Stumbling and Offense

† כָּשַׁל vb. stumble, stagger, totter (NH id.; Syriac [ܟܫܰܠ] give offence (occasion for stumbling), σκανδαλίζω, (chiefly Ethpe. Aph.), v. PS Brock Schwally; Arabic كَسِلَ is be heavy, sluggish);— Qal Pf. כ׳ Ne 4:4 +, (Ho 5:5b read יִכָּשֵׁל, cf. We), כָּֽשְׁלָה Is 3:8; 59:14; כָּֽשְׁלוּ Je 46:6 +, כָּשַׁלְנוּ Is 59:10, etc.; Impf. 3 mpl. יכשׁ֑ולו Pr 4:16 Kt (but read Hiph., q.v., so Qr); יכשׁלו Na 3:3 Kt (but read Pf. וְכָֽשְׁלוּ, so Qr); Inf. abs. כָּשׁוֹל Is 40:30 (c. Niph. Impf.); Pt. act. כּוֹשֵׁל Is 5:27 + 2 times, כֹּשֵׁל 2 Ch 28:15 ψ 105:37; fpl. כֹּשְׁלוֹת Is 35:3;— 1. stumble at, over, something, c. ב (lit. by means of), Na 3:3, גִּבּוֹר בְּגִבּוֹר כ׳ Je 46:12 (+ נָפַל), cf. Lv 26:37; וּנְעָרִים בָּעֵץ כ׳ La 5:13 i.e. stagger (of toil in captivity); abs. Is 5:27 (‖ עָיֵף), כָּֽשְׁלוּ וְנָפָ֑לוּ Je 46:6, cf. הִרְבָּה כּוֹשֵׁ֑ל גַּס־נָפַל אישׁ וגו׳ v 16 (strange; Gie, foll. in part 𝔊 𝔖, עֶרְבְּךָ כָּשַׁל וְנָפַל thy mixed people—cf. 25:20, etc.—hath stumbled and hath fallen); often fig. of overthrow, through divine judgment, c. בְּ at, (v. supr.) Je 6:21, so Is 8:15 (+ נָפַל etc.) according to Ges Hi Buhl Che Di; בָּם = among them,—Isr. and Judah,—as ב in v 16, so Ew De Du E.V; Ho 4:5(×2); 5:5; 14:2 (בַּעֲוֹנֶֽךָ, בְּ prob. instr.); abs. of Babylon, under fig. of זָדוֹן, כ׳ ונפל Je 50:32; כ׳ ונפל ψ 27:2 Is 3:8; 31:3 (both ‖ נפל); of אֱמֶת Is 59:14; Is 28:13 (+ אָחוֹר); of distress Is 59:10, ψ 107:12. 2. totter, of knees, lit. בִּרְכַּי כ׳ מִצּוֹם ψ 109:24 my knees totter from fasting; fig. Is 35:3 (‖ יָדַיִם רָפוֹת); כּוֹשֵׁל tottering one, lit. Jb 4:4 2 Ch 28:15 ψ 105:37; hence fig., fail, of strength (כֹּחַ), Ne 4:4 ψ 31:11;—Inf. abs. כָּשׁוֹל, v. sub Niph. Niph. Pf. consec. וְנִכְשַׁל Dn 11:19, וְנִכְשְׁלוּ v 33, וְנִכְשָׁ֑לוּ v 14; Impf. יִכָּשֵׁל Ez 33:12 + Ho 5:5b (𝔊 as v a, so We; MT כָּשַׁל), 2 ms. תִּכָּשֵׁל Pr 4:12, יִכָּשְׁלוּ Ho 5:5a + 9 times; יִכָּשֵׁ֑לוּ Is 40:30 + 3 times; Inf. cstr. sf. בִּכָּֽשְׁלוֹ Pr 24:17 (yet v. Ges§ 51, R. 1), בְּהִכָּֽשְׁלָם Dn 11:34; Pt. נִכְשָׁל Zc 12:8; pl. נִכְשָׁלִים 1 S 2:4;— 1. stumble (= Qal) Na 2:6; Is 63:13; Je 31:9; usually fig.: a. of misfortune Pr 24:17 (‖ נפל), neg. 4:12. b. of divine judgment (c. בְּ at) Pr 4:19; 24:16, neg. Ez 33:12; see also Ho 14:10 (בְ loc.), Je 20:11 Dn 11:14, 35, יִכָּֽשְׁלוּ וְיֹאבְדוּ מִפָּנֶיךָ ψ 9:4; be thrown to the ground, of nations, armies, etc., Ho 5:5 (c. בַּעֲוֹנָם, cf. 14:2 Qal), Je 6:15 (‖ נפל), cf. 8:12 (‖ id.), Dn 11:19 (+ נפל), v 33 (בְ instr.), v 34, 41. 2. be tottering, feeble, כָּשׁוֹל יִכָּשֵׁ֑לוּ Is 40:30 (opp. יַחֲלִיפוּ כֹחַ v 31); so pt. 1 S 2:4 Zc 12:8. Pi. only apparent, תְּכַשְּׁלִי Ez 36:14, read תְּשַׁכְּלִי with Qr Vrss E.V. Sm Co Da (v. alo Hiph. ad fin.). Hiph. Pf. הִכְשִׁיל La 1:14, הִכְשַׁלְתֶּם Mal 2:8; Impf. 3 ms. sf. יַכְשִׁילְךָ 2 Ch 25:8; 2 fs. תַּכְשִׁלִי Ez 36:15 (but del. 𝔊 Co; read תשׁכלי, as v 14 other Vrss Sm Da); 3 mpl. יַכְשִׁילוּ Pr 4:16 Qr (Kt v. sub Qal), וַיַּכְשִׁילֻהוּ ψ 64:9, וַיַּכְשִׁלוּם Je 18:15 (so 𝔗; Gie, after 𝔊 𝔖, וַיִּכְשְׁלוּ, [וַיִּכָּֽשְׁלוּ]); Inf. cstr. הַכְשִׁיל 2 Ch 25:8, sf. הַכְשִׁילוֹ 2 Ch 28:23;— 1. cause to stumble, fig.: a. = bring injury or ruin to, abs. Pr 4:16; of punishment ψ 64:9 (indef. subj.; si vera l.; text prob. corrupt, v. Che Bae). b. = overthrow, of nation, army, etc., 2 Ch 25:8 (sq. לִפְנֵי אוֹיֵב), cf. v 8 (opp. עזר); cause overthrow 2 Ch 28:23.—On Ez 36:15 v. supr. c. morally, Je 18:15 (בְּ loc.), Mal 2:8 (בְּ instr.) 2. make feeble, weak, הִכְשִׁיל כֹּחִי La 1:14 (of God’s dealing with Jerus.) Hoph. only Pt. והיו מֻכְשָׁלִים לְפָנֶיךָ Je 18:23 either and let them be ones who have stumbled before thee, i.e. regard them as such (Hi Gf VB), or and let them be ones overthrown before thee (Gie; so Qr according to Gf). So also in Ez 21:20 according to Co, cf. Sm Da (MT מִכְשֹׁלִים, v. מִכְשׁוֹל).

