H3637 H3637
To be ashamed, be disgraced (Nifal); to humiliate, put to shame (Hifil); to be caused shame (Hofal)
A verb whose three stems map a full circuit of shame: the Nifal expresses being ashamed, the Hifil the causative act of humiliating another, and the rare Hofal the passive experience of having disgrace inflicted. When Moses asks about Miriam, 'Would she not be ashamed seven days?' (Num 12:14), the Nifal captures disgrace felt inwardly. Boaz orders his men not to 'humiliate' Ruth (Ruth 2:15) -- the Hifil targets dignity. Arabic cognate 'kalama' (to wound) hints at the physical origin behind the psychological sense.
3. be humiliated by another (Hofal) — The Hofal stem (passive of Hifil): being caused shame by an external agent. Only three occurrences distinguish this from the Nifal by emphasizing that disgrace was inflicted. In 1 Samuel 25:15, servants report they 'were not shamed' by David's men; Jeremiah 14:3 depicts nobles 'put to shame' by drought. The construction stresses the agent behind the humiliation. 3×
AR["نُهَن","وَ-تَخْزَيِنَ","وَ-خَجِلُوا"]·ben["আমরা-অপমানিত-হয়েছিলাম","ও-অপমানিত-হবে","ও-অপমানিত-হয়েছে-তারা"]·DE["und-beschaemen","wir-waren-shamed"]·EN["and-humiliated","we-were-shamed"]·FR["et-avoir-honte","nous-furent-shamed"]·heb["הוכלמנו","ו-הוכלמו","ו-נכלמת"]·HI["और-अपमानित-हुए","और-अपमानित-होगी-तू","हम-अपमानित-हुए"]·ID["dan-akan-dihina","dan-dihina","kami-dipermalukan"]·IT["e-svergognare","noi-erano-svergognò"]·jav["kita-karèmehaken","lan-kaisinan","lan-wirang"]·KO["그리고-수치를-당하리라","그리고-수치스러워했다","모욕했다"]·PT["e-humilharam-se","e-serás-humilhada","fomos-envergonhados"]·RU["и-посрамились","и-посрамишься","обижали-нас"]·ES["fuimos-avergonzados","y-se-humillaron","y-serás-humillada"]·SW["kuwaaibisha","na-kufedheheshwa"]·TR["utandırdılar-bizi","ve-rezil-olacaksın","ve-rezil-oldular"]·urd["اور-رسوا-ہو-گی","اور-رسوا-ہوئے","رسوا-کیا-ہم-کو"]
▼ 2 more senses below
Senses
1. be ashamed, be disgraced (Nifal) — The Nifal stem: experiencing shame or public disgrace as an internal state. Numbers 12:14 sets the paradigm -- shame that lasts and isolates. In Isaiah 45:16-17 idolaters 'are ashamed' while Israel 'shall not be ashamed,' framing shame as salvation's antithesis. Ezra 9:6 turns shame inward as penitence. Spanish 'avergonzarse' reflects the passive-reflexive Nifal. 25×
