מִנְחָה153 H4503
Don, tributo, ofrenda; desde regalos seculares entre personas, pasando por tributo vasallático, hasta la ofrenda de grano del culto levítico.
Minjá traza un arco semántico fascinante desde lo cotidiano hasta lo sagrado. En sus usos narrativos más antiguos significa simplemente un regalo: el presente de Jacob a Esaú (Gn 32:14), el obsequio de los hermanos a José (Gn 43:11). En contextos políticos se estrecha a tributo: el pago obligatorio que un vasallo lleva a su señor, como el tributo de Ehud a Eglón (Jue 3:15). Pero en la literatura sacerdotal se convierte en el término técnico por excelencia para la ofrenda de grano descrita en Levítico 2, compuesta de flor de harina mezclada con aceite e incienso. La evidencia árabe es particularmente reveladora: los usos seculares activan hadiyya («regalo»), los políticos jizya o kharaj («tributo»), y los cultuales taqdima («presentación formal»), tres palabras árabes distintas para lo que el hebreo cubre con una sola. Esta polisemia estratificada conserva la intuición teológica de que la adoración es, en su nivel más profundo, un acto de dar.
Sentidos
1. ofrenda de grano (cultual) — Ofrenda de grano técnica del culto sacerdotal, el sentido dominante con 139 apariciones, concentrada en Levítico, Números y Ezequiel. Levítico 2 define minjá como flor de harina con aceite e incienso: una porción se quema sobre el altar y el resto lo comen los sacerdotes (Lv 2:1-3). El término se extiende al componente de grano que acompaña los sacrificios de animales (Nm 15:4-9; 28-29). 139×
AR["لِ-تَقْدِمَةٍ", "لِتَقْدِمَةٍ", "لِـ-تَقْدِمَةٍ", "وَ-تَقْدِمَتَهُمْ", "وَ-تَقْدِمَتُهُمْ", "وَتَقْدِمَتُهَا", "وَتَقْدِمَتُهُمْ"]·ben["এবং-তাদের-ভক্ষ্য-নৈবেদ্য", "এবং-তাদের-শস্য-উৎসর্গ", "নৈবেদ্যের-জন্য", "ভক্ষ্য-নৈবেদ্য-রূপে।", "শস্য-উৎসর্গের-জন্য", "শস্য-নৈবেদ্যের-জন্য"]·DE["fuer-Speiseopfer", "und-ihr-Getreide-Opfergabe", "zu-Speisopfer"]·EN["and-their-grain-offering", "for-grain-offering"]·FR["et-leur-grain-offrande", "offrande", "pour-offrande-de-grain"]·heb["ו-מנחה", "ל-מנחה"]·HI["अन्नबलि-के-लिए", "और-अन्नबलि-इनकी", "और-अन्नबलि-उनकी", "और-उनके-अन्नबलि", "भेंट-के-लिए", "में-तेल"]·ID["beserta-persembahan-biji-bijian-mereka", "dan-korban-sajian-mereka", "dan-persembahan-sajian-mereka", "dengan-persembahan-makanan-mereka", "sebagai-korban-sajian", "untuk-korban-sajian", "untuk-persembahan-biji-bijian", "untuk-persembahan-sajian"]·IT["a-offerta", "e-loro-grano-offerta", "per-oblazione", "per-offerta-di-grano"]·jav["Lan-kurban-dhaharanipun", "kagem-kurban-dhaharan", "kangge-kurban-dhaharan", "kangge-pisungsung-dhaharan", "kanggé-kurban-dhaharan", "lan-pisungsung-dhaharan-ipun"]·KO["곡식-제물로", "그리고-그것들의-소제는", "그리고-그들의-소제", "소제-로", "소제를-위하여