† נָגַף vb. strike, smite (Aramaic נְגַף);— Qal Pf. נ׳ 2 Ch 13:15; Is 19:22 (וְ consec.); sf. נְגָפוֹ 2 Ch 21:18, etc.; Impf. יִגֹּף Ex 21:35 + 2 times; וַיִּגֹּף Ex 32:35 + 4 times; אֶגּוֹף ψ 89:24 +, etc.; Inf. abs. נָגֹף Is 19:22; cstr. לִנְגֹּף Ex 12:23(×2); נָגְפוֹ v 27;—strike, smite, of serious (even fatal) injury, sq. acc. pers. Ex 21:22, 35 (E); one’s foot against (בְּ) stone ψ 91:12; abs. (stumble) Pr 3:23; especially of judgment, subj. י׳, obj. individ. (fatal stroke) 1 S 25:38; 26:10; 2 S 12:15; 2 Ch 13:20; 21:18 (לָחֳלִי); obj. people (abs.) Ex 12:23(×2), 27 (JE), 32:35 Jos 24:5 (E), Is 19:22, cf. v 22; v. also ψ 89:24; cf. c. acc. cogn. מַגֵּפָה Zc 14:12, 18; 2 Ch 21:14 (sq. also בְּעַמֶּ֑ךָ); c. בְּ instr. Ex 7:27; of causing defeat in battle, sq. acc. + לִפְנֵי Ju 20:35 1 S 4:3 2 Ch 13:15; 14:11. Niph. Pf. נִגַּף 2 S 10:15; נִגְּפוּ v 19 + 2 times, etc.; Impf. יִנָּגֵף 2 Ch 6:24; וַיִּנָּגֵף 1 S 4:2 + 4 times; Inf. abs. נִגּוֹף Ju 20:39; cstr. הִנָּגֵף 1 K 8:33; Pt. נִגָּף Dt 28:25; Ju 20:39, etc.;—be smitten, bef. enemy, in battle, sq. לִפְנֵי Ju 20:32, 39(×2) 1 S 4:2; 7:10; 2 S 10:15, 19; 18:7; 1 K 8:33; 2 K 14:12; 1 Ch 19:16, 19; 2 Ch 6:24; 25:22; Lv 26:17; Nu 14:42; Dt 1:42; abs. Ju 20:36; 1 S 4:10; 2 S 2:17; 2 Ch 20:22; Pt. after נָתַן, sq. לִפְנֵי Dt 28:7, 25 Vid. נָגַע" dir="rtl" >נָגַע Niph. Hithp. Impf. יִתְנַגְּפוּ Je 13:16 = stumble, subj. רַגְלֵיכֶם, sq. על (loc.); cf. Qal (ψ 91:12) and נֶ֫גֶף" dir="rtl" >נֶגֶף 2.

