Labor and Toil

† I. עָמָל n.m. Jb 4:8 f. Ec 10:15 (against AlbrZAW xvi (1896), 113, v. KöSynt. § 249 m) trouble, labour, toil (on this form as abstr. v. LagBN 143 BaNB 105);—ע׳ Nu 23:21 +; cstr. עֲמַל Ju 10:16 +; sf. עֲמָלִי Gn 41:51 +, etc.;— 1. trouble (‖ sorrow): one’s own suffering, עָמָל וְיָגוֹן Je 20:18; ע׳ וָכַעַם ψ 10:14; עֳנִי וע׳ Dt 26:7 ψ 25:18; ע׳ וָאָ֑וֶן 90:10; ‖ אָוֶן Nu 23:21; Jb 5:6; ‖ שָֽׁוְא Jb 7:3; ע׳ נפשׁו Is 53:11; ע׳ בְּעֵינָ֑י ψ 73:16; וַיַּסְתֵּר ע׳ מֵעֵינָ֑י Jb 3:10; מְנַחֲמֵי ע׳ 16:2; אדם לע׳ יוּלָּד 5:7; בע׳ אנושׁ אינימוֹ ψ 73:5; שׁכח ע׳ Jb 11:16; נַשַּׁנִי ע׳ Gn 41:51 (E); ע׳ לא זכר Pr 31:7; תקצר נפשׁו בע׳ Ju 10:16. 2. trouble, mischief, as done to others: ‖ שֹׁד Pr 24:2; יֹצֵר ע׳ ψ 94:20; ‖ רָע Hb 1:13; יָשׁוּב ע׳ בְרֹאשׁוֹ ψ 7:17; ע׳ וָאָ֑וֶן 10:7; און וע׳ 55:11; ‖ אָוֶן Is 10:1; 59:4; Hb 1:3 ψ 7:15; Jb 4:8; 15:35; עֲמַל שְׂפָתֵימוֹ ψ 140:10 mischief of their lips. 3. toil, labour (late in Heb.): Ec 2:10(×2), 21, 24; 3:13; 4:4, 6, 8, 9; 5:14, 18; 6:7; 8:15; 10:15; c. עָמַל (q.v.) 1:3; 2:11, 19, 20; 5:17; עָמֵל (שְׁהוּא) ע׳ שֶׁאֲנִי 2:18, 22; ע׳ אֲשֶׁר עָמֵל 9:9; = fruit of labour, ע׳ לְאֻמִּים יִירָ֑שׁוּ ψ 105:44; וַיַּכְנַע בע׳ לִבָּם 107:12 he humbled their mind by toil.

I. [קָשָׁה] vb. be hard, severe, fierce (NH קָשָׁח be severe; Arabic قَسَا (ى) be hard, dry, iii. endure, struggle against, severity; Aramaic קְשָׁא, ܩܫܳܐ be hard, difficult; J.Aram קְשִׁי, קַשְׁיָה adj. hard);— Qal Pf. 3 fs. קָֽשְׁתָה 1 S 5:7, קָשָׁ֑תָה Gn 49:7; Impf. 3 ms. יִקְשֶׁה Dt 1:17; 15:18, וַיִּ֫קֶשׁ 2 S 19:44;— 1. be hard, difficult Dt 1:17 (of a legal case; מִן compar.). 2. be hard, severe, ק׳ יָדוֹ עָלֵינוּ 1 S 5:7 (of י׳, in judgment); יִק׳ בְעֵינֶ֑ךָ Dt 15:18 it shall not be hard in thine eyes (seem a severe trial, an injustice); of wrath Gn 49:7 (poem in J; ‖ עָ֑ז); of fierce words 2 S 19:44. Niph. Pt. נִקְשֶׁה Is 8:21 hardly bestead, hard pressed. Pi. Impf. 3 fs. וַתְּקַשׁ בְּלִדְתָּהּ Gn 35:16 (E) she made hard in her bearing (had severe labour). Hiph. Pf. 3 ms. הִקְשָׁה Ex 13:15 +, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. וַיֶּקֶשׁ 2 Ch 36:13; 3 mpl. וַיַּקְשׁוּ Je 7:26 +, etc.; Inf. cstr. sf. בְּהַקְשֹׁתָהּ Gn 35:17; Pt. מַקְשֶׁה Pr 28:14; 29:1;— 1. make difficult, difficulty: הִקְשָׁה לְשַׁלְּחֵנוּ Ex 13:15 Pharach made difficulty about sending us away; of travail Gn 35:17 (E; as Pi.); הַקְשִׁיתָ לִשְׁאוֹל 2 K 2:10 thou hast made hard to ask, asked a hard thing. 2. make severe, burdensome, yoke imposed by king 1 K 12:4 = 2 Ch 10:4. 3. a. make hard, stiff, stubborn, fig. of obstinacy: וַיַּקְשׁוּ אֶת־עָרְפָּם 2 K 17:14 they stiffened their neck, so Je 7:26; 17:23; 19:15; Dt 10:16; 2 Ch 30:8; 36:13; Ne 9:16, 17, 29 Pr 29:1; אַל־תַּקְשׁוּ לְבַבְכֶם ψ 95:8, cf. Pr 28:14; subj. י׳, אַקְשֶׁה אֶת־לֵב פ׳ Ex 7:3 (P), acc. אֶת־רוּחוֹ Dt 2:30. b. shew stubbornness Jb 9:4 (c. אֶל pers. [י׳]).