", "에-소제물을-위하여"]·PT["E-oferta-de-cereais-deles", "e-oferta-de-cereais-deles", "e-oferta-de-cereais-sua", "e-sua-oferta-de-cereal", "para-oferta-de-cereais"]·RU["для-приношения", "для-хлебного-приношения", "и-хлебное-приношение-их"]·ES["Y-ofrenda-de-ellos", "para-ofrenda", "para-ofrenda-de-grano", "y-ofrenda-de-ellos", "y-su-ofrenda-de-grano"]·SW["Umnhtm", "kwa-sadaka-ya-nafaka", "na-sadaka-yake-ya-nafaka", "na-sadaka-zao-za-nafaka"]·TR["-e-tahla-sunu", "-için-tahıl-sunusu", "-tahıl-sunu-için", "tahıl-sunusu-için", "ve-tahıl-sunuları", "ve-tahıl-sunuları-onların", "ve-tahıl-sunusunu"]·urd["اور-اُن-کا-نذرانہ", "اور-اُن-کی-نذر", "اور-نذر-اُن-کی", "لئے-نذر-کی-قربانی-کے", "نذر-کے-لیے", "نذرانے-کے-لیے"]
2. ofrenda, oblación (cultual general) — Cualquier ofrenda o oblación presentada a Dios (39x) donde minjá designa un don cultual general sin restricción específica al grano. El ejemplo paradigmático es Génesis 4:3-5, donde tanto la ofrenda vegetal de Caín como la animal de Abel se llaman minjá, demostrando que la palabra precede a su especialización levítica. De modo similar, en Jueces 6:18 Gedeón prepara una minjá que incluye carne y caldo. 39×
AR["التَّقْدِمَةُ", "تَقدِمَةً", "تَقْدِمَةً", "تَقْدِمَةٍ", "وَ-التَّقْدِمَةَ", "وَ-تَقْدِمَةً", "وَ-تَقْدِمَةٌ", "وَتَقْدِمَةً", "وَتَقْدِمَةٍ"]·ben["উপহার", "উৎসর্গ", "এবং-নৈবেদ্য", "ও-নৈবেদ্য", "ও-নৈবেদ্যের-সাথে", "তুলে-আন", "নৈবেদ্য", "নৈবেদ্যের"]·DE["Opfer", "Opfergabe", "Speisopfer", "ein-Opfer", "ein-Speisopfer", "und-Opfergabe", "und-Speisopfer"]·EN["a-grain-offering", "an-offering", "and-a-grain-offering", "and-grain-offering", "and-offering", "grain-offering", "offering"]·FR["de-offrande", "et-de-offrande", "et-offrande", "offrande"]·heb["ו-מנחה", "וּ-מנחה", "מִנחה", "מנחה"]·HI["और-अन्नबलि", "और-भेंट", "भेंट"]·ID["dan-persembahan", "korban-sajian", "persembahan"]·IT["e-offerta", "offerta"]·jav["kurban-dhaharan", "kurban-dhédhér", "lan-pisungsung", "lan-pisungsung-dhaharan", "pisungsung", "pisungsung-dhaharan"]·KO["그리고-소제들을", "그리고-소제로", "그리고-소제와", "그리고-예물-을", "그리고-제물을", "소제를", "소제물-과", "예물-을", "예물을", "제물", "제물로", "제물을"]·PT["e-a-oferta-de-cereais", "e-oferta", "e-oferta-de-cereais", "e-ofertas", "oferenda", "oferta", "oferta-de-cereal"]·RU["дар", "и-приношение", "и-приношением", "и-приношения", "приношение", "хлебное-приношение", "хлебную-жертву"]·ES["ofrenda", "y-ofrenda"]·SW["minchah", "na-sadaka", "na-sadaka-ya-nafaka", "sadaka", "sadaka-ya-nafaka", "sadaka-za-nafaka"]·TR["sunu", "sunuyu", "tahil-sunusu", "tahıl-sunusu", "ve-sunu", "ve-sunu-", "ve-sunuyu", "ve-tahıl-sunusu"]·urd["اور-نذر", "اور-نذر-کو", "اور-نذریں", "اور-ہدیہ", "نذر", "نذرانہ", "ہدیہ"]
