Zeal and Jealousy

† קִנְאָה n.f. ardour, zeal, jealousy (from colour produced in face by deep emotion);—abs. ק׳ Nu 5:14 +; cstr. קִנְאַת Is 9:6; sf. קִנְאָתִי Nu 25:11 +, etc.; pl. קְנָאֹת Nu 5:15, 18, 25, 29;— 1. ardour of jealousy of husband Pr 6:34; 27:4; רוּחַ ק׳ jealous disposition Nu 5:14(×2), 30 (P); offering for jealousy, מנחת ק׳ v 15, 18, 25 (P); תּוֹרַת הק׳ v 29 (P); of rivalry Ec 4:4; 9:6; Ephr. against Judah Is 11:13; ardent love, ‖ אהבה Ct 8:6. 2. ardour of zeal: a. of men for God Nu 25:11(×2) (P) 2 K 10:16; for the house of י׳ ψ 69:10. b. of God for his people, especially in battle Is 42:13; 63:15 Zc 1:14; 8:2; מְעִיל ק׳ Is 59:17; ק׳ י׳ תעשׂה זאת 9:6; 37:32 = 2 K 19:31. 3. ardour of anger: a. of men against foes Ez 35:11 ψ 119:139; Jb 5:2 (‖ כעשׂ), Pr 14:30 (opp. לֵב מַרְפֵּא). b. of God against men, ‖ חֵמָה Ez 5:13; 16:38, 42; 23:25; 36:6; ‖ עֶבְרָה 38:19; ‖ אַף Dt 29:19; + אֵשׁ Is 26:11; Ez 36:5; Zp 1:18; 3:8 ψ 79:5; סֵמֶל הַק׳ הַמַּקְנֶה Ez 8:3 the anger-image provoking to anger; ס׳ הק׳ alone v 5.

† [קָנָא] vb.denom Pi. be jealous, zealous (Gerber131);—Pf. 3 ms. קִנֵּא Nu 25:13 +; 1 s. קִנֵּאתִי Zc 1:14 + etc.; Impf. יְקַנֵּא Is 11:13; Pr 23:17, etc.; Inf. abs. קַנֹּא 1 K 19:10, 14; cstr. sf. קַנְאוֹ Nu 25:11; קַנֹאתוֹ 2 S 21:2; Pt. מְקַנֵּא Nu 11:29;— 1. be jealous of, c. acc. אֶת־אִשְׁתּוֹ Nu 5:14(×2), 30 (P); in rivalry Is 11:13. 2. be envious of, c. ב pers., Gn 30:1 (E), 37:11 (J) ψ 37:1; 73:3; Pr 3:31; 23:17; 24:1, 19; c. acc. pers. Gn 26:14 (J); Ez 31:9; c. ל pers. ψ 106:16. 3. be zealous for: a. of man, c. ל pers. Nu 11:29 (J); 2 S 21:2; for God Nu 25:13 (P), 1 K 19:10, 14; ק׳ קנאה Nu 25:11 (P). b. of God, לְשֵׁם קָדְשִׁי Ez 39:25; לְאַרְצוֹ Jo 2:18; לִירוּשׁ׳ Zc 1:14; לְצִיּוֹן Zc 8:2(×2) 4. excite to jealous anger, c. בִּ instr. Dt 32:21 a (dub.; probably הַקְנִאוּנִי; cf. v 16, 21 b), 1 K 14:22. Hiph. provoke to jealous anger: Impf. 3 mpl. sf. יַקְנִאֻהוּ Dt 32:16; יַקְנִיאוּהוּ ψ 78:58 (‖ וַיַּכְעִיסוּהוּ); 1 s. אַקְנִיאֵם Dt 32:21 b; Pt. metapl. מַקְנֶה Ez 8:3 (Ges§ 75 q, del. Co).

ζῆλος, ου, ὁ, later εος, τό, NT codices optative; Doric dialect ζᾶλος Refs:— jealousy (= φθόνος), Refs 8th c.BC+: more usually in good sense, eager rivalry, emulation, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 with genitive person, zeal for one, ξυναίμων Refs 5th c.BC+; κατὰ ζῆλον Ἡρακλέους in emulation of him, Refs 1st c.AD+: absolutely, passion, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __3 with genitive of things, ζῆλον.. γάμων ἔχουσα causing rivalry for my hand, Refs 5th c.BC+; ζ. τῶν ἀρίστων emulous desire for.., opposed to φυγὴ τῶν χειρόνων, Refs 1st c.BC+: plural, ambitions, Refs 1st c.BC+ __4 fervour, zeal, LXX+NT; indignation, ζ. πυρός NT __5 personified as son of Styx, brother of Βία, Κράτος, Νίκη, Refs 8th c.BC+ __II pride, honour, glory, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III spirit, τῆς πολιτείας Refs 2nd c.BC+: plural, tastes, interests, τοῖς ἀπὸ διαφόρων ἐπιτηδευμάτων, βίων, ζήλων, ἡλικιῶν, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __III.2 especially in Lit. Crit., style, τοῦ Ἀσιανοῦ λεγομένου ζήλου Refs 1st c.BC+

