Selling and Commerce

† מָכַר vb. sell (NH id.; Ph. מכר; Zinj. מכרו price, DHMSendsch. 60; Aramaic ܡܟܰܪ, מְכַר marry (i.e. buy as a wife); cf. Assyrian makkûru, namkur(r)u, nakkuru, possession, property, DlHWB 408);— Qal Pf. מ׳ Lv 27:20 + 2 times; sf. מְכָרוֹ Ex 21:37 + 2 times; 1 s. מָכַרְתִּי Is 50:1 + 2 times, etc.; Impf. יִמְכֹּר Ex 21:7 +, etc.; Imv. מִכְרָ֫ה Gn 25:31; fs. מִכְרִי 2 K 4:7; Inf. abs. מָכֹר Dt 14:21; 21:14; cstr. מְכוֹר Ne 10:32; sf. מָכְרָהּ Ex 21:8; מִכְרָם Am 2:6 Ne 13:15 (cf. BaNB 104); Pt. מֹכֵר (מוֹכֵר) Lv 25:16 + 3 times; f. מֹכֶרֶת Na 3:4, etc.;—sell (c. בְּ pret. Am 2:6 Jo 4:3 ψ 44:13) sq. acc. e.g. land Gn 47:20, 22 (J), Lv 25:14 (acc. cogn.), v 25 (H; sq. מֵאֲחֻזָּתוֹ) cf. Ez 48:14 (sq. מִן partit.), Lv 25:15 (no obj. expr.), so v 27; 27:20 (H), Ru 4:3; house Lv 25:29 (H); beast Ex 21:35, 37 (E); flesh Dt 14:21 (no obj.); crop Lv 25:16 (H); food Ne 10:32; 13:15, 16, cf. v 20 (sq. מִמְכָר); oil 2 K 4:7; linen Pr 31:24; birthright Gn 25:31, 33 (J); most often human beings, e.g. as slaves Gn 37:27, 28, 36; 45:4, 5 (all JE), Ex 21:16 (E), Dt 21:14(×2); 24:7, cf. Am 2:6 Ne 5:8 Zc 11:5 Jo 4:3, 6, 7, 8(×2); especially daughters Ex 21:7, 8 (E); in marriage Gn 31:15 (E); Pt. = seller Is 24:2 Ez 7:12, 13; fig., obj. truth Pr 23:23; of Nineveh, selling nations גּוֹיִם Na 3:4; especially י׳ selling his people (to enemies), i.e. giving it entirely into their power: Dt 32:30 ψ 44:13 Is 50:1, also (מ׳ בְּיַד) Ju 2:14; 3:8; 4:2; 10:7; 1 S 12:9; cf. Ju 4:9 (Sisera to woman); also Ez 30:12 (del. Co after B al.) Niph. Pf. נִמְכַּר Lv 25:48 + 5 times, etc.; Impf. יִמָּכֵר Lv 25:34 + 3 times, etc.; Inf. הִמָּֽכְרוֹ Lv 25:20; Pt. pl. נִמְכָּרִים Ne 5:8;—be sold, of land Lv 25:23, 34; beast Lv 27:27; cf. v 28 (all P); of human beings as slaves Ex 22:2; for (בְּ) theft (E), Lv 25:42 (P), ψ 105:17 Est 7:4; sell oneself Lv 25:39, 47, 48, 50 (PH), Dt 15:12 Je 34:14 Ne 5:8(×2); fig. of Isr., sold by י׳, Is 50:1 for (בְּ) their sins, 52:3; cf. Est 7:4 = given over to death. Hithp. Pf. הִתְמַכֵּר 1 K 21:25; וְהִתְמַכַּרְתֶּם consec. Dt. 28:68; וַיִּתְמַכְּרוּ 2 K 17:17; Inf. הִתְמַכֶּרְךָ 1 K 21:20; sell oneself as slave Dt 28:68; fig. 1 K 21:20, 25 2 K 17:17, all sq. לַעֲשׂוֹת הָרַע.

