Guilt Offerings

† עָוֹן n.m. Is 22:14 iniquity, guilt or punishment of iniquity;—ע׳ abs. Ex 28:43 +; עָווֹן 2 K 7:9 ψ 51:7; cstr. עֲוֹן Gn 15:16 +; עֲווֹן 1 Ch 21:8; sf. עֲוֹנִי Gn 4:13 + (2 S 16:12 read בְּעָנְיִי), עֲוֹנְךָ Ho 9:7 +; עֲוֹנֵ֑כִי ψ 103:3; עֲוֹ֔נָהֿ Nu 15:31 (Ges§ 91 e), etc.; pl. עֲוֹנוֹת abs. ψ 130:3 +, cstr. Jb 13:26 +; עְוֹנֹת abs. ψ 65:4, cstr. Lv 16:21 +; sf. עֲוֹנֹתֶיךָ Is 43:24, עֲוֹנֹתֵיכֶם Nu 14:34 +, etc.; also עֲוֹנֶיךָ Ez 28:18; עֲוֹנֵינוּ Is 64:6 +, etc. (SS doubt all these);— 1. iniquity, Jb 15:5; 20:27 Je 11:10; 14:7; 16:17 La 2:14 Ez 4:5; 7:13; ‖ חטאת 1 S 20:1 Jb 13:23 Is 5:18; 43:24; 59:2 Je 5:25; 16:10 La 4:6, 13 Dn 9:16 Ho 4:8; 13:12; ‖ פשׁע Jb 14:17; 31:33 ψ 107:17 Is 50:1; 53:5; ‖ אשׁמה Ezr 9:6, 7, 13; רעה Jb 22:5 Ho 7:1. a. ע׳ נְעוּרַי Jb 13:26 iniquities of my youth; ע׳ חֶרֶב 19:29 iniquities calling for the sword; ע׳ פְּלִילִי(ם) 31:11, 28 iniquity for (to be punished by) judges; שְׁתֵּי עֲוֹנֹתָם Ho 10:10 (so read Vrss Hi al.); כשׁל בע׳ stumble by iniquity Ho 5:5; 14:2; cf. מִבְשׁוֹל ע׳ Ez 7:19; 14:3, 4, 7; 18:30; 44:12; לכל־עון Dt 19:15; אשׁתמרה מע׳ 2 S 22:24 = ψ 18:24; עָוֹן אֲשֶׁר־חֵטְא Ho 12:9. b. iniquity as recognized, ידע ע׳ 1 S 3:13; Is 59:12; Je 3:13; 14:20; confessed, התודה ע׳ Lv 16:21; 26:40(×2) (P), Ne 9:2; הגיד ע׳ ψ 38:19; לא כסה ע׳ 32:5; brought to remembrance, הזכיר ע׳ Nu 5:15 (P) 1 K 17:18; Ez 21:28, 29; 29:16; causing shame, יִכָּֽלְמוּ מע׳ Ez 43:10; turned from, שׁוּב מע׳ Dn 9:13, cf. השׁיב מע׳ Mal 2:6. c. (i) phrases of punishment: פקד ע׳ על Ex 20:5 = Dt 5:9; Ex 34:7; Nu 14:18; (J), Lv 18:25 (H) 2 S 3:8; Is 13:11; 26:21; Je 25:12; 36:31; Am 3:2; without על, La 4:22, פקד ע׳ ב ψ 89:33; Jb 11:6 v. נָשָׁא²" dir="rtl" >II. [נָשָׁא²" dir="rtl" >נשׁא]; יסּר על ע׳ ψ 39:12 chastise for iniquity; שַׁתָּ֯ ע׳לנגדךָ 90:8 set our iniquities before thee; גמל כע׳ 103:10; שׁמר ע׳ 130:3; שׁלּם ע׳ Is 65:7(×2); Je 16:18; 32:18; מַטְבֵּחַ בע׳ Is 14:21; (2) of forgiveness or removal: העביר ע׳ 2 S 24:10 = 1 Ch 21:8; Jb 7:21 Zc 3:4; משׁתי ע׳ 3:9; סלח לע׳ Ex 34:9 Nu 14:19 (J), ψ 25:11; 103:3; Je 31:34; 33:8; 36:3; נשׂא ע׳ Ex 34:7; Nu 14:18 (J), ψ 32:5; 85:3; Is 33:24; Ho 14:3; Mi 7:18; סר ע׳ Is 6:7; יכבושׁ ע׳ Mi 7:19; (3) of covering over, כסה על ע׳ Ne 3:37; כפּר ע׳ ψ 78:38; Pr 16:6; Is 22:14; 27:9; Dn 9:24; כפּר על ע׳ Je 18:23; יתכפּר ע׳ 1 S 3:14; (4) of cleansing from: כבּס מע׳ ψ 51:4; מחה ע׳ v 11; טהר מע׳ Je 33:8; Ez 36:33; (5) of imputing, reckoning to one: חשׁב ע׳ ל 2 S 19:20 ψ 32:2; (ל) זכר ע׳ 79:8; Is 64:8; Je 14:10; Ho 8:13; 9:9; יִזָּכֵר ע׳ ψ 109:14; בקשׁ (ל)ע׳ Jb 10:6; Je 50:20; (6) פדה מע׳ ψ 130:8 ransom from iniquity. 