קוּם H6966
To arise, stand, set up, establish; Aramaic qum in Daniel and Ezra for rising, erecting, and appointing.
The Aramaic cognate of Hebrew qum, appearing exclusively in Daniel and Ezra. It runs from physical rising — Nebuchadnezzar 'arose in haste' from his throne (Dan 3:24) — to the geopolitical language of kingdoms that 'arise' and are 'set up' or torn down by God's decree. The same root that describes a king getting out of bed (Dan 6:19) also describes the eternal kingdom God will 'set up' that 'shall never be destroyed' (Dan 2:44). Spanish distinguishes levantarse from erigir and establecer, mapping cleanly onto the Aramaic sense divisions across Qal, Piel, Hifil, and Hofal stems.
6. establish firmly, confirm — Piel intensive: to establish firmly or confirm something with enduring permanence — a single occurrence at Dan 6:7 (Aramaic 6:8) where the officials urge Darius to 'establish' (qayymah) an edict and 'sign a document' that cannot be changed. Spanish establecer firmemente and the intensive force of the Piel stem both mark this as more than mere 'setting up' — it is ratifying, making irrevocable and permanent. The 'law of the Medes and Persians that cannot be altered' provides the narrative context for this uniquely emphatic usage. 1×
AR["لِيُثَبِّتَ"]·ben["স্থির-করতে"]·DE["aufstellen"]·EN["to-establish"]·FR["se-lever"]·heb["להקים"]·HI["स्थापित-करने-को"]·ID["untuk-menetapkan"]·IT["stabilire"]·jav["supados-netepaken"]·KO["세우려"]·PT["para-estabelecer"]·RU["чтобы-утвердил"]·ES["para-establecer"]·SW["kuweka"]·TR["pekiştirmek-için"]·urd["قائم-کرنے-کے-لیے"]
▼ 5 more senses below
Senses
1. set up, erect — Hifil causative with physical objects: to set up, erect, or raise a structure or monument — thirteen occurrences, dominated by Daniel 3 and its account of Nebuchadnezzar's golden image. The king 'set up' the statue (Dan 3:1), summoned officials for its 'dedication' (3:2-3), and demanded worship of what he had 'set up' — the verb echoing relentlessly through the chapter. God himself 'sets up' an indestructible kingdom (Dan 2:44) and 'sets up kings' (Dan 2:21). Spanish erigir ('to erect') and the causative Hindi khadaa karna ('to make stand') both select construction-erection vocabulary, distinguishing physical raising from the metaphorical establishing of sense 4. 13×
AR["أَقَامَهُ","أَقَمْتَهُ","أَقَمْتُهُ","وَ-مُقِيمُ","يُقِيمُ"]·ben["এবং-স্থাপন-করেন","স্থাপন-করবেন","স্থাপন-করলেন-এটা","স্থাপন-করেছি","স্থাপন-করেছিলেন","স্থাপন-করেছেন","স্থাপন-করেন"]·DE["aufstellen","und-aufstellen"]·EN["He-sets-up","I-set-up","and-sets-up","he-set-it-up","set-up","will-set-up","you-set-up"]·FR["et-se-lever","se-lever"]·heb["הקים","הקימו","הקמת","הקמתי","ו-מקים","יקים"]·HI["और-खड़ा-करता-है","खड़ा-करता-है","खड़ा-करेगा","खड़ी-की-उसे","खड़ी-की-तूने","खड़ी-की-थी","खड़ी-की-मैंने"]·ID["Dia-menempatkan","Ia-mengangkat","akan-mendirikan","aku-dirikan","dan-mengangkat","didirikan","engkau-dirikan","ia-mendirikannya"]·IT["e-stabilire","stabilire"]·jav["Panjenenganipun-jumenengaken","badhe-madegaken","dipun-adegaken","dipunangkat","kawula-adegaken","lan-ngadegaken","ngadegaken-piyambakipun","panjenengan-adegaken"]·KO["그가-세웠다-그것을","그리고-세우신다","내가-세운","당신이-세운","세우신다","세우실-것이다","세운"]·PT["e-estabelece","levantará","levantaste","levantei","levantou","levantou-a"]·RU["воздвигнет","и-поставляющий","поставил","поставил-его","поставил-ты","поставил-я","поставит"]·ES["erigiste","erigió","erigí","había-erigido","la-erigió","levanta","levantará","y-establece"]·SW["aliisimamisha","alisimamisha","atainua","atasimamisha","na-anawainua","nilisimamisha","ulisimamisha"]·TR["atar","dikti","dikti-onu","diktim","diktin","kuracak","ve-kaldırır"]·urd["اور-کھڑا-کرنے-والا","قائم-کرے-گا","کھڑا-کرتا-ہے","کھڑا-کیا","کھڑا-کیا-اسے","کھڑا-کیا-تو-نے","کھڑا-کیا-تھا","کھڑا-کیا-میں-نے"]