ζηλ-όω, (ζῆλος): __I with accusative person, vie with, emulate, τινα Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, Refs 5th c.BC+; in bad sense, to be jealous of, envy, ζηλοῖ δέ τε γείτονα γείτων LXX+8th c.BC+: absolutely, to be jealous, NTthrough jealousy, NT __b with accusative person, to be jealous for, LXX __2 esteem or pronounce happy, admire, praise, τινά τινος one for a thing, Refs 5th c.BC+: more rarely, ζ. τινά τι Refs 5th c.BC+; ζ. σε ὁθούνεκα.. Refs 4th c.BC+; τὴν πόλιν, ὅτι.. Refs 5th c.BC+; πολλά σε ζηλῶ βίου, μάλιστα δ᾽ εἰ.. Refs 5th c.BC+: with participle, σε ζ. θανόντα πρὶν κακῶν ἰδεῖν βάθος Refs 5th c.BC+ happy in your ignorance! Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, to be deemed fortunate, ὑπό τινων Refs 5th c.BC+ __II with accusative of things, desire emulously, strive after, affect, ὁ μὲν δόξης ἐπιθυμεῖ καὶ τοῦτ᾽ ἐζήλωκε Refs 4th c.BC+; πίστιν Refs:—passive, ἡ ἀρετὴ ὑπὸ πάντων τῶν ἀνθρώπων ζηλοῦται Refs 5th c.BC+ __III also of persons, pay zealous court to, NTpassive Refs

σπουδή, ἡ, (σπεύδω) haste, speed, σπουδὴν ἔχειν make haste, Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. ἔσται τῆς ὁδοῦ haste on the journey, Refs 5th c.BC+; χωρίον.., οἷ σπουδὴν ἔχω whither I am hastening, Refs 5th c.BC+; σπουδῇ in haste, see infr. IV; σὺν σπουδῇ ταχύς Refs 5th c.BC+; σὺν πάσῃ σ. with all dispatch, Refs 2nd c.AD+; διὰ σπουδῆς Refs 5th c.BC+; μετὰ σ. NT+5th c.BC+ __II zeal, pains, trouble, effort, ἄτερ σπουδῆς Refs 8th c.BC+; σῆς ὑπὸ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; frequently in dative σπουδῇ, zealously, see belowRefs; σὺν πολλῇ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐπὶ μεγάλης σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; μετὰ πολλῆς σ. Refs; σπουδὴν ποιεῖσθαι exert oneself, take pains, be eager, Refs 5th c.BC+; with infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. ποιεῖσθαι περί τινος Refs 5th c.BC+; περί τιναRefs 2nd c.AD+ make much ado about.. , Refs 5th c.BC+; σπουδαὶ λόγων κατατεινομένων zeal for the conflicting arguments, Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. ἔχειν, with infinitive, to be eager, Refs 5th c.BC+; with accusative et infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ σ. τῆς ἀπίξιος my zeal in coming, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὅπλων σπουδῇ with great attention to the arms, Refs 5th c.BC+ eagerness for.. , Refs; zealous exertions, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.b in a religious sense, zeal, πρὸς τὴν θεάν NT+2nd c.BC+; ἐνδείκνυσθαι σ. NT __II.2 esteem, regard for a person, διὰ τὴν ἐμὴν σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; good will, good offices, σ. ὑπέρ τινος NT+2nd c.AD+; support in political life, Refs 1st c.AD+: plural, party feelings or attachments, rivalries, σ. ἰσχυραὶ φίλων περί τινος Refs 5th c.BC+; σπουδαὶ ἐρώτων erotic enthusiasms, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 disputation, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III earnestness, σ. ἔχειν, ποιεῖσθαι,= σπουδάζειν, NT+5th c.BC+ in earnest, seriously, Refs 8th c.BC+; μετὰ σπουδῆς, opposed to ἐν παιδιαῖς, Refs 5th c.BC+; μετά τε παιδιᾶς καὶ μετὰ σ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __III.2 object of attention, serious engagement or pursuit, σπουδὴν ἐπ᾽ ἄλλην Ἡρακλῆς ὁρμώμενος Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV σπουδῇ as adverb, in haste, hastily, προερέσσαμεν Refs 8th c.BC+; Doric dialect, σπουδᾷ ἐξελθοῦσα Refs 4th c.BC+; frequently in Attic dialect, σ. πάνυ Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV.2 with great exertion and difficulty, and so, hardly, scarcely, σπουδῇ ἕζετο λαός Refs 8th c.BC+ __IV.3 earnestly, seriously, urgently, τί με καλεῖς σπουδ; Refs 5th c.BC+; πάνυ σ. attentively, Refs; πολλῇ σ. very busily, Refs 5th c.BC+

