The noun denotes collaborative investigation, joint discussion, or disputation. Classical usage speaks of philosophical joint inquiry. In NT usage, it takes on more contentious overtones of disputation and debate. After Paul's teaching in Rome, the Jews departed 'having much disputation among themselves.' The term suggests vigorous, perhaps contentious debate—not harmonious consensus but divided opinions producing extended argument. Luke emphasizes the division Paul's message creates even among his fellow Jews. The noun captures both the intellectual engagement and the conflict that gospel proclamation generates.