Incense and Worship

[קָטַר115] vb.denom. Pi. Hiph. make sacrifices smoke, send them up in smoke (proposes produce קְטֹרֶת, v StaZAW vi (1886), 298 f.);— Pi.42 Pf. 3 mpl. קִטְּרוּ Je 19:13 +, קִטַּרְתֶּם Je 44:21, 23; Impf. 3 ms. יְקַטֵּר Hb 1:16 +; 3 mpl. יְקַטֵּר֑וּן Ho 11:2, etc.; Inf. abs. קַטֵּר 1 S 2:16 +; cstr. Je 11:13 +, Pt. pl. מְקַטְּרִים Is 65:3 +, etc.;—make sacrifices smoke, offer them by burning: to י׳, 1 S 2:16 (where prob. read יְקַטְּרוּן [and so v 15] Stal.c. 299): elsewhere to other gods or in illegal worship, Je 44:23; c. acc. קִטֵּר (but see this, infr.) Je 44:21 (here [and al. in some other passages] of incense), תּוֹדָה Am 4:5; place is usually c. ב, e.g. בַּבָּמוֹת 2 K 17:11; 23:5; עוֹד הָעָם מְזַבְּחִים וּמְקַטְּרִים בַּבָּמוֹת 1 K 22:44; 2 K 12:4; 14:4; 15:4, 35 (R), cf. 2 K 16:4 = 2 Ch 28:4 (cf. RSSem. i. 471; 2nd ed. 490); הַבּ׳ אֲשֶׁר קִטְּרוּ שָׁמָּה 2 K 23:8; c. עַל e.g. על הגבעות Ho 4:13, על גג(ו)ת Je 19:13; 32:29, על הלבנים Is 65:3, על ההרים v 7; c. לְ of deity, Ho 11:2; Je 1:16 + 14 times Je (+ 19:13; 32:29 supr.), Hb 1:16; 2 K 22:17; 23:5; 2 Ch 25:14; 28:25; 34:25 Qr (> Kt Hiph.), to the brazen serpent 2 K 18:4. Pu. Pt. מְקֻטֶּרֶת מֹר וגו׳ Ct 3:6 fumigated with myrrh, etc. (Aq. 𝔙 Schlottm מִקְטֹרֶת). Hiph.71 Pf. 3 ms. הִקְטִיר Lv 9:10 +; 2 ms. הִקְטַרְתָּ Ex 29:13, 18, 25, etc.; Impf. 3 ms. יַקְטִיר Lv 4:26; 16:25, וַיַּקְטֵר Ex 40:27 +, etc.: Imv. ms. הַקְטֵר 2 K 16:15; Inf. abs. הַקְטֵיר 1 K 9:25; cstr. לְהַקְטִיר Ex 30:20 +; Pt. מַקְטִיר Je 33:18 +, etc. 1. make sacrifices smoke, usually a. in worship of י׳: abs. 1 K 12:33; 13:1; 2 Ch 29:11; c. acc. חלב Lv 17:6; Nu 18:17; 1 S 2:15, 16, עלת 2 K 16:13, 15; 2 Ch 13:11, אִשֶּׁה Ex 30:20; Lv 2:11; Nu 18:17, מנחה Je 33:18; רֹאשׁ etc. Lv 8:20 אַזְכָּרָה Lv 2:16; חלבי השׁלמים Lv 6:5; קטרת 1 S 2:28; on 1 K 9:25 v. Klo Benz; place is על מזבח Lv 4:10 + 5 times, הַמִּזְבֵּ֫חָה Ex 29:13, 18, 25 + 23 times Lv, Nu 5:26 (all P); c. הַמִּזְבֵּחַ (acc.) Lv 6:8; בַּבָּמוֹת 1 K 3:3; בגיא בן הִנִּם 2 Ch 28:3. b. less often in worship of other gods. לאלהיהן (gods of Sol.’s wives) 1 K 11:8, לאלהיו (of Moab) Je 48:35, להם (Baalim) Ho 2:15;—2 Ch 34:25 read Qr Piʿel. 2. cause incense to smoke, offer incense abs. 2 Ch 2:5; 26:18(×2), 19; c. עַל of altar 2 Ch 26:16; Ex 30:7; 40:27; c. acc. יַקְטִירֶנָּה 30:7, 8, קטרת סמים 30:7; 40:27; 2 Ch 2:3, קטרת תמיד Ex 30:8, הק׳ קטרת Nu 17:5; 2 Ch 29:7. 3. make smoke upon (על) both altars (of burnt-offering and of incense) 1 Ch 6:34, cf. also 23:13. Hoph. be made to smoke as a sacrifice: Impf. 3 fs. תָּקְטָ֑ר Lv 6:15;Pt. מֻקְמָר Mal 1:11 (Ew Ke al.[Ges§ 121 b]; We Now read מ׳ לִשְׁמִי מִנְחָה; but v. מֻקְטָר).