σπουδάζω, Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.: Attic dialectfuture -άσομαιRefs 5th c.BC+, later -άσω Refs 2nd c.BC+: aorist ἐσπούδασα Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect ἐσπούδακα Refs 5th c.BC+:—middle, future see above:—passive, future σπουδασθήσομαι Refs 2nd c.AD+: aorist ἐσπουδάσθην Refs 1st c.BC+: perfect ἐσπούδασμαι Refs 5th c.BC+ __I intransitive, __I to be busy, eager to do a thing, with infinitive, Refs 5th c.BC+; σπούδασον ἐλθεῖν.. ταχέως make haste.. , NT; ὅτ᾽ ἐσπούδαζες ἄρχειν wast eager to rule, Refs 5th c.BC+: with participle, ἐσπ. διδάσκων Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. ὅπως.. endeavour that.. , Refs 4th c.BC+ in haste, hurriedly, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐσπουδακώς eagerly, Refs 4th c.BC+ __I.b with accusative et infinitive, σπουδάσαντες τοῦτ᾽ αὐτοῖς παραγενέσθαι NT+5th c.BC+ __I.2 of persons, σ. πρός τινα pay him serious attention, Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. περί τινα to be anxious for his success, Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. τινί be a partisan or backer of, Refs 1st c.AD+; ἀπό τινος Refs 2nd c.AD+ __I.3 to be serious or earnest, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to σκώπτειν καὶ κωμῳδεῖν, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐσπούδακας, ὅτι ἐπελαβόμην ἐρεσχηλῶν σ; did you take it seriously, that I..? Refs 1st c.BC+; ἐσπουδάκατον they have worked hard, Refs 5th c.BC+; μάλα ἐσπουδακότι τῷ προσώπῳ with a very grave face, Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.4 study, Refs 2nd c.AD+; lecture, teach, Refs __II transitive, __II.1 with accusative of things, do anything hastily or earnestly, be earnest about, τὸ αὑτοῦ Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to παρέργοις χρῆσθαι, Refs 5th c.BC+ —passive, σπουδάζεταί τι is zealously pursued, πᾶν ὅ τι σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; χρήματα μετὰ πολλῆς δαπάνης σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ κωμῳδία διὰ τὸ μὴ σπουδάζεσθαι.. ἔλαθεν because it was not taken up seriously, Refs 4th c.BC+; οὐ πάνυ σπουδάζεται ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶν is not much valued, Refs 2nd c.AD+: especially frequently in perfect participle, πᾶσα ἡ τοιαύτη σπουδὴ οὐκ ἐπὶ τούτοις ἐστὶν ἐσπουδασμένη Refs 5th c.BC+; προοίμια θαυμαστῶς ἐσπουδασμένα elaborately worked up, Refs; so τὰ μάλιστα ἐσπ. σῖτα καὶ ποτά the choicest, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ ἐσπ., of writing tablets, the best quality, Refs 4th c.BC+; εἰ ταῦτ᾽ ἐσπουδασμένα ἐν γράμμασιν ἐτέθη if those pains were seriously bestowed on letters, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 passive, of persons, to be treated with respect, opposed to καταφρονεῖσθαι, Refs; to be courted, Refs 1st c.BC+; of women, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2.b in LXX, trouble, disturb any one, LXX