πωλ-έω, Ionic dialectimperfect πωλέεσκε Refs 5th c.BC+: future -ήσωRefs 5th c.BC+; Doric dialect 3rd.pers. plural πωλησεῦντι Refs 1st c.AD+: aorist ἐπώλησα Refs 1st c.AD+:—passive, future in middle form πωλήσεται Refs 4th c.BC+ future πεπωλήσεται Refs 4th c.BC+: aorist ἐπωλήθην Refs 5th c.BC+:—sell or offer for sale, opposed to ὠνεῖσθαι, Refs 5th c.BC+; opposed to ἀποδίδοσθαι (of the actual sale), Refs 5th c.BC+; μετ᾽ ἀβακίου καὶ τραπεζίου π. ἑαυτόν sell oneself across the counter, Refs 5th c.BC+ sold at a high price for exportation to Sardis, Refs 5th c.BC+; πωλέω οὐδενὸς χρήματος refuse to sell it at any price, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὰ σφῶν αὐτῶν μικροῦ λήμματος π. Refs 4th c.BC+; ἔρωμαι ὁπόσου πωλε; ask what he wants for it, Refs 5th c.BC+; τὴν Ἀσίην πωλῶ πρὸς μύραRefs; π. τινί τι Refs 5th c.BC+; τι πρός τινας Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, carry on business, trade, ἐν τῇ πόλει Refs 2nd c.AD+; π. πρός τινα deal with one, Refs 5th c.BC+; π. πάλιν retail, Refs 5th c.BC+:— passive, to be sold or offered for sale, εἰν ἀγορῇ πωλεύμενα Refs 8th c.BC+; of a person, to be sold up, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __2 π. τέλη let out the taxes, Refs 4th c.BC+ __2.b sell or farm out offices, priesthoods, etc., [τὰς ἀρχάς] Refs 4th c.BC+ __3 sell, i.e. give up, betray, τὰς γραφάς Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, of persons, to be bought and sold, betrayed, Refs 5th c.BC+

† [שָׁבַר] vb.denom. buy grain;— Qal Impf. 2 mpl. תִּשְׁבְּרוּ Dt 2:6, 1 pl. נִשְׁבְּרָה Gn 43:4; Imv. mpl. שִׁבְרוּ 42:2 +; Inf. cstr. לִשְׁבֹּר v 3 +, לִשְׁבָּר־ v 7 +; Pt. mpl. שֹׁבְרִים 47:14;—buy grain for food Gn 41:57 (v 56 v. Hiph.), 42:2 (שֶׁבֶר in v a), v 5; c. acc. אֹ��ֶל v 7, 10; 43:2, 4, 20, 22; 44:25; Dt 2:6 (מִן pers.); c. acc. בָּר Gn 42:3, שֶׁבֶר 47:14; fig. Is 55:1, c. acc. יַיִן וְחָלָב v 1. Hiph. Impf. 1 pl. נַשְׁבִּיר Am 8:6 etc.; Pt. מַשְׁבִּיר Gn 42:6 Pr 11:26;—sell grain (proposes cause to buy grain), c. ל pers. Gn 42:6 + 41:56 (read וַיַּשְׁבֵּר for MT וַיִּשְׁבֹּר Ol Di Gunk), c. acc. שֶׁבֶר Am 8:5, מַפַּל בָּר v 6, cf. Pr 11:26; c. sf. pers. + acc. אֹכֶל + ב pret. Dt 2:28.

† I. כָּרָה vb. dig (NH id.; Aramaic כְּרָא, Ethiopic ከረየ Arabic كَرَا (c. و and especially ى, Dozy ii. 461); Syriac ܟܪܳܐ is be short, cut off (i.e. rounded off ?), Arabic كُرَةٌ ball; 𝔗 כְּרֵי heap Dalm Gr 109; Syriac ܟܰܪܝܳܐ, Mish. כרי id.; Assyrian karê, large vessels for holding corn, etc., DlHWB 353, cf. kirû (dub.) Wkl Tel Am. Vocab.; Ba ZMG 1887, 615 conjectures be round as orig. √ meaning, and comp. Arabic كَرِيَتِ السَّاقُ the leg is round);— Qal Pf. 3 ms. כָּרָה 2 Ch 16:14 ψ 7:16; 2 ms. כָּרִיתָ ψ 40:7; 1 s. כָּרִי��ִי Gn 50:5; 3 pl. כָּרוּ Je 18:20 + 3 times; sf. כָּרוּהָ Nu 21:18; Impf. 3 ms. יִכְרֶה Ex 21:33; 3 mpl. וַיִּכְרוּ Gn 26:25; Pt. כֹּרֶה Pr 16:27; 26:27;—dig a grave, קֶבֶר Gn 50:5 (J), cf. 2 Ch 16:14; a well, בְּאֵר Gn 26:25 (J), Nu 21:18 (song in JE); a pit, בּוֹר Ex 21:33; fig. of plotting against others ψ 7:16; so sq. שׁוּחָה Je 18:20, 22, sq. שִׁיחָה ψ 57:7; 119:85; sq. שַׁחַת Pr 26:27; hence כֹּרֶה רָעָה Pr 16:27 one digging a calamity; אָזְנַיִם כ׳ לִי ψ 40:7 ears hast thou dug (with allusion to the cavity of the ear) for me, thou hast given me the means of hearing and obeying thy will.—On ψ 22:17 v. כוּר" dir="rtl" >II. כּוּר. Niph. Impf. 3 ms. עַד יִכָּרֶה שַׁחַת ψ 94:13 until the pit be digged for the wicked, fig. of judgment.