קְטֹ֫רֶת60 n.f. smoke, odour of (burning) sacrifice, incense;—ק׳ abs. Ex 30:1 +; cstr. 25:6 +; sf. קְטָרְתִּי Ez 16:18; 23:41;— 1. sweet smoke of sacrifice, ‖ מנחה Is 1:13 ψ 141:2, קְ׳ אֵילִים 66:15, לְהַקְטִיר ק׳ 1 S 2:28 (?). 2. incense, ק׳ (ה)סמים Ex 25:6; 30:7; 31:11; 40:27 + 9 times; ק׳ תמיד Ex 30:8, ק׳ רֹקַח v 35, הק׳ alone v 37 Lv 16:13; Nu 16:35; 17:12; so ק׳ 16:7, 17, 18; 17:5, 11; 2 Ch 29:7, ק׳ זָרָה Ex 30:9, ענן הק׳ Lv 16:13; Ez 8:11, also of אשׁ זרה Lv 10:1 (illegal worship); in offering of the princes Nu 7:14 + 11 times 7, cf. v 86. Altar of incense is מזבח מקטר ק׳ Ex 30:1, מ׳ הק׳ זהב 1 Ch 28:18, מ׳ הזהב לק׳ Ex 40:5, מ׳ ק׳ הסמים Lv 4:7, מ׳ הק׳ Ex 30:27 + 6 times 3. perfume, ‖ שֶׁמֶן Ez 16:18; 23:41 Pr 27:9.

† I. לְבֹנָה, לְבוֹנָה n.f. frankincense (from white colour, cf. LagBN 33; NH id.; Aramaic id., לְבוּנְתָּא, ܠܒܽܘܢܬܳܐ; Ph. לבנת; Arabic لُبَانٌ (Lane 3007); Ethiopic ሊባኖስ is from λιβανος);—ל׳ Ex 30:24 + 18 times; לְבֹנָתָהּ Lv 2:2, 16;—used in prep. of holy incense Ex 30:34 (‖ סַמִּים); used as incense Je 6:20, on meal-offering Lv 2:1, 2, 15, 16; 6:8, cf. 5:11 Nu 5:15; also Je 17:26; 41:5; Is 43:23; 66:3; with shew-bread Lv 24:7; Ne 13:5, 9 1 Ch 9:29 (‖ בְּשָׂמִים); burned as perfume (art. of luxury) Ct 3:6 (‖ מֹר); גִּבְעַת חַלְּבוֹנָה 4:6 (‖ הַר הַמּוֹר); עֲצֵי לְבוֹנָה v 14 (‖ נֵרְדְּ, כַּרְכֹּם, קָנֶה, קִנָּמוֹן, מֹר, אֲהָלוֹת); as tribute to Zion Is 60:6 (‖ זהב).—In Hex only P.

† [יָע] n.[m.] shovel (𝔗 Jer יָעֵי Ex 27:3)—pl. הַיָּעִים Ex 38:3 + 7 times; יָעָיו 27:3;—utensils for cleaning altar, shovels Ex 27:3; 38:3 Nu 4:14 (all P), 1 K 7:40, 45; 2 K 25:14; 2 Ch 4:11, 16; Je 52:18 (only in lists of utensils).

† [חַמָּן] n.m. sun-pillar, used in idolatrous worship (v. Thes489 ff. RSSem, i, 485 Lag Mi, 228 NowArch. ii, 302; = Palm. חמנא VogNo. 123 a; = Cooke N. Sem. Inscr., No. 136; LzbEphem. ii. (1906), 280; Ph. לבעל חמן often as epithet of solar Baal);—only pl. abs. חַמָּנִים Is 27:9 + 4 times; sf. חַמָּנֵיכֶם Lv 26:30 + 2 times; ‖ בָּמוֹת Lv 26:30 (H), 2 Ch 14:4, cf. Ez 6:4, 6; ‖ מזבחות הבעלים 2 Ch 34:4; ‖ אשׁרים Is 17:8; 27:9; ‖ אשׁרים and פְּסִלִים 2 Ch 34:7.