σκανδαλ-ίζω, cause to stumble, give offence or scandal to any one, τινα NT:— passive, to be made to stumble, take offence, Refs, etc.; ἔν τινι LXX+NT

† [שָׁמַט] vb. let drop (NH id., loosen, detach, draw away, Niph. slip off; Aramaic שְׁמַט loosen, pull away; ܫܡܰܛ draw sword, draw or pull away; Arabic سَمَطَ is hang, suspend, ii. release debtor (Ḳam), سِمْطٌ string of pearls);— Qal let drop, fall: Imv. mpl. sf. + Impf. 3 ms. sf. וַיִּשְׁמְטוּהָ (final ו dittogr.) שִׁמְטוּהָו 2 K 9:33 he said, Let her fall, and they let her fall; then fig., of letting land rest in seventh year, 2 ms. sf.: תִּשְׁמְטֶנָּה Ex 23:11 (E); Pf. 2 ms. וְשָׁמַטְתָּ֫ה Je 17:4 thou shalt let drop thy hand (read יָֽדְךָ for וּבְךְ JDMich and mod.) from (מִן) thine inheritance, i.e. abandon it; Inf. abs. שָׁמוֹט Dt 15:2 let fall (a debt in seventh year; v. מַשֶּׁה p. 674b).—Pf. 3 pl. שָֽׁמְטוּ הַבָּקָר 2 S 6:6 = 1 Ch 13:9 is dub., most naturally either they let the oxen fall (slip, stumble), or (as 𝔗) the oxen let it fall (reading שְׁמָטוֹ, sc. the ark); > Thes the oxen ran away; 𝔖 slipped (the yoke)? v. further Dr. Niph. Pf. 3 pl. נִשְׁמְטוּ ψ 141:6 their judges have been thrown down. Hiph. 2 ms. (?) juss. (?) תַּשְׁמֵט Dt 15:3 thou shalt cause thy hand to let drop, etc.; BaNB 147 Qal; תִּשְׁמֹט (cf. Dr), יָדֶ֑ךָ subj.

