Sun Celestial Body

שֶׁ֫מֶשׁ133 n.f. Ju 19, 14 et m. Gn 19, 23 (Albr ZAW xv (1895), 324) sun;—abs. שׁ׳ Jos 10:12 +, שָׁ֑מֶשׁ Ju 20:43 +; sf. שִׁמְשֵׁךְ Is 60:20, שִׁמְשָׁהּ Je 15:9; pl. sf. שִׁמְשֹׁתַ֫יִךְ Is 54:12;— 1. sun, Gn 37:9 (E; + moon, stars); marking time: as rising (vb. זָרַח q.v.) Ex 22:2 (E) + 8 times + Mal 3:20 (fig. שׁ׳ צְדָקָה, of reward of the faithful, with wings, i.e. rays? Now GASm; or winged sun-disc [cf. We]?); vb. יָצָא Gn 19:23 (J), Is 13:10; Ju 5:31 (sim. of splendour; v יָצָא 1 f); setting (vb. בּוֹא) Gn 15:17 (J), Am 8:9 + 19 times, + וַיְהִי הַשּׁ׳ לָבוֹא Gn 15:12 (JE), שׁ׳ יָדַע מְבוֹאוֹ ψ 104:19 (v. בּוֹא 1 i, מָבוֹא 2); as giving daylight Is 60:9; hot 1 S 11:9; Ne 7:3; Ex 16:21 (P), cf. Is 49:10; Jon 4:8 ψ 121:6; as ripening crops Dt 33:14 (poem), cf. (fig.) Jb 8:16, tanning the face Ct 1:6; standing still at Joshua’s word Jos 10:12, 13a (poem in J; ‖ יָרֵחַ), v 13b (J), cf. Hb 3:11 (+ יָרֵחַ); casting shadow (on dial), יָֽרְדָה בְמַעֲלוֹת אָחָז בַּשּׁ׳ Is 38:8, וַתָּשָׁב הַשּׁ׳ v 8; set in sky by י׳ Je 31:25 ψ 19:5; 74:16; 136:8, enduring 72:5, 17 (cf. עִם 1 g, p. 768; [פָּנֶה] II. 4 a (e), p. 817), also 89:37; personif., called to praise י׳ 148:3 (+ יָרֵחַ); to be darkened by י׳’s judgment, Ez 32:7; Jo 2:10; 3:4; 4:15 (cf. Am 8:9 supr., Mi 3:6). 2. of direction: מִמִּזְרַח הַשּׁ׳ Nu 21:11 (E) toward sun-rise, = East, cf. Dt 4:41, 47 + 16 times (v. מִזְרָח p. 280); מְבוֹא הַשּׁ׳ Dt 11:30 + 3 times (v. מָבוֹא 2, p. 99). 3. obj. of worship (usually + moon, stars, etc.) 2 K 23:5; Je 8:2; Ez 8:16; Dt 4:19; horses given to שׁ׳ 2 K 23:11, מַרְכְּבוֹת הַשּׁ׳ v 11.—Vid. also בֵּית שׁ׳ p. 112b. 4. other phr.: †a. נֶגֶד הַשּׁ׳, i.e. openly, publicly, 2 S 12:12; Nu 25:4 (P), so לְעֵינֵי הַשּׁ׳ 2 S 12:11. †b. fig. of living, חָזָה שׁ׳ ψ 58:9, רָאָה שׁ׳ Ex 6:5; 7:11; 11:7, opp. תֶּחְשַׁךְ הַשּׁ׳ 12:2. c. תַּחַת הַשּׁ׳, i.e. on the earth, Ec 1:3 + 28 times Ec (cf. Gk. ὑφʼ ἡλίῳ, KueOnd. iii. 196; Eini. iii.192). 5. pinnacle, as glittering, shining, pl. Is 54:12 thy pinnacles, battlements (of Zion), so perhaps sg. שׁ׳ וּמָגֵן י׳ אֱלֹהִים ψ 84:12 battlement and shield is י׳ א׳ (Gr Bae Du Buhl; most sun, and so Thes De Che SS; Hup-Now hesitates).

ἥλιος, ὁ, Epic dialect ἠέλιος, as always in Refs 8th c.BC+ (except in the late passage Refs 8th c.BC+: Doric dialect ἀέλιος [ᾱ] Refs 5th c.BC+, but ἅλιος [ᾱ], Refs 5th c.BC+: Cretan dialect ἀβέλιος (i.e. ἀϝ-), Refs 5th c.AD+: Aeolic dialect ἀέλιος Refs 7th c.BC+; ἄλιος Refs 7th c.BC+ ἀέλιος (or ἁ-) Refs 4th c.BC+:— sun, Refs 8th c.BC+; ὁρᾶν φάος ἠελίοιο to see the light of life, live, Refs, etc.; ὑπ᾽ ἠελίῳ τε καὶ οὐρανῷ ἀστερόεντι ναιετάουσι Refs 5th c.BC+; also ὑπὸ ἡλίου ἑωρᾶσθαι Refs 5th c.BC+; ὥσπερ σελήνη γ᾽ ἡλίῳ (i.e. ὅμοιος) a pale reflection, Refs __2 to determine the cardinal points, πρὸς ἠῶ τ᾽ ἠέλιόν τε towards the Refs 8th c.BC+; πρὸς ἠῶ τε καὶ ἡλίου ἀνατολάς, opposed to πρὸς ἑσπέρην, Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ ἀπὸ ἡλίου ἀνατολέων Αἰθίοπες the eastern.. , Refs __3 day, Refs 5th c.BC+; a day, Refs 5th c.BC+; later, year, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __4 sunshine, sun's heat, ἐπὶ τοῖς ὄρεσιν Refs 5th c.BC+; πολὺντὸν ἥ. ἐμφαίνειν, of a sunburnt person, Refs: plural, sunbeams, Refs 4th c.BC+; hot sunny days, Refs 5th c.BC+ __5 metaphorically, sunshine, brightness, ψυχῆς Refs 1st c.AD+; of a person, Ἑλλάνων δόξης δεύτερον Ἀέλιον Refs; of Refs 1st c.BC+; νέος Ἥ., of Nero and Caligula, Refs __II as proper name, Helios, the sun-god, Refs 8th c.BC+; νὴ τὸν Ἥ. Refs 4th c.BC+; ὑπὸ Δία Γῆν Ἥλιον, in manumission-formula, Refs 1st c.AD+; [Ἥλιος] δούλους ἐλευθέρους ποιεῖ Refs 2nd c.AD+; identified with Apollo, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 Ἡλίου ἀστήρ, of the planet Refs 5th c.BC+ sāwelios, cf. Cretan dialect ἀβέλιος, Lithuanian sáulė, Latin sōl.)