2. Guilt of iniquity (not always easy to disting. from 1; SS give more, Buhl fewer, sub 2);—‖ תועבות Ez 36:31; ‖ דם Is 59:3; ‖ חמם Ez 9:9; ע׳ פעור Jos 22:17 (P); ע׳ סדם Ez 16:49; ע׳ בצעוֹ Is 57:17; שְׁנֵי עונם Ez 4:4; נִכְתָּם עֲוֹנֵךְ לְפָנַי Je 2:22 the guilt of thine iniquity is marked before me; מצא ע׳ Gn 44:16 (E) ψ 36:3. a. ע׳ בְ: guilt of iniquity upon one Nu 15:31 (P) 1 S 20:8; 2 S 14:32; לא ע׳ לִי Jb 33:9 (‖ זַךְ); בלי־עון ψ 59:5 without my guilt. b. guilt, as great, increased: רֹב עָוֹן Je 13:22; 30:14, 15; Ez 28:18; Ho 9:7; לֹא־שָׁ��ֵם ע׳ Gn 15:16 (J); ע׳ עָֽבְרוּ רֹאשִׁי ψ 38:5; ע׳ עֲקֵבַי יְסוּבֵּנִי 49:6; ע׳ הִשִּׂיגוּנִי 40:13; ע׳ גברו מני 65:4; עַם כֶּבֶד ע׳ Is 1:4; בע׳ נלקח Ez 33:6. c. as a condition, בע׳: d. חוללתי was I brought forth ψ 51:7; e. גָּוַע expire Jos 22:20 (P); c. מות die Je 31:30; Ez 3:18, 19; 18:17, 18; 33:8, 9. 3. Consequence of, or punishment for, iniquity (SS include most of these under 2, and do not recognize 3; Buhl thinks this meaning rare, giving only Gn 4:13; Is 5:18);—אִם יִקְּ֯רֵךְ ע׳ בדבר הזה 1 S 28:10 no punishment shall happen unto thee for, etc.; נשׂא ע׳ bear the punishment for iniquity of others Ex 28:38; Lv 10:17 (take away ע׳ Di Nowii. 233 n.) 16:22; Nu 30:16 (P), Ez 4:4, 5, 6; בע׳ 18:19, 20(×2); one’s own, Ex 28:43 Lv 5:1, 17; 7:18; 17:16; 19:8; 20:17, 19; 22:16; Nu 5:31; 14:34; 18:1(×2), 23 (P), Ez 14:10; 44:10, 12; גדול ע׳מנשׂוא Gn 4:13 (J) my punishment is greater than I can bear; נִרְצָה עֲוֹנָהּ Is 40:2 her punishment is accepted, cf. רצה ע׳ Lv 26:41, 43 (H); ומצאנוּ ע׳ 2 K 7:9 punishment will overtake us; תנה ע׳ על ע׳ ψ 69:28 add punishment to their punishment; ע׳ הוא יסבל Is 53:11 the consequences of their iniquities he shall bear, cf. ע׳ סָבָ֑לְנוּ La 5:7; הפגיע בו ע׳ Is 53:6; נִקָּה מע׳ freed from punishment Nu 5:31 (P) Jb 10:14; בי אני העון 1 S 25:24 on me the punishment; עלי הע׳ 2 S 14:9; בע׳ c. various vbs.: Gn 19:15 (J) Lv 26:39(×2) (H) ψ 31:11; 106:43; Je 51:6; Ez 4:17; 7:16; 24:23; 39:23; עת ע׳ קץ 21:30, 34; 35:5; see also: Pr 5:22 (‖ חַבְלֵי חטאת), Is 30:13; 64:5, 6; La 4:22; Ez 4:4; 14:10(×2); 32:27.

