾽ ἀνθερίκων καρπὸν θέον οὐδὲ κατέκλων Il.[same place]; κατεκλάσθη δ᾽ ἐνὶ καυλῷ ἔγχος Refs 5th c.BC+; κατὰ δ᾽ αὐχένα νέρθ᾽ ἐπὶ γαίης κλάσσε bowed it down, Refs 3rd c.BC+; κ. τὸν ὀφθαλμόν ogle, Refs 5th c.BC+; but ὄμματα κατακεκλασμένα eyes with drooping lids, Refs 4th c.BC+has been crushed, Refs 6th c.AD+ __B.II metaphorically, break down, οὐδένα ὅντινα οὐ κατέκλασε he broke us all down, Refs 5th c.BC+; [Ἔρως] κατακλάσας τὸ σοβαρόν Refs:—more frequently in passive, ἐμοί γε κατεκλάσθη φίλον ἦτορ, κλαῖον δ᾽ ἐν ψαμάθοισι καθήμενος Refs 8th c.BC+; of fear, ἡμῖν δ᾽ αὖτε κατεκλάσθη φίλον ἦτορ δεισάντων Refs 1st c.AD+; of passion, ἐρώτων.. νόσῳ φρένας.. κατεκλάσθη Refs 5th c.BC+; of pity, οὐδὲ κατεκλάσθης Refs 3rd c.BC+; of persuasion, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __B.II.2 passive, κατακεκλασμένος reduced by fever, Refs 5th c.BC+: metaphorically, of character, to become enfeebled, degenerate, Refsperfect participle passive, enervated, effeminate, of men, Refs; γραφαὶ κ. Refs 1st c.BC+ —active, κ. ἑαυτόν, of an effeminate dancer, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __B.III passive, of light, to be refracted, opposed to ἀνακλᾶσθαι (to be reflected), ὄψεως -κλωμένης Refs; of sound, αἱ κατακλώμεναι φωναὶ μετὰ φαρμακείην broken, feeble voice, Refs 5th c.BC+

κλάσ-ις [ᾰ], εως, ἡ, (κλάω A) breaking, fracture, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ κ. τῶν ἀμπέλων breaking off the shoots and tendrils of vines, NT+4th c.BC+ __2 bending of the knee joint, Refs 4th c.BC+; κ. ὄψεων refraction, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2.b κλάσιν λαβεῖν to be deflected, Refs 3rd c.AD+; ὅταν κλάσιν ποιῇ καὶ γωνίαν, of a bandage. Erot. see at {σκέπαρνος}; of the labyrinth of the ear, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II modulation of the voice, Refs 1st c.AD+

† II. [גָּרַם] vb.denom. break bones, break— Pi. Impf. וְעַצְמֹתֵיהֶם יְגָרֵם Nu 24:8 (JE); but also וְאֶת־חֲרָשֶׂיהָ תְּגָרֵ֖מִי Ez 23:34 (yet on text v. Co.)

† רֶ֫צַח n.[m.] shattering;—בְּר׳ בְּעַצְמוֹתַי ψ 42:11 with a shattering in my bones, fig. of effect of sneering words (Codd. כְּר׳; Ol Gr Che We כְּרָקָב); appar. slaughter Ez 21:27, but 𝔊 βοῇ (so ‖ תְּרוּעָה), Co רִנָּה, Houb (in Rosenm) צֶרַח, so Berthol Toy Krae.

συνθρύπτω, break in pieces: crush, τὴν καρδίαν NT

† [חָשַׁל] vb. shatter (Biblical Aramaic חֲשַׁל shatter; NH Pi., ‖ משׁבר; Syriac ܚܫܠ forge a metal, Arabic حَسَلَ drive cattle violently; Assyrian ḫašâlu, shatter, destroy ZimBP 12 DlPr 42)— Niph. Pt. fig. כָּל־הַנֶּחֱשָׁלִים Dt 25:18 all the shattered ones, i.e. those broken down, worn out, sq. וְאַתָּה עָיֵף וְיָגֵעַ others think = חלשׁ.

† [חֲשַׁל] vb. shatter by a blow (Assyrian h̬ašâlu, shatter, perhaps thresh; NH חָשַׁל Pi. shatter: JAram. חֲשַׁל forge, hammer, Syriac ܚܫܰܠ forge, furbish; Buhl14 cp. 𝔗 חוּשְׁלָא barley-groats (as pounded, beaten), and perhaps Assyrian h̬ušlu, barley; NöM 135 cp. Arabic حَسَلَ thrust, drive away (Frey), 𝔗 נַחְשׁוֹל storm(y sea; cf. in Eng. beaten, buffetted by waves; Assyrian loan-word Ba ZA ii. 117), Syriac ܡܰܚܫܽܘܠ id.);— Pe. Pt. act. חָשֵׁל Dn 2:40 (acc. rei).

† [מַפָּץ] n.[m.] shattering;—כְּלִי מַפָּצוֹ Ez 9:2 with his shattering-weapon in his hand.

† [נָתַע] vb. break, break down, or out;— Niph. Pf. 3 pl. שִׁנֵּי כְפִירִים נִתָּ֑עוּ Jb 4:10,—Aramaic(?) form, or נִתָּ֑צוּ.

† [פְּרַק] vb. tear away, break off (v. BH [פָּרַק);— Pe. Imv. ms. פְּרֻק Dn 4:24 (cf. Dr), acc. of sins + ב instr.

† [פָּתַת] vb. break up, crumble (NH id.; Arabic فَتَّ; Ethiopic ፈተተ:; Syriac ܦܰܬ );— Qal Inf. abs. of bread of מִנְחָה: פָּתוֹת אֹתָהּ פִּתִּים Lv 2:6.

† [תְּבַר] vb. break (𝔗 Syriac; BH שָׁבַר);— Pe. Pt. pass. fs. תְּבִירָה Dn 2:42 broken in pieces (kingdom).