φθόνος, ὁ, ill-will or malice, especially envy or jealousy of the good fortune of others Refs 5th c.BC+through envy, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to εὔνοια, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἔπαινος, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἴσχει ὄλβος φθόνον incurs envy, Refs 5th c.BC+; κρέσσων οἰκτιρμοῦ φθόνος better to be envied than pitied ! Refs 5th c.BC+; φ. συνεστιώμενος, of wealth, NT+5th c.BC+: with genitive objecti, envy for, jealousy of, τῶν πεπραγμένων Refs 5th c.BC+; φθόνον δὲ σωμάτων ἕξει θεός i.e. will grudge, deny, Refs 4th c.BC+: with genitive subjunctive, envy or jealousy felt by another, Refs 5th c.BC+: plural, envyings, jealousies, heartburnings, Refs 5th c.BC+ __b a cause for indignation, a reproach, ἀποκτείνειν φθόνος [ἐστὶ] γυναῖκας Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 especially jealousy of the gods Refs 5th c.BC+ __II refusal from feelings of ill-will or envy, grudging, φθόνος μὲν οὐδεὶς.. Refs 4th c.BC+; οὐδεὶς φ. or φ. οὐδείς, with infinitive, said in granting a request willingly, ἃ τυγχάνω ἀκηκοώς, φ. οὐδεὶς λέγειν Refs 5th c.BC+

ζηλ-ωτής, οῦ, ὁ, emulator, zealous admirer or follower, μιμητὴς καὶ ζ. τῆς πατρῴας ἀρετῆς Refs 5th c.BC+; μαθήσεως NT+1st c.BC+; Θουκυδίδου, Ἀντισθένους, Refs 2nd c.AD+; perhaps champion, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 jealous, θεὸς ζ. LXX __II zealot, used to translate Κανανίτης or Καναναῖος, NT+1st c.AD+

† קַנָּא adj. jealous;—only of God: אֵל קַנָּא Ex 20:5 (E) = Dt 5:9 (as punishing those who hate him), Ex 34:14 (J); Dt 4:24; 6:15 (demanding exclusive service); קַנָּא שְׁמוֹ Ex 34:14 (J).

παραζηλ-όω, provoke to jealousy, LXX+NT __2 fret, be vexed, ἔν τινι LXX __II emulate, imitate, Refs

σπουδ-αῖος, α, ον (σπουδή) properly in haste, quick, σ. τοὺς πόδας Refs 2nd c.AD+:—but in ordinary use denoting energy or earnestness: __I of persons, earnest, serious, Refs 5th c.BC+; active, zealous, in canvassing, Refs 1st c.AD+ __I.2 good, excellent in their several kinds, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to φαῦλος, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἀκροαταὶ-ότεροι Refs 5th c.BC+; σ. αὐλητής, opposed to ἄνθρωπος μοχθηρός, Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.3 in moral sense, good, opposed to πονηρός, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to φαῦλος, Refs 5th c.BC+; σπουδαῖον ={ἀγαθον}, Refs: generally, of all virtuous objects or qualities, Refs __II of things, worth serious attention, weighty, χρῆμα, πρῆγμα, Refs 6th c.BC+; τὰ -έστερα (-έστατα) τῶν πρηγμάτων Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to γελοῖος, Refs 5th c.BC+; τί γελᾷς ἐπὶ σπουδαίοις πράγμασι; Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 good of its kind, excellent, σ. νομαί Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ σπουδαιοτάτη [τῶν ταριχεύσεων] the most elaborate, costliest, Refs 3rd c.BC+; ἡ ἰσηγορίη χρῆμα σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; λόγος σ. Refs 5th c.BC+; δῶρον οὐ σ. εἰς ὄψιν not goodly to look on, Refs 5th c.BC+; τραγῳδία σ. Refs 4th c.BC+:— a play on senses Refs 4th c.BC+; ironically, σ. χρῆμα a fine thing, Refs __III adverb σπουδαίως with haste or zeal, seriously, earnestly, well, Refs 5th c.BC+: comparative -ότερονRefs 5th c.BC+; -οτέρως Refs 1st c.AD+ most carefully, in the best way, Refs 5th c.BC+

