2. wrongly, wickedly — Adverb describing morally wrong speech or conduct -- 'wrongly, wickedly, with evil intent.' In John 18:23, Jesus challenges 'if I spoke wrongly (kakos), testify about the wrong,' using kakos of speech content rather than physical condition. In Jas 4:3, 'you ask wrongly (kakos)' describes prayer motivated by selfish desires. In Acts 23:5, Paul is told 'you speak evil (kakos) of God's high priest.' Matt 21:41 uses kakos in the parable of the tenants: 'he will destroy those wretches miserably (kakos kakous).' Korean distinguishes this sense with nappuge ('badly/wrongly') and akahage ('wickedly'), while the medical sense uses apeun ('ailing'). Arabic uses bi-sharrin/radi'an ('with evil/wickedly'). This moral/behavioral sense is genuinely distinct from the medical idiom. 4×
AR["بِشَرٍّ","رَدِيئًا","شَرًّا"]·ben["খারাপভাবে","মন্দ","মন্দভাবে"]·DE["uebel","κακῶς"]·EN["evil","evilly","wrongly"]·FR["mal"]·heb["רָע","רָעָה"]·HI["बुराई-से","बुरा।","बुरी-तरह"]·ID["dengan-jahat","jahat.","salah"]·IT["kakōs","malamente","male"]·jav["awon","awon."]·KO["나쁘게","비참하게","악하게","잘못"]·PT["mal","malvadamente"]·RU["дурно","зло","плохо","худо"]·ES["mal","malamente"]·SW["atawaangamiza","vibaya"]·TR["kötü","kötüce","kötüe"]·urd["برا","بُرا","بُری-طرح"]
▼ 1 more sense below
Senses
1. badly, severely (of illness) — Adverb modifying the condition of being sick or afflicted -- 'badly' in the medical sense of 'severely ill.' This is the dominant NT usage of kakos, appearing in the formulaic phrase 'those having badly' (tous kakos echontas = 'the sick') across all three Synoptics: Matt 4:24, 8:16, 9:12, 14:35, 15:22, 17:15; Mark 1:32,34, 2:17, 6:55; Luke 5:31, 7:2. Cross-linguistically, Arabic uses bi-su'in/marda ('with illness/sick'), Hebrew raim/cholim ('ill/sick'), Hindi buri tarah/bimaron ('badly/the sick'), Korean apeun/shimhage ('ailing/severely'), Spanish mal ('badly'), French mal, German ubel. The semantic field is medical distress rather than moral evil. Korean and Hindi sometimes use illness-specific vocabulary (bimaron, byeongdeun) confirming the medical reading. The auto-clusters split what is a single idiomatic medical usage across different Synoptic parallels. 12×
AR["المَرْضى","الَّذِينَ-بِهِمْ-سُوءٌ","الْمَرْضَى-بِسُوءٍ","بِسوءٍ","بِشِدَّةٍ","سوءًا","سُوءًا","مَرْضَى"]·ben["অসুস্থদের","খারাপভাবে","মন্দভাবে"]·DE["uebel","κακῶς"]·EN["badly"]·FR["mal"]·heb["חוֹלִים","חוֹלִים-רָע","רַע","רָע","רָעִים","רָעָה"]·HI["को","बीमार","बीमारों","बीमारों-को","बुरि-तरह","बुरी-तरह"]·ID["buruk","dengan-parah","menderita","orang-sakit","sakit","yang-sakit"]·IT["malamente"]·jav["awon","awrat","gerah","ingkang-gerah","ingkang-sakit","sakit"]·KO["병든","병들어","심하게","아픈","아픈-상태로","앓는"]·PT["gravemente","mal","que-mal","terrivelmente"]·RU["больные","больных","зло","плохо","тяжко"]·ES["mal","malamente","que-mal"]·SW["vibaya","wagonjwa"]·TR["hasta","kötü"]·urd["-کے","بری-طرح","برے","بُری-طرح","بیمار","بیماری-سے"]
BDB / Lexicon Reference
Included with: κᾰκός, ή, όν, __A bad: __A.I of persons, __A.I.1 of appearance, ugly, εἶδος μὲν ἔην κακός Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.I.2 of birth, ill-born, mean, γένος ἐστὲ διοτρεφέων βασιλήων.., ἐπεὶ οὔ κε κακοὶ τοιούσδε τέκοιεν Refs 8th c.BC+ __A.I.3 of courage, craven, base, Refs 8th c.BC+; Ἕκτωρ σε κ. καὶ ἀνάλκιδα φήσει Refs 8th c.BC+; οὐδαμῶν κακίονεςRefs 5th c.BC+ __A.I.4 bad of his kind, i. e.…