AR["أَخْزَ","أَنْ-تَخْجَلِي","الْمَخْزيُّونَ","اِخْزَيْتُ","تَخْجَلِي","تَخْزَى","خَجِلُوا","مُخزَينَ","وَ-يَخْجَلُونَ","وَ-يُخْزَوْا","وَاحْمِرَارًا","وَتَخْجَلِي","وَتَخْجَلِينَ","وَيَخْجَلونَ","وَيَخْجَلُ","وَٱخْزَوْا","يُخْزَوْا"]·ben["অপমানিত","অপমানিত-হবে","অপমানিত-হয়েছিলাম-আমি","অপমানিত-হোক","আমি-লজ্জিত-হয়েছিলাম","আর-অপমানিত-হও","আর-লজ্জিত-হও","আর-লজ্জিত-হবে","এবং-অপমানিত-হওয়া","এবং-অপমানিত-হবে","এবং-তারা-লজ্জিত-হবে","ও-অপমানিত-হোক","তারা-লজ্জিত-হয়","লজ্জা-পেও","লজ্জিত","লজ্জিত-হত","লজ্জিত-হতে","লজ্জিত-হল"]·DE["[והכלמו]","[ויכלמו]","[ונכלמת]","[ונכלמת]","[נכלמו]","beschaemen","beschämte","der-ashamed","humiliated","sie-sein-ashamed","und-beschaemen","und-beschämte"]·EN["I-was-humiliated","and-be-disgraced","and-be-humiliated","and-disgraced","and-humiliated","and-let-them-be-ashamed","and-you-shall-be-ashamed","be-disgraced","be-humiliated","humiliated","she-be-ashamed","the-ashamed","they-are-ashamed","to-be-ashamed","were-ashamed"]·FR["[נכלמו]","avoir-honte","elle-être-ashamed","et-avoir-honte","et-faire-honte","et-être-confus","faire-honte","humilia","le-ashamed","être-confus"]·heb["ה-נכלמים","היכלם","ו-היכלמו","ו-ייכלמו","ו-יכלמו","ו-להיכלם","ו-ניכלמת","ייכלמו","ניכלמו","ניכלמתי","נכלמו","נכלמים","נכלמתי","תיכלמי","תכלם"]·HI["अपमानित-हुआ-मैं","अपमानित-हुए","अपमानित-होओ","और-अपमानित-हों","और-अपमानित-होंगे","और-लज्जित-हो","और-लज्जित-हो-तू","और-लज्जित-हों","और-लज्जित-होगी-तू","और-वे-लज्जित-हों","और-शर्मिंदा-होना","मैं-लज्जित-हुआ","लज्जित","लज्जित-हुए","लज्जित-होती","लज्जित-होने-से","वे-लज्जित-हों"]·ID["-yang-dipermalukan","Aku-dipermalukan","aku-dipermalukan","biarlah-mendapat-kehinaan","dan-biarlah-dihina","dan-biarlah-mereka-malu","dan-dipermalukan","dan-engkau-akan-malu","dan-engkau-malu","dan-menanggung-aib","dan-rendah-hati","dipermalukan","ia-dipermalukan","malu","merasa-malu","merasa-terhina","mereka-malu","sangat-malu"]·IT["[והכלמו]","[ויכלמו]","[ונכלמת]","[ונכלמת]","[נכלמו]","e-fu-confuso","e-svergognare","ella-essere-ashamed","fu-confuso","humiliated","il-vergognoso","svergognare"]·jav["Ingsun-sampun-isin","Kawula-dipun-wirangaken","dipunwirangaken","ingkang-isin","isin","lan-dipun-gugu","lan-isin","lan-panjenengan-isin","lan-sami-isin","lan-wirang","lingsem","piyambakipun-dipun-isin","saha-dadosa-wirang","sami-isin"]·KO["그것들이-부끄러워하면","그녀는-부끄러워할-것이다","그리고-그것들이-부끄러워할-것이다","그리고-네가-부끄러워하리라","그리고-수치당하리이다","그리고-수치를","그리고-수치를-당하리라","그리고-수치스럽게-하소서","그리고-츽피하라","부끄러운","부끄러워하기를","부끄러워하였느니라","수치당하라","수치당했느니라","수치를-당하게-하소서","수치를-당했다","수치스럽게-하소서","심히-부끄러워하는"]·PT["e-envergonhar-se-ão","e-humilhados","e-humilhai-vos","e-humilhar-se","e-sejam-humilhados","e-serão-humilhados","e-te-envergonharás","e-te-envergonhes","envergonhar-te","envergonharam-se","fui-envergonhado","humilharam-se","humilhei-me","muito-envergonhados","o-envergonhado","se-envergonharem","sejam-humilhados","seria-envergonhada","te-humilhes"]·RU["был-посрамлён","была-бы-посрамлена","и-да-посрамятся","и-краснея","и-позорьтесь","и-посрамятся","и-постыдилась","и-постыдишься","и-пусть-устыдятся","опозорены","посрамились","посрамятся","постыжённый","стыдись","стыдиться","устыдились","устыдился-Я","устыдятся"]·ES["avergonzarte","fueron-humillados","fui-humillado","los-avergonzados","muy-avergonzados","se-avergonzaren","se-avergonzaron","sean-humillados","sería-avergonzada","te-humilles","y-confundíos","y-humillados","y-humillarse","y-se-avergüencen","y-sean-confundidos","y-sean-humillados","y-te-avergonzarás","y-te-avergüences"]·SW["angeaibishwa","fedheheke","kuaibika","na-kufedheheshwa","na-tahanikeni","na-uaibishwe","na-utaaibishwa","na-waaibike","na-wafedheheshwe","na-watafedheheshwa","niklmwּ","nilifedheheshwa","nimeaibishwa","waaibikie","waliotiwa-aibu","wameaibishwa","wamefedheheshwa","wasifedheheshwe","wataaibiwa"]·TR["mahcup-olacaksin","rezil-oldular","rezil-oldum","rezil-olsun","utanacaktı","utandim","utandılar","utanmayı","utanç-içinde","utanılan","utanırlarsa","ve-aşağılansın","ve-aşağılansınlar","ve-rezil-olacak","ve-rezil-olsunlar","ve-utanacaksın","ve-utanmanız","ve-utanırlar","ve-yüzü-kızarma","ve-yüzünüz-kızarsın"]·urd["اور-تُو-شرمندہ-ہو","اور-رسوا-ہو","اور-رسوا-ہوں-گے","اور-رُسوا-ہوں","اور-شرمندہ-ہو-گی","اور-شرمندہ-ہوں","اور-لاج","بہت-رسوا","رسوا-ہوئے","رسوا-ہونا","رسوا-ہوں","رسوا-ہوں-میں","شرمانے-سے","شرمسار-ہوتی","شرمندہ","شرمندہ-ہوئے","شرمندہ-ہوں","میں-شرمندہ-ہوا","وَ-رسوا-ہوں"]
Num 12:14, 2 Sam 10:5, 2 Sam 19:3, 1 Chr 19:5, 2 Chr 30:15, Ezra 9:6, Ps 35:4, Ps 40:14, Ps 69:6, Ps 70:2, Ps 74:21, Isa 41:11 (+13 more)
2. put to shame, humiliate (Hifil) — The Hifil stem: actively causing shame to another person. Judges 18:7 describes a city with no one to 'put them to shame'; Ruth 2:15 instructs reapers not to 'humiliate' the gleaner; 1 Samuel 20:34 records Jonathan's anger because Saul had 'disgraced' David. Spanish 'avergonzar' (transitive) and French 'humilier' mark the causative agent. 10×
AR["أَهَانَهُ","الـ-خَجَلَ","بِ-إِذْلالِ","تُخْجِلُوهَا","تُعَيِّرُونَنِي","مُخْجِلٌ","مُخْزٍ","نُهِنهُم","وَأَخْزَيْتَنا","يُخْزِي"]·ben["অপমান-করেছিলেন-তাঁকে","অপমানিত-হওয়া","আমরা-অপমান-করেছিলাম-তাদের","ও-লজ্জিত-করেছ-আমাদের","তোমরা-অপমান-করেছ-আমাকে","তোমরা-তাকে-লজ্জা-দিও","যখন-লজ্জিত-করে","লজ্জা-দেওয়ার","লজ্জা-দেয়","লজ্জিত-করছে"]·DE["[יכלים]","[מכלם]","[תכלימוה]","[תכלימוני]","hatte-humiliated-ihn","in-die-Geraete","shaming","sie-beschaemten","und-beschämte","wir-shamed-ihnen"]·EN["and-humiliated