φῐλοτῑμ-έομαι, future ήσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+; later, -ηθήσομαιRefs 1st c.BC+ codices: aorist ἐφιλοτιμήθην Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect πεφιλοτίμημαι Refs 4th c.BC+:—perfect in passive sense, Refs 1st c.AD+: (φιλότιμος):—love or seek after honour, Refs 5th c.BC+: hence, to be ambitious, emulous, Refs 5th c.BC+; φ. ὅτι.. to be jealous because.., Refs 5th c.BC+; φ. πρὸς ἀλλήλους, πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους, vie emulously with, rival, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 the object of ambition, etc., is mostly added with a preposition, φ. ἐπί τινι to place one's fame in a thing, glory or pride oneself upon it, Refs 5th c.BC+; περὶ τῶν καλῶν contend in rivalry for, Refs 1st c.AD+; περὶ τὴν θήραν, δεῖπνα, Refs 5th c.BC+; φ. πρὸς τὴν πόλιν show patriotic zeal for.., Refs 4th c.BC+ __II with infinitive, strive eagerly to do a thing, endeavour earnestly, aspire, οἳ πάνυ ἂν φιλοτιμηθεῖεν φίλῳ σοι χρῆσθαι Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.; φιλοτιμούμενοι ἐπιδείκνυσθαιπρὸς ἅπαντας Refs 5th c.BC+: with participle, φ. ἐλέγχων Refs 5th c.BC+: with accusative et infinitive, to be anxious that.., Refs 3rd c.BC+ __III with dative of things, present with a thing, χρήμασί τινας see reading in Refs 6th c.AD+: but with accusative of things, lavish upon, τινί τι Refs 5th c.AD+

ζέω, contraction 3rd.pers. singular ζεῖ even in Refs 8th c.BC+; later Epic dialect ζείω Refs 3rd c.BC+subjunctive ζείῃσι Epic. in Refs; in late Prose ζέννυμι (which see): imperfect ζέε Refs 8th c.BC+future ζέσω (ἐξανα-) Refs 4th c.BC+: aorist ἔζεσα Refs 5th c.BC+; Epic dialect ζέσσα Refs 8th c.BC+ —passive, aorist ἐζέσθην (ἀπ-) Refs 1st c.AD+: perfect ἔζεσμαι Refs:—boil, seethe, of water, ἐπεὶ δὴ ζέσσεν ὕδωρ ἐνὶ ἤνοπι χαλκῷ Refs 8th c.BC+; ὡς δὲ λέβης ζεῖ ἔνδον as the kettle boils, Refs 8th c.BC+; rarely of solids, to be fiery hot, χθὼν ἔζεε Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 ferment, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 metaphorically, boil or bubble up, τῆς θαλάσσης ζεσάσης Refs 5th c.BC+; οἶνος ζεῖ Refs 5th c.BC+ __b of passion, ὁπηνίκ᾽ ἔζει θυμός Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 with genitive, boil up or over with a thing, λίμνη ζέουσα ὕδατος καὶ πηλοῦ Refs 5th c.BC+; πίθος ζ. [οἴνου] Refs 4th c.BC+; πεδία ζείοντ᾽ Ἀγαρηνῶν boiling, teeming with.., Refs 6th c.AD+; of persons, ζ. σκωλήκων Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II causal, make to boil, boil, τοὶ δὲ λοετρὰ πυρὶ ζέον Refs 3rd c.BC+; θυμὸν ἐπὶ Τροίῃ πόσον ἔζεσα; Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.2 exhale, ἀϋτμήν (variant{-μῇ}) Refs 3rd c.BC+, Sanskrit yásati 'boil', OHG.jësan 'ferment', 'foam', Engl. yeast.)

† קַנּוֹא adj. id.;—אֵל קַנּוֹא Jos 24:19 (E) (cf. Dt 6:15 supr.), Nah 1:2 (‖ נֹקֵם).

ἐκτέν-εια, ἡ, zeal, assiduousness, Refs 3rd c.BC+; 'gush', 'empressement', Refs 2nd c.BC+; ἐν ἐκτενείᾳ eagerly, LXX+NT; μετὰ πάσης ἐ.LXX __II abundance, ξύλων Refs 2nd c.AD+ __III extension, Refs 5th c.AD+

ἐκτεν-ής, ές, strained: hence of persons, warmly attached, friendly, Refs 5th c.BC+; assiduous, περί τινα Refs 2nd c.BC+: comparative - έστερος τῇ προθυμίᾳ Refs 2nd c.BC+: superlative - εστάτη προθυμία Refs 3rd c.BC+ __2 extended, Refs 5th c.AD+; capable of extension, ἐ. ἐστι τὸ μεταδίδον τῶν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις Refs 5th c.AD+ __3 abundant, γάλα Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II adverb -νῶς (Elean ἐκτενέωρ Refs Ionic dialect -έως Ps.-Refs 5th c.BC+ earnestly, zealously, ἀγαπᾶσθαι Machoap.Refs 4th c.BC+; εὐχὴ ἐ. γινομένη NT: comparative -έστερον Refs 1st c.BC+: superlative -έστατα Refs 1st c.BC+ __II.2 in adverb also, eagerly, freely, splendidly (condemned by Refs 2nd c.BC+; of public duties, λαμπρῶς καὶ ἐ. τετελεκότα Refs: comparative, πολυτελῶς καὶ ἐκτενέστερον τῶν ἄλλων Refs 2nd c.BC+—Not in early writers, corrupt in Refs 4th c.BC+