θῡμί-ᾱμα, Ionic dialect θῡμί-ημα, ατος, τό, incense, Refs 5th c.BC+; name of a particular kind (perhaps = ἀμμωνιακόν), Refs: usually in plural, fragrant stuffs for burning, NT+5th c.BC+; -ιάματα ἑρπετῶν fumigations, Refs 3rd c.AD+ __2 stuff for embalming, Refs 5th c.BC+

θρησκ-εία, Ionic dialect θρησκ-είη, ἡ, (θρησκεύω) religious worship, cult, ritual, ἡ περὶ τὰ ἱρὰ θ. Refs 5th c.BC+: plural, rites, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 religion, service of God, LXX+NT; ἑκατέρα θ., i.e. Christianity and Paganism, Refs 4th c.AD+; θ. τῶν ἀγγέλων worshipping of angels, NT __3 in bad sense, religious formalism, ἀντὶ ὁσιότητος Refs 1st c.AD+; θ. βιωτική vulgar superstition, Refs 2nd c.AD+

† [קְטַר] n.m. Dn 5:6 joint, knot;—lit. pl. cstr. קִטְרֵי Dn 5:6 joints of his loin; fig. abs. קִטְרִין v 12, 16, usually knotty things, difficulties (Syriac PS 3591); but prob. of magic spells, banns (also Syriac PS l.c., cf. Brock 319 b), so Bev, v. also Dr.

λίβᾰνος [ῐ], ὁ, frankincense-tree, Boswellia Carterii, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II ={λιβανωτός}, frankincense, in which sense it is feminine in Refs 7th c.BC+

ἀνάθημα, ατος, τό, (ἀνατίθημι) that which is set up: hence, like{ἄγαλμα}, votive offering set up in a temple, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 used by Refs 8th c.BC+ delight, ornament, μολπή τ᾽ ὀρχηστύς τε· τὰ γάρ τ᾽ ἀναθήματα δαιτόςRefs 8th c.BC+; τοῖς τεκοῦσιν ἀνάθημα βιότου, of children, Refs 5th c.BC+; to help deserving poverty is βασιλικοῦ πλούτου ἀ. καὶ κατασκεύασμα λαμπρότατονRefs 1st c.BC+ __3 of a slave in a temple, ἀ. πόλεως devoted to this service by the city, Refs 5th c.BC+ —Cf. ἀνάθεμα.

δεισῐδαίμ-ων, ον, genitive ονος, (δείδω) fearing the gods, __1 in good sense, pious, religious, Refs 5th c.BC+: comparative -έστεροςNT __2 in bad sense, superstitious, Refs 4th c.BC+; δ. διάθεσις, ={δεισιδαιμονία}, Refs 1st c.BC+: comparative -έστεροςRefs 3rd c.AD+: superlative -έστατοςRefs 2nd c.AD+ adverb -όνωςRefs 1st c.AD+

δεισῐδαιμ-ονία, ἡ, fear of the gods, religious feeling, Refs 2nd c.BC+ __2 in bad sense, superstition, Refs 4th c.BC+; περὶ Δεισιδαιμονίας, title of work by Refs 1st c.AD+

ἐθελο-θρησκεία, ἡ, will-worship, self-chosen service, NT

θῡμι-άω, Ionic dialectaorist ἐθυμίησα Refs 6th c.BC+:—middle, Ionic dialectfuture -ήσομαιRefs 5th c.BC+aorist ἐθυμιησάμηνRefs:—passive, future -ᾱθήσομαιRefs 1st c.AD+aorist ἐθυμιάθηνRefs:—burn so as to produce smoke, θ. τὴν στύρακα Refs 5th c.BC+: absolutely, burn incense, LXX+5th c.BC+; τινι in honour of any one, Refs 2nd c.AD+:—middle, Refs 2nd c.AD+:—passive, to be burnt, [τὸ σπέρμα τῆς καννάβιος] θυμιᾶται (variant{-ῆται}) Refs 5th c.BC+; pass off in fumes, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 smoke, fumigate, τί τινι Refs:—middle, Hp.[same places]:—passive, θυμιώμεναι μέλισσαι Refs 4th c.BC+ __II intransitive, smoke, ἄνθρακες θυμιῶντες Refs 4th c.BC+