אָשָׁם n.m. offence, guilt—א׳ Gn 26:10 + 37 times sf. אֲשָׁמוֹ Nu 5:7 + 7 times— 1. offence, trespass, fault ψ 68:22 (guiltiness RV). 2. guilt Gn 26:10 (J) Pr 14:9 Je 51:5. 3. compensation, לְהָשִׁיב הָאָשָׁם אֵלָיו to whom to return the compensation (or satisfaction for injury) Nu 5:8; cp. v 7 (P; restitution for guilt RV). 4. trespass-offering (AV, but guilt-offering RV) used only in Lv 5, 6:10; 7, 14, 19:21, 22 Nu 6:12; 18:9 (P), & Ez 40:39; 42:13; 44:29; 46:20, cf. Ezr 10:19. This offering seems to have been confined to offences against God or man that could be estimated and so covered by compensation. The ordinary trespass-offering was a ram, together with restitution and a penalty of a fifth of its value. The tresspass-offerings of the leper and Nazirite were he-lambs Lv 14 Nu 6:12; if the person who suffered wrong or his kinsmen were not living the fine went to the priests. The victims were offered, the blood and fat pieces going to the altar, the skin and flesh to the priests. There seems to have been no application of the blood to the horns of the altar (the chief ceremony of the sin-offering) because the guilt was not expiated at the altar but by compensation to the wronged person or his representative. A part of the blood of the leper’s trespass-offering was applied to his person to consecrate him (as in the case of the ram of consecration to consecrate the priests Lv 8:23). The trespass-offering is unknown to JED and the older Hebrew literature. However, the Philistines send an אשׁם of golden mice and tumours 1 S 6:3, 4, 8, 17, and an אשׁם of money was given to the priests 2 K 12:17, but these are entirely different from the trespass-offering of P. The Messianic servant offers himself as an אשׁם in compensation for the sins of the people, interposing for them as their substitute Is 53:10 (incorrectly offering for sin AV RV). See further OehlerOT Theol. § 137 Di Lv 5:14.

† אַשְׁמָה n.f. wrong-doing, guiltiness (properly Inf. cf. אַהֲבָה, יִרְאָה)—א׳ Lv 22:16 + 5 times, cstr. אַשְׁמַת Ezr 10:10 + 3 times; sf. אַשְׁמָתוֹ Lv 5:24 + 6 times; pl. אֲשָׁמוֹת 2 Ch 28:10; sf. אַשְׁמוֹתַי ψ 69:6;— 1. doing wrong, committing a trespass or offence 2 Ch 24:18; 28:10, 13(×3) (‖ חטאת v 13) 33:23 Ezr 9:6, 7, 13, 15 (‖ עָוֹן v 13) ψ 69:6 (‖ אִוֶּלֶת); מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂת לְאַשְׁמָה בָהּ of all that one may do wrong therein Lv 5:26 (P; ‖ לַחֲטֹא בָהֵנָּה v 22). 2. becoming guilty 1 Ch 21:3 Ezr 10:10, 19; יֶהֱטָא לְאַשְׁמַת הָעָם sin to the becoming guilty of the people (so that the people incur guilt) Lv 4:3; אַשְׁמַת שֹׁמְרוֹן guilt of Samaria (their idols) Am 8:14. 3. bringing a trespass-offering, בְּיוֹם אַשְׁמָתוֹ in the day of his bringing his trespass-offering Lv 5:24; עֲוֹן אַשְׁמָה iniquity requiring a trespass-offering Lv 22:16.

αἴτι-ος, α, ον, more rarely ος, ον Refs 5th c.BC+:— culpable, responsible, ἐπεὶ οὔ τί μοι αἴτιοί εἰσινRefs 8th c.BC+: comparative αἰτιώτεροςRefs 5th c.BC+ the most guilty, Refs 5th c.BC+ __2 substantive, αἴτιος, ὁ, the accused, the culprit, Refs 4th c.BC+; οἱ αἴ. τοῦ πατρός they who have sinned against my father, Refs:—with genitive of things, οἱ αἴ. τοῦ φόνουRefs 5th c.BC+ __II responsible for, with genitive of things, Refs 5th c.BC+; αἴτιός τινός τινι being the cause of a thing to a person, Refs 5th c.BC+: with infinitive, αἴ. τὸν ἠέρα ξηρὸν εἶναιRefs 5th c.BC+: comparative, τοῦ.. ἐλευθέραν εἶναι.. αἰτιώτερονRefs 4th c.BC+ mainly instrumental in causing the sea-fight, Refs 5th c.BC+ __II.2 αἴτιον, τό, cause, Refs 5th c.BC+; τί ποτ᾽ οὖν ἐστι τὸ αἴτιον τό.. μηδένα εἰπεῖ; Refs 5th c.BC+