κόπ-ος, ὁ, (κόπτω) striking, beating, ὀξύχειρι σὺν κόπῳ (Pauw for κτύπῳ) Refs 4th c.BC+; στέρνων κόπους (Seidler for κτύπους) Refs 5th c.BC+; ={κοπανισμός}, Refs 5th c.AD+ __II toil and trouble, suffering, Refs 5th c.BC+; pain of a disease, Refs 5th c.BC+; κόπους παρέχειν τινί to give trouble, NT+2nd c.BC+; κόπον ἔχειν Refs 1st c.BC+ __II.2 fatigue, Refs 5th c.BC+; κόπου ὕπο from very weariness, Refs 5th c.BC+; κόπῳ δαμέντες, ἁλίσκεσθαι, NT+5th c.BC+; περὶ κόπων title of work by Refs 4th c.BC+ __II.3 work, exertion, καμάραν ἀφ᾽ ἱδίων κόπων ἐποίησεν Refs 1st c.AD+; κόπῳ κόπον λύειν proverbial in Refs 4th c.AD+

ἐργᾰτ-ης, ου, ὁ, workman, Hermes NT, etc.; especially one who works the soil, husbandman, Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, Refs 5th c.BC+, etc.: also with substantive, Refs 4th c.BC+ the country-folk, Refs 5th c.BC+; of animals, βοῦς ἐ. a working ox, Refs 7th c.BC+; also ἐ. θαλάττης, of a fisher, Refs 4th c.AD+ a stone-mason, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __b in the religious sense, NT __2 adjective hard-working, strenuous, Refs 6th c.BC+; opposed to ἀργός, Refs 5th c.BC+. __II one who practises an art, Refs 6th c.BC+; ἐ. δίκης, of a judge, Refs 3rd c.BC+, practitioner in some special branch of surgery, e.g. lithotomy, Refs 5th c.BC+ __III doer, NT+6th c.BC+. __IV producer, Refs 1st c.AD+ __V a sort of capstan or windlass, Refs 3rd c.BC+