† בָּמָה104 n.f. high place (√ appar. בום on account of firm—ָ; cf. Assyrian bâmâte ZimBP 48, Moab. במת MI 3, 27)—Je 48:35 + 18 times; הַבָּמָ֫תָה 1 S 9:13 pl. בָּמוֹת Nu 21:19 + 62 times; cstr. בָּֽמֳתֵי Jb 9:8; Is 14:14; Am 4:13; בָּֽמֳו֯תֵי Dt 32:13; Is 58:14; Mi 1:3 (Ew§ 211 d Ges§ 87, 5 archaic fem. cstr. with retracted accent before monosyl. in poetry, bâmŏ-thê not bŏm); sf. בָּמֹתַי 2 S 22:34 + 3 times; בָּמוֹתַי ψ 18:34 + 10 times;— 1. high place, mountain: בָּמוֹת יָעַר forest mountains Mi 3:12 = Je 26:18; במות עולם ancient mountains Ez 36:2; במות ארנן Nu 21:28 (E poet.) 2. high places, battle-fields, the chief places of the land giving possession, victory, dominion: על במותיך on thy high places (Gilboa, the battle-field) 2 S 1:19, 25 (in v 19 𝔊 has a doublet מֵתֶיךָ thy dead, v. We Dr). a. of Israel: רכב על במתי ארץ ride upon the high places of the land Dt 32:13 & Is 58:14 cf. Dt 33:29 ψ 18:34 = 2 S 22:34, Hb 3:19. b. of God: דרך על במתי ארץ tread upon the high places of the earth Am 4:13 cf. Mi 1:3; במתי ים Jb 9:8; עלה על במתי עב (aspiration of the king of Babylon) Is 14:14. 3. high places, as places of worship, at first on hills and mountains, later on artificial mounds or platforms, under green trees, and in cities; still later for the chapels erected thereon, and once apparently for a portable sanctuary (decked with diverse colours) Ez 16:16. The ancient worship of Israel was conducted on these high places. In the times of Samuel and David they ascended to them, descended from them, and offered sacrifices on them, 1 S 9:12–25; 10:5, 13 (הבמה for הביתה We Dr). The custom continued in the reign of Solomon, but Gibeon was הבמה הגדולה 1 K 3:2–4 cf. 1 Ch 16:39 21:29; 2 Ch 1:3, 13. High places of Baal were also used Nu 22:41 (E) Je 19:5 32:35; of Moab Is 15:2; 16:12; Je 48:35 (cf. MI27); these must be demolished Nu 33:52 (J). Solomon built במות (platforms or chaples) to Chemosh and Milkom on the Mt. of Evil Counsel opposite Jerusalem 1 K 11:7: Jeroboam made temples on the ancient high places of Dan and Bethel 1 K 12:31, 32; 2 Ch 11:15; they are called במות און Ho 10:8, במות ישׂחק Am 7:9: the kings of Israel built במות and בתי הבמות in all their cities 2 K 17:9, and the people worshipped there 2 K 17:11; these were also used by the mixed population after the exile of Israel 2 K 17:29, 32(×2): these various idolatrous high places were first destroyed by Josiah 1 K 13:2, 32, 33 2 K 23:5–20 2 Ch 34:3. The worship of Yahweh on high places continued in Judah until the exile 1 K 22:44 2 K 15:35; the sanctity code predicts that Yahweh will destroy them Lv 26:30; they were regarded as the reason for the rejection of Shiloh ψ 78:58. The complier of Kings, writing from the point of view of the Deut. code, complains רַק הַבָּמוֹת לֹא סָרוּ 2 K 12:4; 14:4; 15:4, 35 cf. 2 Ch 15:17; 20:33, and praises the few pious kings who destroyed them. a. Rehoboam built במות with מצבות & אשׁרים on every high hill and under every green tree 1 K 14:23. b. Asa did not remove the high places 1 K 15:14 (2 Ch 14:2, 4 is incorrect unless במות בעל). c. Jehoshaphat in his reform on the basis of the covenant code did not remove them 1 K 22:44 (עוֹד הֵסִיר אֶת־הַבָּמוֹת 2 Ch 17:16 is doubtless incorrect, possibly read מצבות); Jehoram, his son, made high places in the cities of Judah 2 Ch 21:11 𝔊 𝔙; not mountains ℌ); and Ahaz sacrificed on high places on the hills and under every green tree and in every city of Judah 2 K 16:4; 2 Ch 28:4, 25; cf. Mi 1:5 (read חטאת? so 𝔊 𝔖 𝔗 Che al.; yet cf. JBL1890, 73 f.) d. Hezekiah removed them 2 K 18:4, 22 2 Ch 31:1 32:12; Is 36:7; but Manasseh rebuilt them 2 K 21:3; 2 Ch 33:3, 19, and the people continued to sacrifice thereon to Yahweh 2 Ch 33:17. e. Josiah, in his reform, based on the Deut. code, defiled them and brake them down from Geba to Beersheba 2 K 23:5, 8, 9; but subsequently there were במות התפת in the valley of Ben Hinnom Je 7:31, and במות throughout Judah Je 17:3 cf. Ez 6:3, 6; 20:29 (questioned by Ew & Co). 4. funereal mound (?) Ez 43:7 (Thes, but in their high places AV RV; in their death 𝔗 Theod Ew Hi RVm), Is 53:9 (Lowth Ew Bö; Rodwell Orelli; but in his death AV RV, or martyr death De Che Br).

† קְטוֹרָה n.m. smoke of sacrifice;—abs. Dt 33:10 (E; Di al. of incense).

† מֻקְטָר n.m. incense;—abs. מ׳ Mal 1:11 (Thes Hi MartiKau GASm Köiii, § 307).

† קִטֵּר (Ol§ 182 e) n.f. incense;—Je 44:21 (on gender v. AlbrZAW xvi (1896), 100, who reads אֹתָהּ for אֹתָם, and so RothstKau Gie; Gie also קְטֹרֶת).