Gen 4:3, Gen 4:4, Gen 4:5, Num 16:15, Judg 6:18, 1 Sam 2:17, 1 Sam 2:29, 1 Sam 2:29, 1 Sam 3:14, 1 Sam 26:19, 1 Chr 16:29, 2 Chr 32:23 (+27 más)
3. regalo, presente (secular) — Regalo o presente secular entre personas (18x), sobre todo en las narrativas del Génesis. El elaborado presente de Jacob para apaciguar a Esaú (Gn 32:14-22) es el ejemplo clásico: envía rebaños en oleadas como minjá esperando «cubrir su rostro». Los hermanos llevan minjá al funcionario egipcio que resulta ser José (Gn 43:11, 25-26). El árabe se decanta claramente por hadiyya («regalo»), sin recurrir a vocabulario cultual. 18×
AR["الْ-هَدِيَّةَ", "الْهَدِيَّةُ", "بِ-الْهَدِيَّةِ", "بِ-تَقْدِمَةٍ", "تَقدِمَتَهُ", "هَديَّةً", "هَدِيَّةً", "هَدِيَّةٌ", "هَدِيَّتِ-ي", "وَاحِدٍ", "وَهَدِيَّةً"]·ben["-উপহার", "-উপহার-দিয়ে", "আমার-উপহার", "উপহার", "উপহারের-জন্য-", "এবং-উপহার", "তার-উপহার", "সহিত-নৈবেদ্য"]·DE["Opfergabe", "Speisopfer", "das-Geschenk", "ein-Geschenk", "ein-gift", "gift", "mein-Geschenk", "mit-dem-Geschenk", "mit-ein-Speisopfer", "sein-gift", "und-Speisopfer", "und-gift"]·EN["a-gift", "a-tribute", "and-a-gift", "and-gift", "gift", "his-gift", "my-gift", "the-gift", "with-a-gift", "with-the-gift"]·FR["avec-le-don", "dans-offrande", "don", "et-gift", "et-offrande", "gift", "le-don", "mon-don", "offrande", "son-gift", "un-don", "un-gift"]·heb["ב-ה-מנחה", "ב-מנחה", "ה-מנחה", "ו-מנחה", "מִנְחָה", "מִנְחָתוֹ", "מנחה", "מנחה-ו", "מנחה-י"]·HI["अपनी-भेंट", "और-भेंट", "भेंट", "भेंट-अपनी-उसकी", "भेंट-से", "मिन्खाह", "में-भेंट-के-साथ", "मेरी-भेंट"]·ID["dan-hadiah", "dengan-persembahan", "persembahan", "persembahan-itu", "persembahan-ku", "persembahannya"]·IT["con-il-dono", "dono", "e-dono", "e-offerta", "il-dono", "mio-dono", "offerta", "suo-dono", "un-dono"]·jav["kalayan-pisungsung", "kangge-raja", "lan-bebungah", "lan-pisungsung", "pisungsung", "pisungsung-kawula", "pisungsung-punika", "pisungsungè"]·KO["-예물-로", "그-선물로", "그-선물이", "그-의-선물", "그리고-선물을", "그리고-예물을", "그의-선물을", "나의-선물을", "선물로", "선물을", "선물이다", "예물을"]·PT["com-o-presente", "com-presente", "e-presente", "o-presente", "presente", "presente-meu", "presente-seu", "sua-oferta"]·RU["-дар", "-даром", "дар", "дар-мой", "дар-свой", "дара", "и-дар", "с-даром"]·ES["con-el-presente", "con-presente", "el-presente", "ofrenda-de-él", "presente", "presente-mío", "regalo", "su-ofrenda", "tributo", "y-presente"]·SW["-zawadi", "hii", "kwa-zawadi", "kwangu", "na-zawadi", "zawadi", "zawadi-yake"]·TR["-armağanla", "-hediye", "-hediyeyi", "-hediyeyle", "armagan", "armağan", "armağan-olarak", "armağanını", "hediye", "hediyemi", "hediyesini-onun", "ve-hediye"]·urd["اور-تحفہ", "اور-تحفے", "اپنا-ہدیہ", "تحفہ", "تحفے-سے", "میرا-تحفہ", "نذر-سے", "نذرانہ", "نذرانہ-اس", "نذرانہ-وہ", "نذرانے-کے-طور-پر", "ہدیہ-اپنا"]