2. arise, rise up — Qal intransitive: to arise, get up, rise into action — eight occurrences. Nebuchadnezzar 'arose in haste' from his throne at the sight of a fourth figure in the furnace (Dan 3:24); Darius 'arose at dawn' to rush to the lions' den (Dan 6:19); Zerubbabel and Jeshua 'rose up and began to build' (Ezra 5:2). In prophetic vision, kingdoms 'arise' on the historical stage (Dan 2:39; 7:17, 24). Spanish levantarse and French se lever both capture the basic motion of rising, while the Korean ileonada mirrors the inchoative 'get up and act' force. 8×
AR["تَقُومُ","قامَ","قَامَ","قُومِي","وَ-قَامَ","يَقُومُ","يَقُومُونَ"]·ben["উঠবে","উঠলেন","এবং-উঠলেন","ওঠ"]·DE["[קמו]","aufstellen","und-aufstellen"]·EN["and-rose-up","arise","arose","rose-up","will-arise"]·FR["et-se-lever","se-lever","établir"]·heb["ו-קם","יקום","יקומו","קומי","קם","קמו","תקום"]·HI["उठ","उठा","उठे","उठेंगे","उठेगा","और-उठा"]·ID["Bangunlah","akan-bangkit","bangkitlah","bangun","dan-bangkit"]·IT["e-stabilire","stabilire"]·jav["Ngadega","badhe-madeg","badhé-wungu","jumeneng","lan-ngadeg","wungu"]·KO["그리고-일어났다","일어나","일어나라","일어날-것이다","일어날것이다","일어났다"]·PT["Levanta-te","e-levantou-se","levantar-se-á","levantaram-se","se-levantará","se-levantarão","se-levantou"]·RU["восстанет","восстанут","встал","встали","встанет","встань","и-встал"]·ES["Levántate","se-levantaron","se-levantará","se-levantarán","se-levantó","y-se-levantó"]·SW["akaamka","atasimama","itainuka","na-akasimama","simama","wakainuka","watasimama"]·TR["kalk","kalkacak","kalktilar","kalktı","ve-kalktı"]·urd["اور-اٹھا","اُٹھ","اُٹھا","اُٹھیں-گے","اُٹھے","اُٹھے-گا","اٹھے-گی"]
3. stand, be standing — Qal stative: to stand, be standing, remain upright or present in a location — six occurrences. The great statue 'was standing' before Nebuchadnezzar in his dream (Dan 2:31); officials 'were standing' at the image's dedication (Dan 3:3); attendants 'stood' before the Ancient of Days (Dan 7:10). The participial forms qae'm and qayyemin mark ongoing state rather than inchoative rising. Spanish estar de pie ('to be on one's feet') and the German stehen ('to stand') confirm the stative semantics, distinct from sense 2's dynamic arising. Dan 2:44 also carries this sense: the kingdom 'shall stand forever.' 6×
AR["(وَ-قَائِمِينَ)","[وَقَائِمِينَ]","الْوَاقِفِينَ","تَقُومُ","وَاقِفٌ","يَقُومُونَ"]·ben["(এবং-দাঁড়িয়ে)","[এবং-দাঁড়িয়ে]","দাঁড়ানোদের","দাঁড়িয়ে","দাঁড়িয়ে-ছিল","দাঁড়িয়ে-থাকবে"]·DE["aufstellen","und-aufstellen"]·EN["(qere:and-standing)","[ketiv:and-standing]","standing","stood","those-standing","will-stand"]·FR["et-se-lever","se-lever"]·heb["ה-עומדים","ו-עומדים","יעמדו","עומד","תקום"]·HI["और-खड़े-थे","खड़ा-रहेगा","खड़ी-थी","खड़े-थे","खड़े-हुओं"]·ID["-yang-berdiri","[dan-berdiri]","akan-berdiri","berdiri","dan-berdiri"]·IT["e-stabilire","stabilire"]·jav["(lan-sami-ngadeg)","[lan-sami-ngadeg]","badhe-madeg","ingkang-sami-ngadeg","ngadeg","sami-ngadeg"]·KO["그리고-서-있었다","서-있었다","서리라","서있는자들에게서","서있었다"]·PT["[e-estando]","e-estavam","estava","estavam","permanecerá","que-estavam-de-pé"]·RU["(и-стояли)","[и-стояли]","встанет","стояли","стоящий","стоящих"]·ES["(y-estaban-de-pie)","[y-estaban-de-pie]","de-pie","estaban","los-que-estaban-de-pie","permanecerá"]·SW["(na-wakasimama)","[na-wakasimama]","ilisimama","utasimama","waliosimama","walisimama"]·TR["(ve-durdular)","[ve-durdular]","duran","duranların","duruyordu","kalacak"]·urd["اور-کھڑے-تھے","قائم-رہے-گی","کھڑا","کھڑے-ہوئوں","کھڑے-ہوئے"]