† מִמְכָּר n.m. Lv 25:28 sale, ware;—abs. מ׳ Lv 25:14 + 2 times; cstr. מִמְכַּר Lv 25:25, 33; מִמְכָּרוֹ Lv 25:27 + 3 times; pl. sf. מִמְכָּרָיו Dt 18:8 (but v. sub מֶכֶר);—sale Lv 25:27, 29, 50; thing sold Lv 25:14 (acc. cogn.), v 25, 28 Ez 7:13 Ne 13:20; מִמְכַּר בַּיִת Lv 25:33 (Hex. only PH). On Dt 18:8 v. מֶכֶר.

Included with: πέρνημι, 3rd.pers. plural περνᾶσι Refs 6th c.BC+; participle περνάς Refs 8th c.BC+: Epic dialect Iterat. 3rd.pers. singular πέρνασκε Refs 8th c.BC+: Epic dialect future infinitive περάαν Refsaorist ἐπέρασσαRefs 8th c.BC+; participle περάσαντες Refs; aorist optative 3rd.pers. singular περάσειε [ᾰ] Refs 8th c.BC+; aorist subjunctive 2nd pers. plural περάσητε Refs; also aorist ἔπρησα Refs 6th c.BC+: perfect πέπρᾱκα Refs 4th c.BC+pluperfect ἐπεπράκειν [ᾱ] Refs 4th c.BC+:—passive, present 3rd.pers. singular πέρνᾰται Refs 5th c.BC+: imperfect 3rd.pers. plural ἐπέρναντο Refs 5th c.BC+; participle περνάμενος [ᾰ] Refs 8th c.BC+: perfect participle once πεπερημένος Refs; elsewhere the perfect is Attic dialect πέπρᾱμαι, Refs 5th c.BC+, infinitive πεπρᾶσθαι Refs 5th c.BC+; Ionic dialect πέπρημαι Refs 5th c.BC+infinitive πεπρῆσθαιRefs: pluperfect ἐπέπρᾱτο Refs 5th c.BC+aorist Trag. and Attic dialect ἐπράθην [ᾱ] Refs 6th c.BC+; Ionic dialect ἐπρήθην Refs 5th c.BC+future πεπράσομαι [ᾱ] LXX+5th c.BC+ P.: Aeolic dialect present infinitive πόρναμεν Refs 5th c.AD+ (perhaps πορνάμεναι): present participle passive πορνάμεναιRefs —In Attic dialect the usual present in active sense is πωλέω, future ἀποδώσομαι, aorist ἀπεδόμην: from πέπρᾱμαι, ἐπράθην, etc. is formed the later present passive πιπράσκομαι, first found in Refs 5th c.BC+, and from this the present active πιπράσκω first found in Refs 2nd c.AD+: imperfect ἐπίπρασκον Refs 1st c.AD+; Ionic dialect πιπρήσκω Refs 5th c.BC+:—export for sale, in Epic dialect usually of exporting captives to foreign parts for sale as slaves, πολλοὺς ζωοὺς ἑλον ἠδὲ πέρασσα Refs 8th c.BC+; π. τινὰ Αῆμνον sell one to Lemnos, Refs 8th c.BC+; κατ᾽ ἀλλοθρόους ἀνθρώπουςRefs 8th c.BC+; later also of other merchandise, ὡς χαραδριὸν περνάς Refs 5th c.BC+[same place]:—passive, κτήματα περνάμεν᾽ ἵκει Refs 8th c.BC+ __2 simply, sell (as always in the Attic dialect forms), τὰ κτήματα πέντε ταλάντων πεπρακότας Refs 4th c.BC+ [same place]:—passive, to be sold, especially for exportation, Refs 6th c.BC+; ἐς Αιβύην, ἐς Θεσπρωτούς, Refs 5th c.BC+; ὠνούμενά τε καὶ πιπρασκόμενα interpolated in Refs 5th c.BC+ per century. having been sold or let for a small sum, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II sell for a bribe, of political leaders, τοὺς πεπρακότας αὑτοὺς ἐκείνῳ Refs 4th c.BC+passive, πέπραμαι I am bought and sold !, i. e. betrayed, ruined, πέπραμαι κἀπόλωλα Refs 5th c.BC+, OIr. renaid 'he sells'.)