4. tributo (político, vasallático) — Tributo político obligatorio de un vasallo o súbdito a un soberano (15x), en Jueces, Samuel, Reyes y Crónicas. El tributo de Ehud a Eglón (Jue 3:15-18) es el arquetipo narrativo; los moabitas y arameos vencidos llevan minjá a David (2 Sam 8:2, 6); reyes sometidos traen tributo a Salomón (1 Re 5:1). El árabe emplea jizya o kharaj («impuesto, tributo») y el español se decanta por tributo en estos contextos. 15×
AR["الْهَدِيَّةَ", "الْهَدِيَّةِ", "تَقْدِمَةً", "جِزيَةً", "جِزْيَةً", "جِزْيَةٍ", "هَدِيَّةً"]·ben["আনছিল", "উপহার", "উপহার-", "উপহারের", "উপহারের-", "দায়ূদ", "নজরানা", "বহনকারীরা"]·DE["Speisopfer", "Tribut", "der-tribute", "ein-tribute"]·EN["a-tribute", "the-tribute", "tribute"]·FR["de-offrande", "le-tribut", "offrande", "tribut", "un-tribut"]·heb["ה-מנחה", "מנחה"]·HI["उपहार-की", "कर", "भेंट", "भेंट-को", "भेंट-को।"]·ID["persembahan", "upeti"]·IT["il-tribute", "offerta", "tributo", "un-tribute"]·jav["pisungsung", "pisungsung-punika", "upeti"]·KO["공물", "공물-을", "공물을", "그-공물을", "예물과", "예물을", "조공을"]·PT["o-tributo", "tributo"]·RU["дань", "дар"]·ES["el-tributo", "tributo"]·SW["kodi", "na-wakimtumikia", "ushuru", "zawadi"]·TR["de-sununun", "de-sunuyu", "haracı", "haraç", "harç", "hediye", "sunu"]·urd["تحفہ", "تحفے", "خراج", "خراج۔", "نذر", "نذرانہ", "نذرانہ-کے", "ہدیہ"]
Judg 3:15, Judg 3:17, Judg 3:18, Judg 3:18, 2 Sam 8:2, 2 Sam 8:6, 1 Kgs 4:21, 2 Kgs 17:3, 2 Kgs 17:4, 1 Chr 18:2, 1 Chr 18:6, 2 Chr 17:5 (+3 más)
Sentidos Relacionados
H3808 1. simple negation (not) (4839×)G1722 1. locative: in, within (2442×)H1004b 1. house, dwelling, building (2015×)G3756 1. not (negation particle) (1635×)H4480a 1. source or separation (1198×)H5892b 1. city, town (1093×)G1519 1. direction: into, to, toward (1061×)H3427 1. Qal: to dwell, inhabit (937×)G1537 1. from, out of (source/origin) (886×)H8034 1. Name (designation / identifier) (856×)G3361 1. subjective negation (not) (834×)G1909 1. on, upon (spatial surface) (757×)H0369 1. existential negation: there is not (738×)H5869a 1. in the eyes/sight of (evaluative) (734×)H5650 1. Servant, attendant, subject (723×)H0408 1. prohibitive negation do-not (712×)G2443 1. so that, in order that (purpose/result) (665×)G0575 1. from (649×)G1223 1. through, by means of (582×)H3541 1. thus, so, in this manner (569×)
Referencia BDB / Léxico
מִנְחָה153 n.f. gift, tribute, offering (NH id.; Ph. מנחת; 𝔗 מִנְחָתָא on Arabic v. supr.);—abs. מ׳ Gn 4:3 + 81 times; cstr. מִנְחַת Lv 2:7 + 22 times; sf. מִנְחָתִי Gn 33:10 + 3 times; + 41 times sfs. sg.; pl. sf. מִנְחֹתֶיךָ ψ 20:4; מִנְחֹתֵיכֶם Nu 29:39 Am 5:22;— †1. gift, present Gn 32:14, 19, 21, 22 (E), 33:10; 43:11, 15, 25, 26 (J), Ju 6:18 1 S 10:27 1 K 10:25=2 Ch 9:24 2 K 8:8, 9;…