ἀστήρ, ὁ, genitive έρος: dative plural ἀστράσιRefs 8th c.BC+; ἄστρασι Refs 4th c.AD+:—star (see. ἄστρον), ἀστέρ᾽ ὀπωρινῷRefs 8th c.BC+; ἀ. Ἀρκτοῦρος the chief star in the constellation, Refs, etc.; shooting star or meteor, Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 flame, light, fire, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 ἀστὴρ πέτρινος meteoric stone, Refs __II metaphorically of illustrious persons, etc., φανερώτατον ἀστέρ᾽ ἈθήναςRefs 7th c.BC+ __III star-fish, Refs 5th c.BC+ __IV name of a bird, perhaps goldfinch, Refs __V blue daisy, Aster Amellus, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __VI Samian clay used as sealing-wax, and in Medicine, Refs 4th c.BC+ __VII architectural ornament, Refs 4th c.BC+ __VIII bandage, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __VIII.2 name of various remedies, Refs __IX birthmark in form of star, Carcin. cited in Refs 4th c.BC+: in Palmistry, a mark on the hand, τῷ ύ στοιχείῳ παραπλήσιονRefs. (Cf. Sanskrit stár- `star', Latin stella (from stēr-la), Gothic stairnō.)

† חַמָּה n.f. heat, sun (poet.)—חַמָּה Is 24:23 + 4 times; חַמָּתוֹ ψ 19:7;— 1. heat of sun ψ 19:7. 2. = sun Jb 30:28; ‖ לְבָנָה moon Is 24:23; 30:26(×2) Ct 6:10.

ἄστρον, τό, mostly in plural, the stars, Refs 8th c.BC+; τοῦ κατ᾽ ἄστρα Ζηνός, ={τοῦ ἐν οὐρανῷ}, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄστρων εὐφρόνη, ={εὐφρ. ἀστερόεσσα}, Refs probable reading in Refs 7th c.BC+; περὶ τὸ ἄ. in the dog-days, Refs 5th c.BC+; poetry of the sun, Refs 5th c.BC+: seldom of any common star, Refs 4th c.BC+; of the fixed stars, Refs 4th c.BC+; ἄστρα πλανητά, opposed to ἀπλανῆ, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἐνδεδεμένα, Refs 4th c.BC+; opposed to ἀστέρες, Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἐπὶ τοῖς ἄστροις at the times of the stars' rising or setting, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἄστροις σημαίνεσθαι, τεκμαίρεσθαι, guide oneself by the stars, Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἄστροις τὸ λοιπὸν ἐκμετρούμενος χθόνα knowing its place only by the stars, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II of something brilliant, admirable, Ἀκροκόρινθον Ἑλλάδος ἄ.Refs 3rd c.BC+

† I. חֶ֫רֶס n.m. Ju 14:18 sun (NH id.)—abs. ח׳ Jb 9:7 (‖ כוכבים); c. ה epenth. בְּטֶרֶם יָבֹא הַחַ֫רְסָה Ju 14:18 (cf. לַיִל, לַיְלָה) before the sun could go down (but read perhaps הַחַ֫דְרָה into the (bridal) chamber StaZAW 1884, 253 ff.).

† כִּימָה n.f. perhaps Pleiades (v. supr. NH id.; 𝔗 כִּימָא, 𝔖 ܟܻܝܡܳܐ )—as made by י׳, Am 5:8 (‖ כְּסִיל), Jb 9:9 (‖ עָשׁ, כְּסִיל, חַדְרֵי תֵמָן); and under his control, מַעֲדַנּוֹת כ׳ Jb 38:31 (‖ משְׁכוֹת כְּסִיל).—(SternJüd. Zeitschr. f. Wissen. u. Leben. iii. (1864–65) 258 ff. Nö in SchenkelBL HoffmZAW iii. 107 ff. interpret עשׁ as Pleiades, and כימה as Sirius).

† עַ֫יִשׁ n.f. a constellation, perhaps Great Bear (cf. especially Di) (point perhaps עִיֻּשׁ (v. Bu and reff.), cf. Syriac ܥܺܝܽܘܬܳܐ PS2866, ܥܝܽܘܬܳܐ Brock., name of a star);—וְע׳ עַל־בָּנֶיהָ Jb 38:32 = עָשׁ 9:9 (both + כִּימָה, כְּסִיל etc.).

† [שְׁמַשׁ] n.[m. so DWB] sun;—emph. שִׁמְשָׁא Dn 6:15.