4. appoint, establish — Hifil causative with persons or institutions: to appoint, establish, or constitute an office, arrangement, or person in authority — six occurrences in the administrative language of Daniel and Ezra. Darius 'set' Daniel over the whole kingdom (Dan 6:1, 3); the satraps sought to 'establish' a binding decree (Dan 6:8); Belshazzar's queen recalls that Nebuchadnezzar 'appointed' Daniel as chief of the wise men (Dan 5:11). The Levites were 'set in their divisions' for temple service (Ezra 6:18). Spanish establecer/constituir and French etablir both select institutional-appointment vocabulary, clearly distinct from the physical erecting of sense 1. The same Hifil form serves both physical and political 'raising up,' unified by the causative semantics of placing something or someone in position. 6×
AR["أَقَامَهُ","بِأَنْ-يُقِيمَهُ","ثَبِّتِ","وَ-أَقامُوا","وَ-أَقَامَ","يُثَبِّتُهُ"]·ben["আর-নিযুক্ত-করলেন","এবং-স্থাপন-করলেন","নিযুক্ত-করতে-তাকে","নিযুক্ত-করেছিলেন-তাকে","স্থাপন-করেন","স্থির-করুন"]·DE["[והקימו]","aufstellen","und-aufstellen"]·EN["and-he-set","and-they-set","appointed-him","establish","establishes","to-set-him"]·FR["et-se-lever","et-établir","se-lever"]·heb["ו-הקים","ו-הקימו","יקים","למנותו","מינהו","תקים"]·HI["उसे-ठहराने-को","और-उन्होंने-नियुक्त-किया","और-ठहराया","ठहराया-उसे","स्थापित-कर","स्थापित-करे"]·ID["Dan-mereka-menetapkan","dan-ia-mengangkat","mengangkatnya","tetapkan","tetapkanlah","untuk-mengangkatnya"]·IT["e-stabilire","stabilire"]·jav["dipunangkat","lan-ngadegaken","lan-piyambakipun-netepaken","supados-netepaken-piyambakipun","tetepaken","tetepna"]·KO["그-를-세우려","그리고-세웠다","그리고-세웠으니","세우면","세우소서","세웠나이다"]·PT["e-estabeleceram","e-estabeleceu","em-estabelecê-lo","estabelece","estabelecer","o-constituiu"]·RU["И-поставили","и-поставил","поставил-его","поставить-его","установит","утверди"]·ES["establece","establezca","lo-constituyó","ponerlo","y-constituyó","y-establecieron"]·SW["alimteua","anasimamisha","kumsimamisha","na-akaweka","na-wakawaweka","weka"]·TR["Ve-diktiler","atadı-onu","atamayı-onu","pekiştir","pekiştirirse","ve-atadı"]·urd["اور-اُس-نے-مقرر-کیے","اور-کھڑا-کیا","اُسے-مقرر-کرنے-کا","قائم-کر","قائم-کرے","مقرر-کیا"]
5. be raised, be set up — Hofal passive: to be raised up or made to stand by another agent — two occurrences, both in Daniel 7's beast visions. The first beast 'was lifted up from the earth and made to stand on two feet like a man' (Dan 7:4); the second beast 'was raised up on one side' (Dan 7:5). Spanish fue levantada/fue puesta de pie and the passive Hindi uthaya jana both mark the subject as recipient of the action — something raised rather than rising on its own. The divine passive is likely operative: God is the unstated agent causing these empire-beasts to rise. 2×
AR["أُقِيمَتْ","قَامَتْ"]·ben["দাঁড়-করানো-হল"]·DE["aufstellen"]·EN["it-was-made-to-stand","it-was-raised"]·FR["se-lever"]·heb["הוקמה"]·HI["उठाया-गया","खड़ा-किया-गया"]·ID["didirikan"]·IT["stabilire"]·jav["dipunadegaken"]·KO["세워졌다"]·PT["foi-colocado","foi-levantado"]·RU["поднятый","поставлена"]·ES["fue-levantada","fue-puesta-de-pie"]·SW["akasimamishwa","aliinuliwa"]·TR["dikildi","diktirildi"]·urd["اُٹھایا-گیا","کھڑا-کیا-گیا"]
BDB / Lexicon Reference
[קוּם] vb. arise, stand (v. BH);—Pe Pf. 3 ms. קָם Dn 3:24, 3 mpl. קָ֫מוּ Ezr 5:2; Impf. 3 ms. יְקוּם Dn 6:20; 7:24, 3 fs. תְּקוּם 2:39, 44; 3 mpl. יְקוּמוּן 7:10, 17, 24 (יְקֻ׳); Imv. 2 fs. קוּמִי Dn 7:5; Pt. קָאֵם 2:31, pl. קאמין Kt, קָֽיְמִין Qr, 3:3, emph. קָֽאֲמַוָּא 7:16;— 1. arise Dn 3:24 (from throne), 6:20 (from bed). 2. come on scene of history: kingdom 2:39, king 7:17, 24 (both מִן of…