-us","feeling-shame","had-humiliated-him","shame-her","shames","shaming","we-shamed-them","when-puts-to-shame","you-insult-me"]·FR["avait-humilia-lui","avoir-honte","avoir-honte-moi","dans-avoir-honte","et-faire-honte","nous-shamed-eux","shame-sa","shaming"]·heb["ב-הכלים","היכלם","הכלים-ו","הכלמנו-ם","ו-תכלימ-אותנו","יכלים","מכלים","תכלימוה","תכלימוני"]·HI["अपमअन-किय-उसे","और-लज्जित-किया-हमें","तुझे-लज्जित-करता","तुम-मुझे-लज्जित-किया","लज्जित-करता","लज्जित-करने-पर","लज्जित-करनेवाला","लज्जित-करो","शर्मिंदा-होना","हमने-अपमानित-किया-उन्हें"]·ID["kami-permalukan-mereka","kamu-menghinaku","ketika-mempermalukan","mempermalukan","mempermalukannya","merasa-malu","yang-mempermalukan"]·IT["aveva-humiliated-lui","e-fu-confuso","in-quando-puts-a-shame","noi-svergognò-loro","shame-suo","shames","shaming","svergognare","voi-insult-me-mio"]·jav["ing-ngwirangaken","ingkang-ngasoraken","kita-sami-ngrèmehaken","lan-ngguguaken-kita","ngremehaken-piyambakipun","ngwirangaken","panjenengan-wirangaken-kawula","tiyang-ingkang-ngisin-isinaken","wirang"]·KO["그녀를-부끄럽게-하지-마라","그리고-수치-주셨도다-우리-를","모욕하였나니","모욕했다","부끄럽게-하는-자-가","부끄럽게-하는-자가","부끄럽게-하다","부끄럽게-함에","치욕당함을"]·PT["a-envergonheis","e-nos-envergonhaste","envergonha","envergonhador","envergonhamos-os","envergonhou-o","humilhar-se","me-insultastes","quando-envergonhar","quem-envergonhe"]·RU["и-посрамил-нас","когда-пристыдит","краснея","обижали-мы-их","опозорил-его","позорите-меня","посрамляет","стыдите-её","стыдящего"]·ES["avergonzará","cuando-avergüence","la-avergüencen","lo-avergonzó","los-avergonzamos","me-habéis-avergonzado;","quien-avergonzara","quien-te-avergüence?","sonrojarse","y-nos-humillaste"]·SW["akikuaibisha","anayekuaibisha","humwaibisha","kufedheheshwa","kumwaibisha","kuwaaibisha","mmeniaibisha","mtu-wa-kuwaaibishia","na-umetufedhehesha","yeye"]·TR["utandıran","utandırdı-onu","utandırdık-onları","utandırdınız-beni","utandırdığında","utandırmayın-onu","utandırır","utanırtan","ve-utandırdın-bizi","yüz-kızartma"]·urd["اور-شرمندہ-کیا-ہمیں","تم رسوا کرتے ہو-مجھے","رسوا-کرتا-ہے","رسوا-کیا-ہم-نے-اُنہیں","رُسوا-کیا-اُسے","شرمندہ-کرنے-والا","شرمندہ-کرو-اُسے","شرمندہ-کرے-پر","لاج"]
BDB / Lexicon Reference
† [כָּלַם] vb. only Niph. Hoph. be humiliated, Hiph. humiliate (NH Hiph., id.; Aramaic כְּלַם Aph. Ithpe.; Arabic كَلَمَ is wound; كَلَّمَ also speak to, converse with);— Niph. Pf. 2 fs. וְנִכְלַמְתְּ consec. Je 22:22 + 2 times; 1 s. גִכְלַמְתִּי Je 31:19; Ezr 9:6, נִכְלָ֑מְתִּי Is 50:7; 3 pl. נִכְלְמוּ Is 45:16 + 2 times; Impf. 3 fs. תִּכָּלֵם Nu 12:14; 2 fs. תִּכָּֽלְמִי Is 54:4; 3 mpl.…