H4522 H4522
Forced labor, corvée gang; later, monetary tribute or tax levy imposed on subject peoples.
In its earliest and most frequent sense, mas refers to a body of conscripted laborers -- a corvée gang pressed into royal service. Jacob's blessing over Issachar foretells he will become 'a slave at forced labor' (Gen 49:15), and Solomon's great building projects relied on a mas of 30,000 men drawn from all Israel (1 Kgs 5:27). Spanish tributo and leva together capture both the later monetary sense and the older labor-gang meaning. Only in Esther 10:1, where Ahasuerus imposes mas on the coastlands, does the word clearly mean a monetary tribute -- a semantic shift the Targum's rendering already reflects.
2. tribute, tax payment — Monetary tribute or tax exacted from a conquered or subject people, distinct from physical labor conscription. Attested clearly only in Esth 10:1, where Ahasuerus levies mas on the land and coastlands. The late semantic development from labor-gang to tax-payment parallels Aramaic and post-biblical Hebrew usage, where the cognate came to mean 'tax' rather than 'forced work.' 1×
AR["جِزْيَةً"]·ben["কর"]·DE["[מס]"]·EN["tribute"]·FR["[מס]"]·heb["מס"]·HI["कर"]·ID["pajak"]·IT["[מס]"]·jav["ngenèkaken-pajeg"]·KO["조공을"]·PT["tributo"]·RU["подать"]·ES["tributo"]·SW["ushuru"]·TR["vergi"]·urd["ٹیکس"]
▼ 1 more sense below
Senses
1. forced labor, corvée — Conscripted labor gangs or compulsory servitude imposed on subject peoples, as in Solomon's workforce levies and the Canaanite populations put to forced labor (Josh 16:10; 17:13). Spanish leva ('levy') and French forced-travail capture the physical compulsion involved. The phrase mas-oved ('laboring corvée') in Gen 49:15 and Exod 1:11 specifies the harshest form of this service. 22×
AR["التَّسْخِيرِ","الجِزيَةِ","الـ-جِزْيَةُ","الـ-جِزْيَةِ","الـ-سُّخْرَةِ","الْجِزْيَةِ","تَسْخِيرٍ","جِزْيَةً","عَبْدَ-","لِ-السُّخْرةِ","لِ-السُّخْرَةِ","لِ-سُخْرةِ-","لِلتَّسْخِيرِ","لِلسُّخرَةِ","لِلسُّخْرَةِ","لِلْجِزْيَةِ"]·ben["-উপরে","-বেগার-শ্রমের","কর-বাহিনীর","বাধ্য-শ্রমে","বেগার-","বেগার-কাজ","বেগার-জন্য","বেগার-শ্রমে-","বেগার-শ্রমের","বেগারে","বেগারের","বেগারের-উপর","বেগারের-জন্য"]·DE["[המס]","[למס]","der-forced-labor","forced-Arbeit","forced-labor","fuer-forced-Arbeit","wie-forced-Arbeit","zu-forced-Arbeit","zum-Fronarbeiter"]·EN["as-forced-labor","for-forced-labor","for-labor-of-","forced-labor","put-to-forced-labor","shall-be","the-forced-labor","to-forced-labor"]·FR["[המס]","[למס]","comme-forced-travail","en-corvée","força-labeur","força-labor","le-força-labor","pour-forced-travail","pour-labeur-de-","à-forced-travail","à-למס"]·heb["ה-מס","הַ-מַּס","ל-מס","מיסים","מס"]·HI["के-लिए-बेगार","के-लिए-बेगार-","बेगार","बेगार-","बेगार-का","बेगार-के","बेगार-पर-था","बेगार-मज़दूरी-में","बेगार-मज़दूरी-में।","बेगार-में","बेगारी-के-लिए"]·ID["-kerja-paksa","kerja-paksa","menjadi-pekerja-paksa","menjadi-pekerja-rodi","pekerja","pekerja-","sebagai-kerja-paksa","untuk-kerja-paksa"]·IT["[המס]","[למס]","a-forced-labor","a-tributo","come-forced-labor","forced-lavoro","forzato-lavoro","il-forzato-lavoro","per-forced-labor","per-forced-lavoro","per-lavoro-di-","per-put-a-forced-fatica"]·jav["kangge-kerja-paksa","kangge-rèncang-paksa","kanggé-kerja-paksa","kanggé-nyambut-damel-paksa","kanggé-pajak-paksa","kanggé-paksa","kerja-paksa","pajeg-paksa","tanaga-paksa"]·KO["강제-노역에","강제-로린다","그-강제-노동","그-부역","그-부역에","그-부역의","그-부역이","노역의","부역-으로","부역에","부역을","에-강제-노동","에-노역이","에-세금-","에게-부역-"]·PT["a-leva","o-trabalho-forçado","o-tributo","para-trabalho-","para-trabalho-forçado","para-tributo","tributo","tributos"]·RU["на-повинность","на-принудительные-","на-принудительные-работы","на-принудительный-труд","на-принудительных-работах","повинностей","повинности","повинность","повинностью","податью","принудительным-трудом-"]·ES["a-tributo","el-tributo","la-leva","para-tributo","tributo","tributos"]·SW["chini-ya-kazi-ya-kulazimishwa","ilikuwa","juu-ya","kazi-ya-kulazimishwa","kazi-za-kulazimishwa","kwa-kazi-ya-","kwa-kazi-ya-kulazimishwa","kwa-wasiliana","wa-kazi-ya-kulazimishwa","watumwa"]·TR["angarya","angarya-","angarya-icin","angarya-için","angaryacı-olarak","angaryanın","angaryasının","angaryaya","için-angarya"]·urd["-کی-بیگار","ال-محصول","بیگار","بیگار-میں","بیگار-کا","بیگار-کو","بیگار-کے","بیگار-کے-طور-پر","بیگار-کے-لیے","بیگاری-کے-لیے"]
Gen 49:15, Exod 1:11, Deut 20:11, Josh 16:10, Josh 17:13, Judg 1:28, Judg 1:30, Judg 1:33, Judg 1:35, 2 Sam 20:24, 1 Kgs 4:6, 1 Kgs 5:13 (+10 more)
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† I. מַס n.m. 1 K 5:27 usually coll. body of forced labourers, task-workers, labour-band or gang, also (late) forced service, task-work, serfdom (𝔗 מִסָּא, especially in phr. מַסְּקֵי מִיסִּין (implying late and [for BH] false sense ‘tribute,’ so NH מַעֲלֵי מִסִּים; √ unknown, prob. loan-wd.; follows anal. of ע׳׳ע);—abs. מ׳ 1 K 5:27 +; לָמַ֑ס Jos 17:13 +, הַמַּ֑ס 2 S 20:24 +; pl. מִסִּים Ex…