προσκόπτω, strike one thing against another, πρὸς λίθον τὸν πόδα LXX+5th c.BC+ __b intransitive, stumble or strike against, τινι Refs 5th c.BC+; π. τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ (i.e. ῥίζῃ κυάμου) Refs 4th c.BC+; of liquid, to be checked by striking against, with dative, Refs 1st c.AD+; πνεῦμα προσκόπτον broken, interrupted breathing, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 π. τῷ ἄξονι encounter friction at.. , Refs 4th c.BC+ __II metaphorically, ={προσκρούω} Refsoffend, Refs 3rd c.BC+; οὐ μόνον δυσαρεστήσειν ἀλλὰ καὶ προσκόπτειν ἔμελλε προφανῶς, of an open breach, Refs __II.2 take offence at, ἵνα μή μοι προσκόψῃς Refs 3rd c.BC+; τῇ βαρύτητί τινος Refs 4th c.BC+; of things, π. τῷ ζῆν to be disgusted with life, Refs —passive, δῆμος π. αὐτῷ διά τι being offended with him, Refs 1st c.BC+

προσπίπτω, Doric dialect ποτιπίπτω Refs 4th c.BC+: future -πεσοῦμαιRefs 5th c.BC+, see at {προσπτήσσω}:—fall upon, strike against, ἔς τι variant in Refs 5th c.BC+; τινι Refs 5th c.BC+; fall against, as a mound against a wall, Refs 5th c.BC+; but πρὸς τὸ οὖς προσπίπτων is uncertain reading in Refs 4th c.BC+ __2 fall upon, attack, assault, πόλεσιν, ὁπλίταις, Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 simply, run to, Refs 5th c.BC+ __4 fall upon, embrace, τινι Refs 5th c.BC+ join the party of another, Refs 5th c.BC+; also, fasten on, in argument, τῇ διαφορᾷ Refs 1st c.BC+ __5 fall in with, meet with, encounter, μὴ λάθῃ με προσπεσών Refs 5th c.BC+; fall in with, δυστυχεστάτῳ κλήρῳ Refs 5th c.BC+; δήγματι to be bitten, Refs 5th c.BC+: with a preposition, πρὸς τὰς τῶν φυλάκων ψυχάς Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰς βράχεα, πρὸς τὰ κοινά, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __II of things, __II.1 of events, accidents, etc., come suddenly upon, befall one, τινι Refs 5th c.BC+; αἱ συμφοραὶ προσπίπτουσαι misfortunes by befalling, Refs 5th c.BC+; αἱ π. τύχαι Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ π. ἐπιθυμία Refs 5th c.BC+; πρὸς τὰ προσπίπτοντα according to circumstances, Refs 4th c.BC+; τὰ π. εἰς τὸν ἀνθρώπινον βίον Refs 4th c.BC+; προσπεσούσης μοι τῆς.. ἐπιστολῆς when the letter came to hand, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II.2 of expenses, to be incurred, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 of money, to be paid in to an account, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II.4 of rights and duties, etc., pass to, devolve or fall upon, ὅταν λειτουργία προσπέσῃ ἀπολύειν αὐτούς Refs 3rd c.BC+; ὥστε μηδεμίαν ὑποψίαν ἐκείνῳ γε προσπεσεῖν Refs 3rd c.BC+; κληρονομίας -πεσούσης μοι Refs 3rd c.AD+ __II.5 come to one's ears, be told as news, εἴ τισιν ἀπιστότερος προσπέπτωκεν ὁ λόγος Refs 4th c.BC+ news came that.., with accusative et infinitive, Refs; προσπέπτωκεν Παῶν ἀναπλεῖν Wilcken Refs 2nd c.BC+; προσπεσόντων τῷ βασιλεῖ περὶ τῶν γεγονότων LXX __II.5.b π. δι᾽ ἑαυτοῦ or αὐτόθεν to be self-evident, Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.6 sit or fit closely, of a bandage, προσπεπτωκός, opposed to χαλαρόν, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.7 Geometry texts, meet, πόλος πρὸς ὃν αἱ γραμμαὶ προσπίπτουσιν Refs 4th c.BC+; of lines, to be drawn to meet, πρὸς κύκλον Refs 3rd c.BC+; π. ἐπὶ.. pass through a point, Refs 3rd c.BC+ __II.8 of the pulse, ={ὑποπίπτω}, Refs 2nd c.AD+; of the womb, ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα π. Refs 5th c.BC+ __III fall down at another's feet, prostrate oneself, προσπίπτων προσκυνέει τὸν ἕτερον Refs 5th c.BC+; compare προσπίτνω.

