H8563 H8563
bitterness, bitter mourning (intense plural, grievous sorrow)
This masculine plural noun (intensive plural) denotes bitterness, specifically bitter or grievous mourning. Jeremiah 6:26 calls for 'mourning of bitterness'—bitter mourning for an only son, the most grievous loss. Jeremiah 31:15 describes Rachel weeping with 'bitter weeping' for her exiled children. Hosea 12:14 warns that Ephraim has provoked God 'bitterly' (adverbially)—with actions that cause bitter offense. The form intensifies the root concept of bitterness (marar), emphasizing extreme grief or provocation. The contexts uniformly involve profound sorrow or serious affront that evokes bitter emotion.
Senses
1. sense 1 — Intense bitterness, especially in mourning contexts. Jeremiah 6:26 commands 'make mourning of bitterness' as for an only son—the most painful grief imaginable. Jeremiah 31:15 portrays Rachel 'weeping with bitter weeping,' refusing comfort for her lost children—grief so deep it cannot be assuaged. Hosea 12:14 uses it adverbially: Ephraim 'provoked bitterly'—actions that deeply offended God. The multilingual glosses ('amarga,' 'amargamente,' 'bitter,' 'bitterly') confirm this intensifies the root idea of bitterness, whether emotional (grief) or relational (provocation). 3×
AR["بِمَرارَةٍ", "مُرًّا", "مُرَّةٍ"]·ben["তিক্ত-এর", "তিক্ততায়", "তীব্র"]·DE["[תמרורים]"]·EN["bitter", "bitter-weeping", "bitterly"]·FR["[תמרורים]", "procédé"]·heb["תמרורים"]·HI["कड़वा", "कड़वाहट-से"]·ID["kepahitan", "pahit"]·IT["[תמרורים]"]·jav["pait"]·KO["쓴-통곡의", "쓴라림들을", "쓴라림의"]·PT["amaramente", "amarguras"]·RU["горький", "горько"]·ES["amarga", "amargamente", "amargo"]·SW["chungu", "kichungu", "kwa-uchungu"]·TR["acı", "acı-o", "acıyla"]·urd["تلخ", "تلخیوں-سے"]
Related Senses
H3808 1. simple negation (not) (4839×)G1722 1. locative: in, within (2442×)H1004b 1. house, dwelling, building (2015×)G3756 1. not (negation particle) (1635×)H4480a 1. source or separation (1198×)H5892b 1. city, town (1093×)G1519 1. direction: into, to, toward (1061×)H3427 1. Qal: to dwell, inhabit (937×)G1537 1. from, out of (source/origin) (886×)H8034 1. Name (designation / identifier) (856×)G3361 1. subjective negation (not) (834×)G1909 1. on, upon (spatial surface) (757×)H0369 1. existential negation: there is not (738×)H5869a 1. in the eyes/sight of (evaluative) (734×)H5650 1. Servant, attendant, subject (723×)H0408 1. prohibitive negation do-not (712×)G2443 1. so that, in order that (purpose/result) (665×)G0575 1. from (649×)G1223 1. through, by means of (582×)H3541 1. thus, so, in this manner (569×)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† I. [תַּמְרוּר] n.m. bitterness;—only pl. intens. תַּמְרוּרִים Ho 12:15 + 2 times;—מִסְפַּד ת׳ Je 6:26 mourning of bitterness (bitter mourning), so בְּכִי ת׳ 31:15 (cf. the vb. Is 22:4; Zc 12:10); as adv. bitterly Ho 12:15 (si vera l.).—ii. [תַּמְרוּר] v. sub ת.