Related to: σπουδ-αιότης, ητος, ἡ, earnestness, seriousness, goodness, ἤθους LXX+5th c.BC+

φθον-έω, aorist ἐφθόνησα, later ἐφθόνεσα LXX+3rd c.AD+:—middle, future in passive sense φθονήσομαι Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, fut φθονηθήσομαι Refs 5th c.BC+: aorist ἐφθονήθην Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect participle ἐφθονημένος Refs 1st c.AD+: (φθόνος):—bear ill-will or malice, grudge, be envious or jealous, __I absolutely, εἴ περ γὰρ φθονέω τε καὶ οὐκ εἰῶ διαπέρσαι, οὐκ ἀνύω φθονέουσα Refs 8th c.BC+; κρείττων δόξα τῶν φθονούντων too high for envy, Refs 4th c.BC+; εἰ πέφυκε φθονεῖν τὸ θεῖον Refs 4th c.BC+infinitive, οὔτε τινὰ φθονέω δόμεναι I do not grudge that any should give thee, Refs 8th c.BC+; ἔφη (i.e. ὁ Σωκράτης) φθονεῖν τοῦς ἐπὶ ταῖς φίλων εὐπραξίαις ἀνιωμένους Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.2 with dative person, πτωχὸς πτωχῷ φθονέει καὶ ἀοιδὸς ἀοιδῷ Refs 8th c.BC+; frequently with participle added, φ. τινὶ εὖ πρήσσοντι to envy him for his good fortune, Refs 5th c.BC+; without a Noun expressed, καλῶς πράττουσι, πλουτοῦντι φ., Refs 5th c.BC+; οὐδέ τί σε χρὴ ἀλλοτρίων φθονέειν to be envious because of other men's goods Refs 8th c.BC+: with dative person et genitive of things, bear a grudge against a person on account of a thing, Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.3 resent, with genitive, τῆς δοκήσεως τῶν κερδῶν Refs 5th c.BC+: with dative of things, feel righteous indignation at, ταῖς εὐπραγίαις τινῶν Refs 5th c.BC+ __I.3.b φ. τινὶ followed by ει.., or ἐάν.. take it ill or amiss that.., Refs 5th c.BC+; μή μοι φθονήσητ᾽, ει.. Refs 5th c.BC+; φθονεῖς ἄπαις οὖσ᾽, εἰ.. Refs 5th c.BC+; also φ. τινὶ ὅτι.., Refs 5th c.BC+; φ. ὅτι.. Refs 5th c.BC+ __II refuse from feelings of envy or ill-will, grudge, with infinitive, οὐκ ἂν φθονέοιμι ἀγορεῦσαι Refs 8th c.BC+; μὴ φθονήσῃς is frequently in dialogue, do not refuse to do a thing, μὴ φ. διδάξαι Refs 5th c.BC+; μὴ φθονήσῃς alone, Refs: with participle, μηδέ μοι φθόνει λέγων Refs 4th c.BC+: with accusative et infinitive, τί φθονέεις.. ἀοιδὸν τέρπει; Refs 8th c.BC+: with dative et infinitive, τῇ δ᾽ οὐκ ἂν φθονέοιμι.. ἅψασθαι Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.2 grudge, refuse to grant a thing, φθονήσας μήτ᾽ ἀπ᾽ οἰωνῶν φάτιν, μήτ᾽ εἴ τινα.. μαντικῆς ἔχεις ὁδόν Refs 8th c.BC+: with genitive of things only, to be grudging of a thing, πέπλων, καρποῦ, Refs 5th c.BC+; μηδ᾽ ὀλίγης φθονέσῃς γαίης Refs __III passive, to be envied or begrudged, Refs 5th c.BC+: with genitive, to be grudged a thing, φ. τοῦ γάμου ὑπὸ δαιμονίου τινός Refs 1st c.AD+

† [רָצַד] vb. Pi. watch stealthily, or with envious hostility (Arabic رَصَدَ watch or wait (often lie in wait for; ירצד Ecclus 14:22 observe stealthily, so once Aramaic רְצַד LevyNHWB iv. 464);—only Impf. 2 mpl. תְּרַצְּדוּן ψ 68:17 (fig. of mts., c. acc.).