πταίω, Refs 5th c.BC+: future πταίσω Refs 4th c.BC+: aorist ἔπταισα Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect ἔπταικα Refs 5th c.BC+ — passive, see #1: __I transitive, cause to stumble or fall, σύνθεσιν ποτὶ ψεύδει LXX+5th c.BC+:—passive, to be missed, of things, Refs 2nd c.AD+; τὰ πταισθέντα failures, errors, Refs 2nd c.AD+; ἃ ἐπταίσθη his failures, Refs 1st c.AD+ __II intransitive, stumble, trip, fall, π. πρός τινι stumble against, fall over, π., ὥσπερ πρὸς ἕρματι, πρὸς τῇ πόλει Refs 5th c.BC+; πρὸς τὰς πέτρας conjecture in Refs 5th c.BC+; also π. περί τινι, μὴ περὶ Μαρδονίῳ πταίσῃ ἡ Ἑλλάς lest Hellas should get a fall over him, i.e. be defeated by him, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 metaphorically, make a false step or mistake, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐὰν πταίωσί τι when they make a blunder, of medical men, Refs 4th c.BC+; οὐκ ἐλάττω, ἐλάχιστα, τὰ πλείω π., Refs 5th c.BC+; τῇ μάχῃ, τοῖς ὅλοις, τοῖς πράγμασι, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.3 π. τῆς ἐλπίδος to be baulked of.. , Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II.4 ἡ γλῶττα π. stutters, Refs 4th c.BC+

λακτίζω, perfect λελάκτῐκα Refs 5th c.BC+:—kick with the heel or foot, λ. ποσὶ γαῖαν, of a defeated boxer, Refs 8th c.BC+; φλὸξ αἰθέρα λακτίζοισα καπνῷ flames lashing heaven with smoke, Refs 5th c.BC+; κραδία δὲ φόβῳ φρένα λακτίζει my heart 'knocks at my ribs' for fear, Refs 4th c.BC+; τὸν πεσόντα λακτίσαι trample on the fallen, Refs 4th c.BC+; λ. βωμὸν εἰς ἀφάνειαν trample on the altar so as utterly to destroy it, Refs; τὴν θύραν λ. kick at the door, Ar.[same place]; λ. ἀλλήλους Refs 5th c.BC+; of horses, λ. τὸ λυποῦν Refs 5th c.BC+; βοῦς ὁ λακτίσας ὑμᾶς, of a clumsy-footed person, Refs 3rd c.BC+:—middle in active sense, Refs __2 absolutely, kick, struggle, Refs; of horses, Refs 5th c.BC+, kick against the pricks, NT+5th c.BC+

προσρήγνῡμι, dash or beat against, παιδία πέτραις Refs 1st c.AD+ __II intransitive in active, προσέρρηξεν ὁ ποταμὸς τῇ οἰκίᾳ NT __III burst, τὰς φλέβας Refs 2nd c.AD+

† [דְּחִי] n.[m.] stumbling הִצַּלְתָּ … רַגְלַי מִדֶּ֑חי ψ 56:14 = 116:8.