† מֶ֫כֶר n.m. Pr 31:10 merchandise, value;—מ׳ abs. Ne 13:16; מִכְרָהּ Pr 31:10; מִכְרָם Nu 20:19; prob. also מִמְכָּרָיו (read מִמְּכָרָיו) Dt 18:8, v. Di Dr;— 1. merchandise Ne 13:16; 2. value, price, of water Nu 20:19 (JE), cf. Dt 18:8 (v. supr.); of capable woman Pr 31:10.

ἐμπορ-εύομαι, future -πορεύσομαι: aorist 1 ἐνεπορεύθην:—middle, aorist 1 -ευσάμηνRefs 5th c.BC+:—travel, ξένην ἔπι.. γαῖαν Refs 5th c.BC+; ποῖ δ᾽ ἐμπορεύ; Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 absolutely, walk, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II travel for traffic or business, Χρηματισμοῦ Χάριν Refs 5th c.BC+; εἰς Πόντον Chion Refs inveigh against the art of healing, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 to be a merchant, traffic, Refs 5th c.BC+: with accusative, trade in, γῆν LXX __II.3 with accusative of things, import, Refs 5th c.BC+; πολλὰς διὰ θαλάσσης ὠφελείας Refs 1st c.BC+ __II.3.b metaphorically, δίαιταν ἥντιν᾽ ἐμπορεύεται what manner of lite he leads, Refs 5th c.BC+; ἐ. τὴν φιλοσοφίαν to make a trade of it, Refs 1st c.AD+; in bad sense, trade on, τὴν λήθην τῶν δικαστῶν Refs 1st c.AD+ __II.4 with accusative person, make gain of, overreach, cheat, πλαστοῖς λόγοις ὑμᾶς NT:—also in active, Refs 2nd c.BC+

ἀνδραποδ-ιστής, οῦ, ὁ, slave-dealer or kidnapper, Refs 5th c.BC+; coupled with ἱερόσυλοι, τοιχωρύχοι, etc., Refs 5th c.BC+ one who sells his own independence, Refs 5th c.BC+

πραγμᾰτ-εύομαι, Ionic dialect πρηγμ-, aorist ἐπραγματευσάμην, Ionic dialect ἐπρηγμ-, Refs 5th c.BC+; also ἐπραγματεύθην, Ionic dialect ἐπρηγμ-, Refs 5th c.BC+: perfect πεπραγμάτευμαι Refs 5th c.BC+; also in passive sense, see below:—busy oneself, take trouble, ἀπέδωκαν τὸν νεκρὸν οὐδὲν ἔτι πρηγματευθέντες Hdt.[same place],Refs 5th c.BC+; πολλὰ ἐπί τινι π. work at at thing, labour to bring it about, Refs 5th c.BC+; πραγματεύονται ὅπως ἄρξουσι exert themselves to.., Refs 5th c.BC+; μηδὲν πραγματεύου do not worry, Refs: c.infinitive, exert oneself to.., Refs 1st c.AD+ __2 to be engaged in business, spend one's time in business, ὅληντὴννύκτα all nightlong, Refs 5th c.BC+; simply, conduct a business, Refs 3rd c.BC+; transact business, of clerks, Refs 3rd c.BC+; π. ἀπὸ ἐμπορίας καὶ δανεισμῶν make money by trade and loans, Refs 1st c.AD+; οἱ πραγματευόμενοι, = Latin negotiatores, Refs 3rd c.BC+; generally, of officials, to be employed in public affairs, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __II with accusative of things, take in hand, treat laboriously, be engaged in, Refs 5th c.BC+; undertake, τὸν δεύτερον πλοῦν Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 of authors, elaborate a work, Refs 5th c.BC+; of a science, work out, ἃ θέλει Refs 4th c.BC+; treat of, περὶ φύσεως πάντα Refs 4th c.BC+; τοιαύτην οὐκ ἐπραγματεύθησαν ἀκριβολογίαν περὶ τὰς φλέβας did not use such precision in treating of.., Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3 of historians, treat systematically, τὰς πράξεις Refs 2nd c.BC+systematic historians, Refs __II.4 simply, write, treat, ποιητὴς ὢν πεπραγμάτευται περὶ τὸ ἱερόν Refs 3rd c.BC+; τὰ πεπραγματευμένα ὑπ᾽ αὐτῶ his works, composilions, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __III passive, mostly perfect πεπραγμάτευμαι, to be laboured at, elaborated, Refs 5th c.BC+; δόρυ ὡσαύτως -ευμένον X Refs 4th c.BC+; also present, Refs 4th c.BC+