† [יְגִיעַ] n.m. toil, product;—cstr. יְגִיעַ Gn 31:42 + 5 times; sf. יְגִיעֲךָ Dt 28:33; יְגִיעֶ֑ךָ Jb 39:11; יְגִיעֵךְ Ez 23:29; יְגִיעוֹ ψ 109:11 Ne 5:13; יְגִיעָהּ Jb 39:16 Je 20:5; וִיגִיעֲכֶם Is 55:2; וִיגִיעָם ψ 78:46; pl. sf. יְגִיעַי Ho 12:9 (but יְגִיעָיו 𝔊 Che);— 1. toil, יג׳ כַּפַּיִם Gn 31:42 (E; ‖ עֳנִי), Jb 39:11 (= husbandry), laying of eggs 39:16. 2. result of toil, product, produce, acquired property: יְגִיעַי Ho 12:9 (‖ אוֹן, on text v. supr.), Dt 28:33 (‖ פְּרִי אדמתך), ψ 78:46 (‖ יְבוּל); יְגִיעַ כַּפַּיִם 128:2, Hg 1:11 (‖ דָּגָן, תִּירוֹשׁ, יִצְהָר, אֲשֶׁר תּוֹצִיא הָאֲדָמָה, אָדָם, בְּהֵמָה); Ne 5:13 (‖ בית), ψ 109:11 (‖ כל־אשׁר־לוֹ), Is 45:14 (יגיע מצרים, ‖ סַחַר־כּוּשׁ), 55:2 (‖ כֶּסֶף), Je 3:24 (‖ צֹאן, בָּקָר, בָּנִים, בָּנוֹת), 20:5 (‖ חֹסֶן, יָקָר, of city), Ez 23:29; of Job as product of God’s hands (יְג׳ כַּפֶּיךָ) Jb 10:3.

† I. חָרוּץ adj. sharp, diligent (on this and foll. v. BaNB 173)—חָרוּץ Is 28:27 + 11 times; pl. חֲרוּצִים Pr 10:4; 12:24; חֲרֻצִים Pr 13:4; חֲרֻצוֹת Am 1:3;— 1. sharp: of threshing instrument מוֹרָג ח׳ חָדָשׁ Is 41:15; without מ׳, as subst., 28:27 (where יוּדַשׁ); ח׳ הַבַּרְזֶל Am 1:3; Jb 41:22 (fig. of crocodile). 2. fig. diligent: as subst. Pr 21:5; opp. רְמִיָּה Pr 10:4; 12:24, 27; opp. עָצֵל Pr 13:4.—Dn 9:25 v. iv. חָרוּץ⁴" dir="rtl" >חרוץ.

† I. עֶ֫צֶב n.[m.] pain, hurt, toil;— 1. ע׳ pain Gn 3:16 (of travail), Pr 10:22. 2. hurt (of mind), דְּבַר־ע׳ Pr 15:1 a word that hurts (opp. מַעֲנֶה־רַךְ). 3. toil Pr 14:23; pl. לֶחֶם הָעֲצָבִים ψ 127:2 bread of (gained by) toils; sf. עֲצָבֶיךָ Pr 5:10.

† II. עָמֵל adj. verb. toiling, only Ec, as pred.;—Ec 2:18, 22; 3:9; 4:8; 9:9.

† I. עָמֵל n.m. Pr 16:26 labourer, sufferer;—ע׳ Pr 16:26 + 2 times; pl. עֲמֵלִים Ju 5:26;— 1. labourer, workman: Ju 5:26 Pr 16:26. 2. sufferer, Jb 3:20 (‖ מָרֵי נֶפֶשׁ), 20:22.

† תְּלָאָה n.f. weariness, hardship;—ת׳ Ex 18:8 + 4 times; of distress of Isr. in Egypt Nu 20:14; in wilderness Ex 18:8 (both JE); from Assyrian, Bab., etc. Ne 9:32; cf. La 3:5; מַתְּלָאָה Mal 1:13.

μόχθ-ος, ὁ, = Homeric μόγος, toil, hardship, distress, ἀμφὶ δ᾽ ἀέθλῳ δῆριν ἔχειν καὶ μ. Refs 8th c.BC+; μόχθων ἀμπνοά, ἀμοιβά, Refs 5th c.BC+: also in plural, toils, troubles, hardships, Refs 4th c.BC+, etc.; of the labours of Heracles, Refs 5th c.BC+; μ. τέκνων for them, Refs 5th c.BC+; μόχθον ἀμφὶ πράγμασι epigram cited in Refs 4th c.BC+; Ἀπελλείου μ. γραφίδος, of a picture, NT+5th c.BC+; μ. implies hardship, πόνος work (but μ. is said to be Cretan dialect for πόνος Refs

† [שָׂדַד] vb. Pi. harrow (שׂדד id. Ecclus 38:25margin 26; cf. Assyrian šadâdu, draw, drag);—Impf. 3 ms. יְשַׂדֵּד Jb 39:10 (of beast); human subj., c. acc. of ground Is 28:24 (+ יִפְתַּח, ‖ יַחֲרֹשׁ); יְשַׂדֶּד־לוֹ Ho 10:11 (‖ יַחֲרוֹשׁ; fig. of Jacob).

διαπον-έω, work out with labour, elaborate, Refs 5th c.BC+; cultivate, practise, δ. γράμματα Refs 5th c.BC+; exercise, σώματα Refs 5th c.BC+ —middle, διαπονεῖσθαι ἐπιτηδεύματα, τέχνας, Refs 5th c.BC+:—passive, Refs 5th c.BC+managed, governed, Refs 4th c.BC+; διαπονηθῆναι τὴν μουσικήν to be taught it thoroughly, Refs 1st c.AD+veterans, Refs 1st c.BC+ __2 till or cultivate completely, χώραν Refs 2nd c.BC+:—passive, Refs __3 passive, to be worn out, troubled, NT+1st c.BC+ __II intransitive, to work hard, δ. τῇ διανοίᾳ καὶ τῷ σώματι Refs 5th c.BC+: with infinitive, δ. πᾶν ἰσόρροπον ποιεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+: —middle, δ. τὸ πᾶσαν πίστιν λαβεῖν Refs 5th c.BC+; οἱ διαπονούμενοι the hard-working, hardy, opposed to ἄπονοι, Refs 5th c.BC+; to be hard-worked, of hounds, Refs 2nd c.AD+

νήθω, spin, LXX+5th c.BC+ (but said not to be Attic dialect, Refs 2nd c.AD+: Ionic dialect imperfect νήθεσκες Refs

τᾰλαιπωρ-ία, Ionic dialect -ιη, ἡ, hard labour, Refs 5th c.BC+; also simply, regular use, exercise, τῆς χειρός Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 hardship, distress, Refs 5th c.BC+; τῇ τοῦ σώματος τ. Refs 5th c.BC+; ἡ ἐν τοῖς ἔργοις τ. Refs 2nd c.BC+; ἡ περὶ τὸ πρᾶγμα τ. Refs 5th c.BC+ __3 bodily suffering or pain, caused by disease, Refs 5th c.BC+

ἄροτρον [ᾰ], τό, (ἀρόω) plough, Refs 8th c.BC+ __b ἡ ἀπ᾽ ἀρότρου πληγή, in boxing, right-handed blow, Refs 2nd c.AD+ __2 in plural, metaphorically of the organs of generation, Refs 4th c.AD+ __II ἄροτρα· γῆ, χώρα, πλέθρα, Refs 5th c.AD+

ὁμό-τεχνος, ον, practising the same art, τινι with one, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II as substantive, fellow-workman, Refs 5th c.BC+: as title applied to the good physician, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 neuter ὁμότεχνον, τό, guild, τῶν λαναρίωνRefs 2nd c.AD+

σκηνοποι-ός, ὁ, tentmaker, NT __II maker of stage-properties, Refs __III (σκῆνος Refs making bodies, Refs 2nd c.AD+

† [טָרַח] vb. toil, be burdened (NH id., toil, Hiph. weary, importune; Aramaic טְרַח toil, etc.; Arabic طَرَحَ is cast, throw, remove)— Hiph. Impf. אַף־בְּרִי יַטְרִיחַ עָ֑ב Jb 37:11 he burdeneth with moisture the cloud(s).

† יָגָע n.[m.] gain (= product of labour)—יָגָע Jb 20:18 (‖ תְּמוּרָה).

† II. [מָלַל] vb. rub, scrape (NH id., rub ears of wheat, scrape);—only Qal Pt. מוֹלֵל in קֹרֵץ בְּעֵינָו֯ מוֹלֵל בְּרַגְלָ֑ו֯ מֹרֶה בְּאֶצְבְּעֹתָיו Pr 6:13 he that winketh with his eyes, that scrapeth with his feet (making signs), etc., so De Now Str מלל that speaketh with his feet.

† [עָצֵב, עַצָּב] n.[m.